• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.9-16
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• 2005

To investigate spray and combustion of emulsified fuel of W/O type, we mixed water with light oil by using ultrasonic energy adding system. We measured the SMD of sprayed droplet to find atomization characteristics of emulsified fuel with using the Malvern 2600D system. Major parameters are the weight ratio of water($0{\sim}30%$ by 10%) in emulsified fuel injection pressure(lobar), and the measurement distance($10{\sim}100mm$ by 10mm). Combustion visualizing system is made up commonly used boiler system and digital camera 1/500s to investigate combustion phenomena. As a result, the more water contents increased, the more SMD increased. The water particle of emulsified fuel made short flame in continuos spray combustion phenomena because of micro explosion.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제9권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2004

This work was performed to investigate the distribution of the fuel droplet size around the bluff-body and the combustion characteristics. The geometry of the bluff-body influenced the spray shape and the combustion characteristics. Diameters of the bluff-body in this experiment are 6, 8, and 10 mm and the impingement $angles({\theta})\;are\;30^{\circ},\;60^{\circ},\;and\;90^{\circ}$. The measurement points were at the distances of 20 and 30 mm axially from the nozzle. The SMD and Rosin-Rammler distribution was acquired by image processing technique (PMAS), and the mean temperatures were measured by thermocouple. The results obtained are as follows; In the condition of ${\theta}=60^{\circ}$, the values of SMD are not greatly varied compared to the other conditions. As the impingement angle of bluff-body was increased, the high temperature region was wider along radial direction. When the air-fuel ratio was increased, the CO concentration was decreased.

• 한국분무공학회지
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.7-15
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• 2003

The effects of fuel density and fuel viscosity on spray characteristics were investigated under two different gas turbine fuels and various fuel supply pressure conditions through measurement of SMD, number density and volume flux by using PDPA system in dual orifice injector for gas turbine engines. In this study, we found out that the droplet size and spray structure are strongly depend on fuel density for dual orifice injector. The spray characteristics of high density fuel in dual orifice injector are similar with the characteristics of low density fuel in single orifice injector. The shear region between primary main fuel stream and secondary main fuel stream is examined in low density fuel condition but not exist in high density fuel condition, then this shear region is very important in quality of gas turbine spray. There are worth consideration for the effect of fuel density on spray characteristics in frontal device design to improve combustion efficiency.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.54-59
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• 2014

The roll-to-roll (R2R) fabrication method to make micro-scale pillar arrays for biomimetic functionalization of surfaces is presented. Inspired by the micro-structure of plants in nature, a surface with a synthetic micro-scale pillar array is fabricated via maskless photolithography. After the surface is SAM (self-assembled monolayer) coated with trichlorosilane in a vacuum desiccator, it displays a hydrophobic property even in R2R replicas of original substrate, whose properties are further characterized using various pitches and diameters. In order to perform a comparison between the original micro-pattern and its replicas, surface morphology was analyzed using scanning electron microscopy and wetting characteristics were measured via a contact angle measurement tool with a $10{\mu}L$ water droplet. Efficient roll-to-roll imprinting for a biomimetic functionalized surface has the potential for use in many fields ranging from water repelling and self-cleaning to microfluidic chips.

• 한국기계가공학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.91-96
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• 2018

The oleophobic property of surfaces modified with micro-post structures are investigated for a range of micro-post diameter ($11-23{\mu}m$) and pitch ($20-40{\mu}m$). The contact angle of an oil droplet on surfaces with various micro-post dimensions was calculated using the Cassie-Baxter model and did not show a good agreement with the measured contact angle. From measurement, the micro-post with diameter of $23{\mu}m$ and pitch of $32{\mu}m$ was found to have the highest contact angle ($134.3^{\circ}$).

• Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry
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• 제67권
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• pp.140-147
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• 2018

The performance of a hydrate anti-agglomerant (AA) on cyclopentane (CyC5) hydrate anti-agglomeration at various concentrations (0-1 wt%, based on the oil phase) using MMF apparatus has been investigated. At low AA concentrations up to 0.01 wt%, the AA reduces the cohesion force (capillary force) by reducing the CyC5-water interfacial tension. At concentrations higher than 0.1 wt%, hydrate hydrophobicity alternation and AA's thermodynamic inhibition effects are the main part of AA's mechanism. Additionally, a "temporary agglomeration" phenomenon caused by surface melting of the hydrate particles is also observed, which may indicate the AA's weak ability to produce stable water-CyC5 interface.

