• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.517-521
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• 2007

To assess possible risks from the consumption of drinking water from various sources, a survey of the microbiological quality of tap water, commercial bottled drinking water which is exploited from natural mineral water, and natural spring water was conducted. A total of 4 different brands of commercial bottled drinking water, and 4 types of spring water from different sources, and tap water from 4 private houses were tested for four index microorganisms, and the microbial quality changes of the water during the storage at room temperature or refrigerated temperature for 7 days. Aerobic plate counts of all of the initial water samples were still within 100 CFU/ml (drinking water standard of Korea). Total coliforms, fecal coliforms, and E. coli were not detected in all of the water samples at initial. However, aerobic plate counts of three types of spring water and three types of bottled drinking water stored at room temperature showed higher levels than the standards in 5 days. Total coliforms were detected in three types of spring water after one day's storage at room temperature, and in one type of bottled drinking water after 5 days' storage. These results indicate that some of the spring water surveyed are not safe to drink, and the spring water and bottled drinking water after opening the lid should not be stored at room temperature, if they are used for drinking.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.850-854
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• 2001

Feed intake, egg weight, rate of lay and shell quality characteristics were measured in an Australian tinted egg laying strain from 31-42 weeks of age, housed at $30^{\circ}C$ and provided drinking water at 5, 10, 17 and $30^{\circ}C$. In a second experiment a European brown egg laying strain (59-66 weeks of age) housed at $30^{\circ}C$ were provided drinking water at 5, 10, 15 and $30^{\circ}C$. Brown egg layers given cool drinking water (5, 10 and $15^{\circ}C$) consumed more (p<0.05) feed and produced significantly (p<0.05) thicker and heavier shells than hens given drinking water at ambient temperature ($30^{\circ}C$). However the tinted egg layers given chilled drinking water only consumed more (p<0.05) feed and produced thicker (p<0.05) and heavier (p<0.05) shells when consuming drinking water at $5^{\circ}C$. As the tinted egg layers acclimatised to the environmental temperature there was a decline in the influence of cool drinking water on feed intake and shell quality. For brown egg layers, however, cool drinking water resulted in an improvement (p<0.05) in feed intake and shell quality over the entire period birds were provided cool water. These studies suggest that there is potential for using cool drinking water to improve feed intake and shell quality of hens housed under hot conditions. The combination of high ambient temperature and high drinking water temperature, a common occurrence in Australian layer sheds, should be avoided.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.119-131
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• 1994

The physiological functions of drinking water in chicken were reviewed. The effects of ambient temperature, humidity, wind velocity, egg productivity, feed form, nutrients density, and breed types on the water consumption of chicken were summarized and discussed. Some guidelines for management of drinking water in commercial poultry farms were also suggested.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.917-923
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• 2018

The drinking water supply system applicable to the laying hen consists of air-water heat pumps, drinking water tanks, heat stroage tank, circulation pumps, PE pipes, nipples, and control panels. When the heat pump system has power of 7.7 to 8.7 kW per hour, the performance coefficient is between 3.1 and 3.5. The supply temperature from the heat pump to the heat stroage tank was stabilized at about $12{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, but the return temperature showed a variation of from 8 to $14^{\circ}C$. Stratified temperature in the storage tank appeared at $12.^{\circ}C$, $13.5^{\circ}C$ and $14.4^{\circ}C$, respectively. The drinking water supply temperature remained set at $15^{\circ}C$ and $25^{\circ}C$, and the conventional tap water showed a variation for $23^{\circ}C$ to $30^{\circ}C$. As chickens grow older, the amount of food intake and drinking water increased. $y=-0.0563x^2+4.7383x+8.743$, $R^2=0.98$ and the feed intake showed $y=-0.1013x^2+8.5611x$. In the future, further studies will need to figure out the cooling effect on heat stress of livestock.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.181-192
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• 2005

This study evaluated the effect of factors influencing the initial biofilm formation in drinking water distribution pipe by running experiments using a $2^{4-1}$ fractional factorial experimental design with a replicate. Important variables used for assessing biofilm formation included BDOC(biodegradable dissolved organic carbon), viable heterotrophic bacteria present in drinking water, water temperature, and shear stress at two levels each. Based on the statistical analysis of biofilm levels measured as attached HPC(heterotrophic plate count) and community-level assay, the main factors that have significant effects on biofilm formation were found to be viable heterotrophic bacteria and BDOC. Water temperature only exhibited significant effect on the levels of attached HPC, while shear stress was not a significant factor under given conditions. Moreover, the statistical analysis revealed that interactions between the important variables were not statistically significant at a 0.05 significance level.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.99-106
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• 2010

We investigated springs in Seoul in 2009 to know the change of water quality according to storage method of spring water, the concentration of chemical compounds and their correlation. Even spring water that originally satisfied national standard for drinking water could be exceeded national standard for drinking water by storage method such as storage bottle, temperature and period; especially used PET bottles could affect the increase of total colony counts. Therefore, spring water is desirable to be consumed on the spot, or to be stored in sterilized bottles in refrigerator rather than room temperature at home, and also to be consumed shortly not exceeding 24 hours. Total colony counts, coliform, yersinia, $F^-$, $Cl^-$, $NO_3^--N$, hardness, total Solids, pH, color and Al were exceeded national standard for drinking water at some springs. The result of correlation analysis shows that hardness and total solids, which are caused by several ionic compounds, had relatively high correlations with other chemical compounds.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.38 no.6
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• pp.275-281
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• 2022

