• 대한화장품학회지
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.331-342
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• 2022

비만은 에너지의 섭취와 소비의 불균형으로 인해 지방조직이 과도하게 분화하여 과잉 축적이 되면서 발생하게 되는 대사질환 중 하나이다. 본 연구에서 저자들은 3T3-L1 지방세포를 이용해 천연 유래 6 종 혼합물인 SliMax의 항비만 효과를 확인하였다. 그 결과 SliMax는 지방분화 단계에서 후기 분화를 조절하는 것으로 알려진 PPARγ와 C/EBPα의 발현 억제를 통해 지방분화를 억제하는 결과를 보였다. 또한 지방세포 분화 유도 후 지방세포 분해 과정에서 SliMax는 지방분해 관련 단백질인 ATGL과 HSL 발현 증가를 통해 큰 사이즈의 단방성 지방구를 작은 사이즈의 수많은 다방성 지방구로 분해하였다. 마지막으로 갈색지방으로 유도하는 효능을 확인하기 위해 UCP-1의 발현과 미토콘드리아 양을 면역형광염색법으로 확인한 결과 SliMax가 지방세포의 UCP-1의 발현과 미토콘드리아 양을 증가시켰다. 결과를 종합해볼 때, 천연 유래 혼합물인 SliMax는 지방 분화억제와 지방분해 촉진을 통해 지방구의 형성을 억제하고, 열 생산과 에너지 소비와 관련된 갈색지방화 촉진 기능을 가져 항비만 소재로의 가능성을 가진다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.200-208
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• 2023

Objective: Muscle acetylcholine receptors have five alpha subunits (α, β, δ, ε, or γ), and cholinergic receptor nicotinic gamma subunit (CHRNG) is the γ subunit. It may also play an essential role in biological processes, including cell differentiation, growth, and survival, while the role of CHRNG has not been studied in the literature. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to clarify the effect of CHRNG on the proliferation and differentiation of bovine preadipocytes. Methods: We constructed a CHRNG overexpression adenovirus vector and successfully overexpressed it on bovine preadipocytes. The effects of CHRNG on bovine preadipocyte proliferation were detected by Edu assay, cell counting Kit-8 (CCK-8), real-time fluorescence quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR), Western blot and other techniques. We also performed oil red O, RT-qPCR, Western blot to explore its effect on the differentiation of preadipocytes. Results: The results of Edu proliferation experiments showed that the number of EDU-positive cells in the overexpression group was significantly less. CCK-8 experiments found that the optical density values of the cells in the overexpression group were lower than those of the control group, the mRNA levels of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), cyclin A2 (CCNA2), cyclin B1 (CCNB1), cyclin D2 (CCND2) decreased significantly after CHRNG gene overexpression, the mRNA levels of cyclin dependent kinase inhibitor 1A (CDKN1A) increased significantly, and the protein levels of PCNA, CCNB1, CCND2 decreased significantly. Overexpression of CHRNG inhibited the differentiation of bovine preadipocytes. The results of oil red O and triglyceride determination showed that the size and speed of lipid droplets accumulation in the overexpression group were significantly lower. The mRNA and protein levels of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR class="checkNonKBPoint">γ), CCAAT enhancer binding protein alpha (CEBPα), fatty acid binding protein 4 (FABP4), fatty acid synthase (FASN) decreased significantly. Conclusion: Overexpression of CHRNG in bovine preadipocytes inhibits the proliferation and differentiation of bovine preadipocytes.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.144-155
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• 2023