• 한국가시화정보학회지
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• 제21권3호
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• pp.33-38
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• 2023

Spray cooling is a method of cooling high-temperature heating elements by spraying droplets. Recently, spray cooling has been proposed for use in next-generation nuclear reactors. When droplets are sprayed onto the outer wall of a heat exchanger tube, a film boiling occurs on the outer wall. Over time, the outer wall temperature decreases, and a liquid film forms on the outer wall, and the heat exchanger outer wall is subsequently cooled by the liquid film. In this case, the liquid film thickness has a great influence on the heat removal performance. In this study, an experimental study was conducted to measure the liquid film thickness distribution in a droplet spray environment. For this purpose, a method using the electrical conductivity of the liquid was adopted.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제37권10호
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• pp.1278-1286
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• 2008

본 연구는 MC와 저분자량 유화제 Tween 20 간의 경쟁 흡착 현상이 MC 유화액(1 wt% MC, 10 wt% n-tetradecane, 20 mM bis-tris, pH 7)의 안정도(크리밍 안정도 및 orthokinetic stability) 특성에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 크리밍 특성 변화는 시료 유화액의 크리밍 프로화일 및 지방구 평균 이동 속도($V_m$) 등을 비교하였고, orthokinetic stability는 전단시간(shear time)에 대한 지방구 크기 변화를 측정하여 평가하였다. 지방 함량을 달리하여(1$\sim$30wt%) 제조한 Tween 20 무첨가 MC 유화액의 경우 지방구 평균 이동 속도($V_m$)로 표현된 크리밍 안정도는 유화액 중 지방구 크기에 의존하는 경향을 보였다. 즉 지방구 크기가 클수록 안정도는 낮은 것으로 나타났다[$V_m$: 0.326 $\mu$m $min^{-1}$ ($d_{32}$: 0.32 $\mu$m)${\rightarrow}V_m$: 0.551 $\mu$m $min^{-1}$ ($d_{32}$: 0.53 $\mu$m)]. Tween 20을 첨가할 경우 MC 유화액의 크리밍 안정도는 Tween 20을 첨가하지 않은 경우보다 낮았고(0.2 wt% Tween 20 첨가 제외), 낮은 첨가 농도에서 가장 낮은 안정도를 보였으며, 농도가 증가할수록 안정도는 회복되는 것으로 관찰되었다[$V_m$: 0.598 $\mu$m $min^{-1}$(0.01 wt%)${\rightarrow}V_m$: 0.389 $\mu$m $min^{-1}$(0.2wt%)]. MC 유화액 연속상의 점도를 측정한 결과 이러한 크리밍 안정도 변화는 연속상의 점도 변화 경향과 잘 일치하고 있었다(Stokes 법칙에 잘 따름). 따라서 Tween 20을 함유하는 유화액의 크리밍에 대한 안정도는 물/기름 계면에서 일어나는 MC/Tween 20 간 경쟁흡착에 의하여 수용액 상으로 이탈된 MC 농도에 의존되고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 유화 불안정화 시간($t_d$)으로 평가한 orthokinetic stability의 경우 Tween 20 첨가에 의하여 MC 유화액의 유화 안정도는 낮아 졌으며, 유화제 첨가 농도의 증가와 더불어 더욱 낮아지는 경향을 보였다[$t_d$: 160 min(0.03 wt%)${\rightarrow}t_d$: 100 min(0.2wt%)]. Tween 20은 계면 흡착 MC를 수용액 상으로 이탈시키므로 Tween 20을 함유한 MC 유화액의 orthokinetic stability 특성은 MC load에 지수 함수적으로 의존됨을 확인할 수 있었다. 결론적으로 MC 유화액에 Tween 20을 첨가할 경우 유화안정도에 영향을 미칠 수 있으며 그 정도는 첨가한 Tween 20의 농도에 의존되는 특성을 보였다.

• Journal of Mechanical Science and Technology
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• 제16권7호
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• pp.999-1008
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• 2002

The spray structures and distribution characteristics of liquid and vapor phases in non-evaporating and evaporating Gasoline Direct Injection (GDI) fuel sprays were investigated using Laser Induced Exciplex Fluorescence (LIEF) technique. Dopants were 2% fluorobenzene and 9% DEMA (diethyl-methyl-amine) in 89% solution of hexane by volume. In order to study internal structure of the spray, droplet size and velocity under non-evaporating condition were measured by Phase Doppler Anemometry (PDA). Liquid and vapor phases were visualized at different moments after the start of injection. Experimental results showed that the spray could be divided into two regions by the fluorescence intensity of liquid phase: cone and mixing regions. Moreover, vortex flow of vapor phase was found in the mixing region. About 5㎛ diameter droplets were mostly distributed in the vortex flow region. Higher concentration of vapor phase due to vaporization of these droplets was distributed in this region. Particularly, higher concentration of vapor phase and lower one were balanced within the measurement area at 2ms after the start of injection.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.42-50
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• 2000

Drop size distribution of an air-assisted fuel injector(AAFI) was investigated. Influence of parameters such as ambient air density supply pressure and air-liquid mass ratio(ALR) was examined through both measurement and analysis. The Sauter mean diameter$D_{32}$ varied from 9 to 25$\mu$m throughout all experimental conditions. An empirical correlation for droplet size was obtained. Analytical correlations for predicting $D_{32}$ with respect to operating conditions were also derived through energy consideration and introduction of a simplified model of the from the empirical fitting was adapted to the original equation the proposed correlation in this study matched more closely with measured results. The current correlation exhibited a favorable study matched more closely with measured results. The current correlation exhibited a favorable prediction for $D_{32}$ compared to that by the empirical correlation at selected experimental conditions so that it may be used to predict atomization performance of the AAFI at operating conditions which was not covered in the measurements. After validation the analytical equation was applied to survey the feasible operating conditions for gasoline direct injection application.