To maintain water quality after water treatment, monitoring whether the quality of treated tap water quality changes is essential. However, current investigations are insufficient to prevent secondary contamination in drinking water supply systems. This study investigated Gyeonggi's e apartment where a red water problem occurred and monitored the water quality and corrosiveness of the overall water supply system to the apartment from June 2021 to April 2022. In a comparison of drinking water quality after water treatment and the influent of the reservoir, turbidity and heavy metal concentrations were increased and residual chlorine was decreased due to increases in temperature. Correlation analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that a low level of residual chlorine may cause the abscission of Mn²⁺ and Fe²⁺ through microorganism activation, which also causes a high level of turbidity. The corrosion index (LI) in the influent of the reservoir tank was increased due to Ca²⁺ and temperature. These results indicate that the corrosiveness of drinking water and the deterioration of drinking water quality were mainly increased between the drinking water treatment plant and the reservoir tank's influent. The findings provide clear evidence that it is essential to manage water supply systems and reservoir tanks to prevent the secondary contamination of drinking water.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.754-761
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• 2012

Several drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs) produce the bottled tap waters (BTWs) as pilot production and provide them for noncommercial use. In 2008, acetaldehyde and chloral hydrate were detected in some BTWs and the public worry over the safety of the water. In this study, the BTWs produced from 7 DWTPs were tested for 13 chemicals including disinfection byproducts (DBPs). The level of four trihalomethanes (THMs) were increased up to 15 days. The average concentration of them was 0.0075 mg/L at the time of bottling and it was increased to 0.0214 mg/L after 15 days. The average acetaldehyde concentration was 0.0406 mg/L at the time of bottling but it was went up to 0.2251 mg/L after 11 days and then decreased. Although the initial concentrations of DBPs were below the drinking water standard, we also traced them at different storage conditions. Temperature affected the formations of THMs and acetaldehyde concentrations significantly. While the average concentration of THMs ranged from 0.0113 to 0.0182 mg/L at $25^{\circ}C$, it was increased to 0.0132 ~ 0.0256 mg/L at $50^{\circ}C$. In case of acetaldehyde, concentration ranged from 0.0901 to 0.2251 mg/L at $25^{\circ}C$, it was increased to 0.3394 ~ 1.0591 mg/L at $50^{\circ}C$. Throughout the tests with 7 BTWs samples, none of the chemicals was exceeded the drinking water standard of Korea. Therefore, it is recommended to avoid the exposure of BTWs to sunlight or high temperature during distribution and storage.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1130-1139
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• 2024

Objective: The daily maximum temperature and seawater level continuously increase as global warming continues. We examined the adaptability and production performance of heat-stressed goats with a supply of low-saline drinking water. Methods: Twelve Kacang and Kacang Etawah cross goats were exposed to two climatic conditions (control, 25℃ to 33℃, 83% relative humidity [RH], temperature humidity index [THI]: 76 to 86; and hot environment, 26℃ to 39℃, 81% RH, THI: 77 to 94) and two salt levels in drinking water (0% and 0.4% NaCl). The experimental design was a Latin Square (4×4) with four treatments and four periods (28 days each). Results: Temperature of the rectal, skin, and udder, and respiration rate rose, reached a maximum level on the first day of heat exposures, and then recovered. Plasma sodium rose at 0.4% NaCl level, while the hot environment and salinity treatments increased the drinking water to dry matter (DM) intake ratio. Water excretion was elevated in the hot environment but lowered by the increase in salinity. Total lying time increased, whereas change position frequency decreased in the hot condition. Lying and ruminating and total ruminating time increased and explained the enhanced DM digestibility in the hot conditions. Conclusion: The goats exhibited a high level of plasma sodium as salinity increased, and they demonstrated physiological and behavioral alterations while maintaining their production performances under increasing daily maximum temperatures.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.501-512
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• 2019

The seasonal effects on the biostability of drinking water were investigated by comparing the seasonal variation of assimilable organic carbon (AOC) in full-scale water treatment process and adsorption of AOC by three filling materials in lab-scale column test. In full-scale, pre-chlorination and ozonation significantly increase $AOC_{P17\;(Pseudomonas\;fluorescens\;P17)}$ and $AOC_{NOX\;(Aquaspirillum\;sp.\;NOX)}$, respectively. AOC formation by oxidation could increase with temperature, but the increased AOC could affect the biostability of the following processes more significantly in winter than in warm seasons due to the low biodegradation in the pipes and the processes at low temperature. $AOC_{P17}$ was mainly removed by coagulation-sedimentation process, especially in cold season. Rapid filtration could effectively remove AOC only during warm seasons by primarily biodegradation, but biological activated carbon filtration could remove AOC in all seasons by biodegradation during warm season and by adsorption and bio-regeneration during cold season. The adsorption by granular activated carbon and anthracite showed inverse relationship with water temperature. The advanced treatment can contribute to enhance the biostability in the distribution system by reducing AOC formation potential and helping to maintain stable residual chlorine after post-chlorination.