Objective: Adipocyte differentiation is regulated by a variety of functional genes and noncoding RNAs. However, the role of miRNAs in lipid deposition of goat white adipose tissue is still unclear. Therefore, this study revealed the miRNA expression profile in goat subcutaneous adipocytes by sRNA-seq. Methods: The miRNA expressed in goat subcutaneous preadipocytes and the mature adipocytes were sequenced by sRNA-seq. The differentially expressed miRNAs (DEm) were screened and gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto encyclopedia for genes and genomes (KEGG) analyses were performed. Gain-of-function and loss-of-function combined with oil red O staining, Bodipy staining, and quantitative reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) were utilized to determine the effect of miR-133a-3p on adipocyte differentiation. Results: A total of 218 DEm were screened out. The target genes of these DEm were significantly enriched in GO items such as biological regulation and in KEGG terms such as FAK signaling pathway and MAPK signaling pathway. qPCR verified that the expression trend of miRNA was consistent with miRNA-seq. The gain-of-function or loss-of-function of miR-133a-3p showed that it promoted or inhibited the accumulation of lipid droplets, and CCAAT enhancer binding protein α (C/EBPα) and C/EBPβ were extremely significantly up-regulated or down-regulated respectively (p<0.01), the loss-of-function also led to a significant down-regulation of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) (p<0.01). Conclusion: This study successfully identified miRNAs expression patterns in goat subcutaneous adipocytes, and functional identification indicates that miR-133a-3p is a positive regulator of the differentiation process of goat subcutaneous adipocytes. Our results lay the foundation for the molecular mechanism of lipid deposition in meat-source goats from the perspective of miRNA.

• 대한본초학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.69-77
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• 2018

Objectives : Daesiho-tang (DSHT) has been widely used in the treatment of cerebral infarct in traditional medicine. However, there was not report on the anti-obesity-related diseases efficacy of DSHT. In this study, we investigated the effects for the new formulation of DSHT, on the adipocyte differentiation cycle in 3T3-L1 cells. Methods : 3T3-L1 cells were treated with DSHT (50, 100, $200{\mu}g/m{\ell}$) during differentiation for 6 days. Also, the inhibitory effect of DSHT against 3T3-L1 adipogenesis was evaluated in various stage of adipogenesis such as early (0-2day), intermediate (2-4day), and terminal stage (4-6day). The accumulation of lipid droplets was determined by Oil Red O staining. and, the expressions of genes related to adipogenesis were measured by RT-PCR and Western blot analyses. Results : DSHT showed inhibitory activity on adipocyte differentiation at 3T3-L1 preadipocytes without affect cell toxicity as assessed by measuring fat accumulation and adipogenesis. In addition, DSHT significantly reduced the expression levels of several adipocyte marker genes including proliferator activated $receptor-{\gamma}$ ($PPAR-{\gamma}$) and CCAAT/ enhancer-binding $protein-{\alpha}$ ($C/EBP-{\alpha}$). Also, the anti-adipogenic effect of DSHT was strongly limited in the intermediate (2-4 day), terminal stage (4-6 day) of 3T3-L1 adipogenesis. In addition, the DSHT treatment down- regulated mRNA expression levels of $PPAR-{\gamma}$,, $C/EBP-{\alpha}$ in mature 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Conclusions : These results suggest that, the ability of DSHT has inhibited overall adipogenesis and lipid accumulation in the 3T3-L1 cells. The new formulation of DSHT may be a promising medicine for the treatment of obesity and related metabolic disorders.

• 한방재활의학과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.19-36
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• 2022

Objectives This study is to investigate the effects and mechanisms of Imyo-san (IMS) on the obese mice model induced by high-fat diet. Methods Antioxidative capacity was measured by in vitro method. C57BL/6 mice were randomly assigned into 5 groups (n=7). Normal group was fed general diet (Normal). The other 4 groups were fed high fat diet (HFD) with water (Control), with Garcinia gummi-gutta (GG, Garcinia gummi-gutta 200 mg/kg), with low-dose IMS (IMSL, Imyo-san 0.54 g/kg) and with high-dose IMS (IMSH, Imyo-san 1.08 g/kg). Results IMS showed high radical scavenging activity. After 6 week experiment, body weight, food intake, food efficiency ratio (FER), epididymal fat and liver weight, triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol, low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol, very low density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol, sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1 (SREBP-1), phospho-acetyl-CoA carboxylase (p-ACC), fatty acid synthase (FAS), stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD-1), SREBP-2, 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (HMGCR), phospho-liver kinase B1 (p-LKB1), phospho-AMP-activated protein kinase (p-AMPK), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 𝛼 (PPAR𝛼), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor 𝛾 coactivator-1𝛼 (PGC-1𝛼), uncoupling protein-2 (UCP-2), carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT-1A), and histology of liver and epididymal fat were measured and analysed. Body weight gain, FER, liver and epididymal fat weight of IMS groups were significantly decreased. There were significant improvements in blood lipids with less TG, TC, LDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and more HDL-cholesterol. Proteins associated with lipid synthesis (SREBP-1, p-ACC, FAS, SCD-1) and cholesterol (SREBP-2, HMGCR) was improved. Factors regulating lipid synthesis and lipid catabolism (p-LKBI, p-AMPK, PPARα, PGC-1α, UCP-2, CPT-1A) were increased. In histological examinations, IMS group had smaller fat droplets than control group. All results increased depending on concentration. Conclusions It can be suggested that IMS has anti-obesity effects with improving lipid metabolism.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.142-147
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• 2022

