• 대한산업공학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.216-222
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• 2002

The ergonomic human model can be considered as a tool for the evaluation of ergonomic factors in vehicle design process. The proper anthropometric data on driver's postures are needed in order to apply a human model to vehicle design. Although studies on driver's posture have been carried out for the last few decades, there are still some problems for the posture data to be applied directly to the human model due to the lack of fitness because such studies were not carried out under the conditions for the human model application. In the traditional researches, the joint angles were evaluated by the categorized data, which are not appropriate for the human model application because it is so extensive that it can not explain the posture evaluation data in detail. And the human models require whole-body posture evaluation data rather than joint evaluation data. In this study a postural evaluation function was developed not by category data but by the concept of the loss function in quality engineering. The loss was defined as the discomfort in driver's posture and measured by the magnitude estimation technique in the experiment using a seating buck. Four loss functions for the each joint - knee, hip, shoulder, and elbow were developed and a whole-body postural evaluation function was constructed by the regression analysis using these loss functions as independent factors. The developed postural evaluation function shows a good prediction power for the driver's posture discomfort in validation test. It is expected that the driver's postural evaluation function based on the loss function can be used in the human model application to the vehicle design process.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제5권5호
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• pp.1-8
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• 1997

The purpose of this study is to suggest the methods to model driver input and evaluate the handling performances of a vehicle by dynamic simulation using ADAMS (Automated Dynamic Analysis of Mechanical Systems) software. The driver input was modeled using the PID controller to follow the desired velocities and paths. The gains of the controller were decided by the trial and error methods aided by Ziegler-Nichols rule. It was successful to apply the rule for the vehicle model to follow the desired values of steady state cornering and lane change maneuver. As the results, handling performances of baseline and two variegated vehicles were evaluated. The theoretical provement was performed to explain the differences.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제12권5호
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• pp.136-145
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• 2004

In companion paper, the composition and structure of the traffic environment is derived. Rules to regulate agent behaviors and the frameworks to communicate between the agents are proposed. In this paper, the model of a driver agent which controls a vehicle agent is constructed. The driver agent is capable of having different driving styles. That is, each driver agent has individual behavior settings of the yielding index and the passing index. The yielding index can be defined as how often the agent yields in case of lane changes, and the passing index can be defined as how often the agent passes ahead. According to these indices, the agents overtake or make their lanes for other vehicles. Similarly, the vehicle agents can have various vehicle dynamic models. According to their dynamic characteristics, the vehicle agent shows its own behavior. The vehicle model of the vehicle agent contains the nonlinear subcomponents of engine, torque converter, automatic transmission, and wheels. The simulation has proceeded for an interrupted flow model. The result has shown that it is possible to express the characteristics of each vehicle and its driver in a traffic flow, and that the change of the traffic state is closely related with the distance and the signal delay between intersections. The system developed in this paper shows the effectiveness and the practical usefulness of the traffic simulation.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제11권5호
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• pp.201-209
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• 2003

Virtual human models are widely used to save time and expense in vehicle safety studies. A human model is an essential tool to visualize and simulate a vehicle driver in virtual environments. This research is focused on creation and application of a human model fer virtual reality. The Korean anthropometric data published are selected to determine basic human model dimensions. These data are applied to GEBOD, a human body data generation program, which computes the body segment geometry, mass properties, joints locations and mechanical properties. The human model was constituted using MADYMO based on data from GEBOD. Frontal crash and bump passing test were simulated and the driver's motion data calculated were transmitted into the virtual environment. The human model was organized into scene graphs and its motion was visualized by virtual reality techniques including OpenGL Performer. The human model can be controlled by an arm master to test driver's behavior in the virtual environment.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권1D호
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• pp.11-19
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• 2008

현재 첨단차량 분야의 기본 기술 중 기 개발된 추종모형은 운전자 및 운행 환경적 요소 등을 배제하고 오직 두 차량사이의 물리적 상관관계에 의해서만 거동하도록 개발되어져 있다. 그러나 추종거동의 현실적 적용을 위해서는 차량 운전자의 특성 및 운행 환경적 요소의 적용이 필수적이다. 따라서 본 논문에서는 보다 현실적용이 용이한 추종모형의 개발을 위한 선행연구로서 차량 운전자가 주행 중 느끼는 불안감의 정도를 산정하기 위한 방법을 제시하고자 하였다. 운전자의 불안감도(Measure of Alarmness ; MOA)는 유비쿼터스 교통 하에서 첨단차량이 추종거동을 하고 있을 때 추종차량과 선행차량 간의 상대적 관계 및 환경적 요인과 운전자의 특성에 의해 측정되는 수치이다. 운전자 MOA의 일반적이고 객관적인 측정을 위하여 운전자 불안감도에 대한 설문조사를 수행하고 이를 바탕으로 MOA 측정 퍼지로직모형을 구축하였다. 시나리오에 의해 정의된 입력값으로 MOA를 산정하여 구축한 퍼지로직모형의 타당성을 입증하였으며, 본 논문의 결과는 주행 중 관여하는 여러 가지 요소에 따라 추종상태에서 느끼는 운전자의 불안감도를 정량적으로 측정함으로서 기존의 추종거동모형을 보다 현실화시키기 위한 기틀을 마련하였다. 이러한 불안감도는 운전자의 주행 중 안전성과 안락함을 평가하는데 주요한 척도로 적용될 것으로 사료된다.