Oxysterols은 콜레스테롤의 산화 유도체로서 죽상경화증(atherosclerosis)에서 병태생리학으로 큰 관련성을 가진다. 본 연구는 oxysterols 중 많은 양을 차지하는 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC)이 단핵구(monocyte)의 분화와 활성화에 미치는 영향을 인간 단핵구세포주 THP-1을 이용하여 조사하였다. 7-KC를 처리한 THP-1 세포는 세포독성 없이 약간의 세포증식이 감소하였고, 세포내 lipids의 양이 크게 증가함을 Nile red 염색에 의해 관찰하였다. 7-KC는 단독으로 세포의 부착능(adhesion)에 영향을 주지 않았지만, phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)로 자극한 THP-1 세포에서는 부착능의 뚜렷한 감소를 나타내었다. 그리고, 형광이 부착된 latex beads를 이용하여 7-KC의 phagocytosis (포식능)를 조사하였다. 7-KC는 PMA로 분화를 자극한 세포의 phagocytosis를 현저히 감소시켰다. 또한, 7-KC를 처리한 THP-1 세포는 대식세포(macrophage)의 막표면 인자인 ICAM-1, CD11a, scavenger receptor(SR, 청소수용체) SR-A1, SR-B2 (CD36)의 발현을 감소시켰다. 하지만, 7-KC는 단독으로 혹은 PMA로 자극한 세포에서도 SR-D1 (CD68)의 발현을 현저히 증가시켰다. 이를 종합하면, 7-KC는 단핵구를 sterols이 풍부한 거품세포(foam cell)로 변형시킴으로써 생리적 자극에 의한 정상적인 단핵구의 분화와 활성화를 저해한다는 것을 시사한다.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제36권5호
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• pp.500-504
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• 2023

In this study, the heteroepitaxial thin film growth of β-Ga₂O₃ was studied according to the position of the susceptor in mist-CVD. The position of the susceptor and substrate was moved step by step from the center of the hot zone to the inlet of mist in the range of 0~50 mm. It was confirmed that the average thickness increased to 292 nm (D1), 521 nm (D2), and 580 nm (D3) as the position of the susceptor moved away from the center of the hot zone region. The thickness of the lower region of the substrate is increased compared to the upper region. The surface roughness of the lower region of the substrate also increased because the nucleation density increased due to the increase in the lifetime of the mist droplets and the increased mist density. Therefore, thin film growth of β-Ga₂O₃ in mist-CVD is performed by appropriately adjusting the position of the susceptor (or substrate) in consideration of the mist velocity, evaporation amount, and temperature difference with the substrate, thereby determining the crystallinity of the thin film, the thickness distribution, and the thickness of the thin film. Therefore, these results can provide insights for optimizing the mist-CVD process and producing high-quality β-Ga₂O₃ thin films for various optical and electronic applications.

• 정보처리학회논문지:소프트웨어 및 데이터공학
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• 제12권9호
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• pp.387-398
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• 2023

코로나 19 유행은 인류 생활 방식과 패턴에 큰 영향을 주었다. 코로나 19는 침 방울(비말)은 물론 공기를 통해서도 감염되기 때문에 가능한 대면 접촉을 피하고 많은 사람이 가까이 모이는 장소는 피할 것을 권고하고 있다. 코로나 19 환자와 접촉했거나 코로나 19 환자가 발생한 장소에 있었던 사람이 코로나 19에 감염되었을 것을 염려한다면 구글에서 코로나 19 증상을 찾아볼 것이라고 충분히 예상해 볼 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 과거 독감 감시와 관리에 중요 역할을 했었던 구글 트렌드(Google Trends)를 다시 소환하고 코로나 19 확진자수 데이터와 결합하여 미래의 코로나 19 확진자수를 예측할 수 있을지 딥러닝 모델(DNN & LSTM)을 사용한 탐색적 데이터 분석을 실시하였다. 특히 이 연구에 사용된 검색어 빈도 데이터는 공개적으로 사용할 수 있으며 사생활 침해의 우려도 없다. 심층 신경망 모델(DNN model)이 적용되었을 때 한국에서 가장 많은 인구가 사는 서울(960만 명)과 두 번째로 인구가 많은 부산(340만 명)에서는 검색어 빈도 데이터를 포함하여 예측했을 때 더 낮은 오류율을 기록했다. 이와 같은 분석 결과는 검색어 빈도 데이터가 일정 규모 이상의 인구수를 가진 도시에서 중요한 역할을 할 수 있다는 것을 보여주는 것이다. 우리는 이와 같은 예측이 더 강력한 예방 조치의 실행이나 해제 같은 정책을 결정하는데 근거 자료로 충분히 사용될 수 있을 것으로 믿는다.

• 한국빅데이터학회지
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• 제6권2호
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• pp.125-137
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• 2021

국내 CCTV 설치 대수는 약 130만 대 이상으로 연평균 15% 이상 증가하고 있다. 하지만 설치수요 대비 한정된 예산으로 인해 50만 화소의 저화질 CCTV로 인프라가 구성되면서 영상 내 객체 식별에 한계가 발생하고 있다. 공공분야 CCTV는 범죄 예방, 교통 정보수집(단속), 시설물의 관리, 화재 예방 등 다양한 분야에서 활용성이 높고 특히 설치되어 있는 것만으로도 각종 범죄 해결에서 큰 역할을 수행하기 때문에 공공 CCTV는 국내외적으로 증가하는 추세이다. 하지만 현재 공공 CCTV는 안개, 눈, 비 등의 환경적 요소로 인한 식별이 불가능한 문제와 저화질 CCTV 설치로 인한 수집 영상의 품질 문제 등의 잠재적인 문제점을 인지한 채 운영하고 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 공공 CCTV의 대표적인 저화질 요소를 제거하기 위해 먼지, 물방울, 안개 등으로 인해 발생하는 영상 내 빛의 산란광 감쇄 방법 방법과 딥러닝 알고리즘을 활용하여 입력 영상을 4K 이상 영상으로 화질을 개선하는 알고리즘 적용 방법을 제안한다.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.361-373
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• 2023

In plant-pathogen interactions, Magnaporthe oryzae causes blast disease on more than 50 species of 14 monocot plants, including important crops such as rice, millet, and most 15 recently wheat. M. oryzae is a model fungus for studying plant-microbe interaction, and the main source for fungal pathogenesis in the field. Here we report that MoJMJD6 is required for conidium germination and appressorium formation in M. oryzae. We obtained MoJMJD6 mutants (ΔMojmjd6) using a target gene replacement strategy. The MoJMD6 deletion mutants were delayed for conidium germination, glycogen, and lipid droplets utilization and consequently had decreased virulence. In the ΔMojmjd6 null mutants, global histone methyltransferase modifications (H3K4me3, H3K9me3, H3K27me3, and H3K36me2/3) of the genome were unaffected. Taken together, our results indicated that MoJMJD6 function as a nuclear protein which plays an important role in conidium germination and appressorium formation in the M. oryzae. Our work provides insights into MoJMJD6-mediated regulation in the early stage of pathogenesis in plant fungi.