• 자동차안전학회지
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.52-61
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• 2020

In recent years, the increasing interest in health-care requires the industrial products to be well-designed ergonomically. In the commercial vehicle industry, several researchers have demonstrated the driver's posture has great effect on the orthopedic desease such as fatigue, back pain, scoliosis, and so on. However, the existing sensor systems developed for measuring the driver posture in real time have suffered from inaccuracy and low reliability issues. Here, we suggest our smart vehicle seat system capable of real-time driver posture monitoring by using the air bag sensor package with high sensitivity and reliability. The ergonomic numerical model which can evaluate a driver's posture has been developed on the basis of the human body segmentation method followed by simulation-based validation. Our experimental analysis of obtained pressure distribution of a vehicle seat under the different driver's postures revealed our smart vehicle system successfully achieved the driver's real-time posture data in great agreement with our numerical model.

• 한국정보시스템학회지:정보시스템연구
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.107-129
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to provide and validate an IT cost model hi which we link among cost center, cost object and flexible cost driver. in order to accomplish this purpose, this study utilizes ethnographic research methodology. At first we develop the cost model where the flexible cost driver is the distribution basis of overhead cost. For each cost driver, unit cost management model is also proposed. Then we employ the structured design methodology to validate the model. Based on the IT Cost requirements of a case company, the IT cost system was designed and developed for its test. The result shows the model we developed in this study is appropriate for managing IT resources and further, can be used as a reference model for calculating chargeback rates of other departments and IT budget of IT department.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제26권11호
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• pp.173-182
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• 2021

본 논문에서는 운전자의 주의산만을 유발하는 운전자, 탑승자의 동작을 분석하고 핸드폰과 관련된 운전자의 행동 10가지를 인식하였다. 먼저 주의산만을 유발하는 동작을 환경 및 요인으로 분류하고 관련 최근 논문을 분석하였다. 분석된 논문을 기반으로 주의산만을 유발하는 주요 원인인 핸드폰과 관련된 10가지 운전자의 행동을 인식하였다. 약 10만 개의 이미지 데이터를 기반으로 실험을 진행하였다. SURF를 통해 특징을 추출하고 3가지 모델(CNN, ResNet-101, 개선된 ResNet-101)로 실험하였다. 개선된 ResNet-101 모델은 CNN보다 학습 오류와 검증 오류가 8.2배, 44.6배가량 줄어들었으며 평균적인 정밀도와 f1-score는 0.98로 높은 수준을 유지하였다. 또한 CAM(class activation maps)을 활용하여 딥러닝 모델이 운전자의 주의 분산 행동을 판단할 때, 핸드폰 객체와 위치를 결정적 원인으로 활용했는지 검토하였다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.712-729
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 고등학생들의 식물의 광합성과 호흡에 관련된 오개념을 조사하고, 이를 교정할 수 있는 방안으로 Driver 개념변화 학습 모형을 적용한 수업 프로그램을 개발 적용하여 그 효과를 알아보는데 목적이 있다. 연구 대상은 부산광역시 소재의 남자고등학교 재량교과 시간에 생물학습을 선택한 1학년 66명을 연구 대상으로 하였으며, 학생들의 광합성과 식물의 호흡에 관한 개념 정도는 그림그리기와 서술형 검사로 서로 상호적인 방법으로 조사되었다. 광합성과 식물 호흡에 관한 학생의 오개념을 단계별 수준으로 구분 짓는 방법으로 그림그리기 방법을 적용한 결과, 많은 학생들이 과학교과서나 과학자에 의해 이해되지 않은 오개념이 포함된 그림을 그렸으며, Driver 개념 변화 학습 모형 적용 후에는 식물의 광합성과 호흡의 필수 요소인 빛, 이산화탄소, 물, 포도당, 산소, 나뭇잎, 엽록체, 미토콘드리아, 기공, 에너지 등을 포함한 과학적 인 그림을 그렸다. 식물의 광합성과 호흡의 여러 측면에 대한 개념을 조사하기 위해 실시한 서술형 검사 결과에도 사전검사에서는 식물의 광합성과 호흡이 일어나는 시점과 장소, 식물의 영양소, 광합성에서의 잎의 역할, 식물의 광합성과 호흡의 관계에 대해서 많은 학생들이 오개념을 보였으나, Driver 개념변화 학습 모형을 적용한 수업 후에는 식물의 광합성과 호흡에 대한 오개념이 많이 교정된 것으로 나타났다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제17권4호
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• pp.86-92
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• 2009

A driver-vehicle model means the integrated dynamic model that is able to estimate the steering wheel angle from the driver's desired path based on the dynamic characteristics of the driver and vehicle. Autonomous driving robot for factory automation has individual four-wheels which are driven by electronic motors. In this paper, the dynamic characteristics of several four-wheel steering systems with the simultaneously steerable front and rear wheels are investigated and compared by means of the driver-vehicle model. A diver-vehicle model is proposed by using the PID control to velocity and trajectory of control autonomous driving robot. To determine the optimum speed of a autonomous driving robot, steady-state circle simulation is carried out with the ADAMS program and MATLAB control model.