• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.76-85
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• 1978

This survey was undertaken for the period seven month beginning January 15, 1977 and ending July 31, 1977 to detect the general sanitary status of the villages and the villagers and, at the same time, analyse quality of water sources with emphasis on a total of 1,256 households dividing into three different groups: such as, 280 households were selected as random samples from the area of the sophisticated piped water supply system, 122 households from the area of the simplified water supply system and finally 854 households from the area of nonpi-ped water supply system. The following results were concluded after quality of water sources had been analysed and conditions of the environmental sanitation had been reviewed: 1. 11.2% of the respondents from the area of the sophisticated piped water supply system responded that quantity of drinking water lacked to meet their demand while 30.6% of the villagers from the area of nonpi-ped water supply system responded quantity of drinking water didn't meet their demand. 2. 30.8% of the.respondents from the area of the sophisticated water supply system responded that contaminating source located within 15 meters from the water source while 54.4% of the respondents from the non-piped water supply system claimed the same. 3. It was found that water from all sampling areas were positive in coliform group with exception of Moonsan which is one of the sophisticated piped water supply system groups and the number of general bacteria exceeded the government standard criteria of water quality in the area of the nonpi-ped water supply system. 4. In relation with time requirement to draw water in the area of non-piped water supply system, 76 respondents claimed it requires less than 15 minutes to draw water, 15.0% claimed 15 to 30 minutes and 9.0% claimed more than 30 minutes. 5. In relation with knowledge on sanitation of drinking water, 30.8% of respondents from the area of the sophisticated piped water supply system and 41.8% of respondents from the area of nonpiped water supply system denied possible existence of germ in drinking water they drink, while 17.4% of the respondents from the area of the sophisticated water supply system and 50.2% of non-peped water supply system thought it safe to drink water without any treatment. 6. 60.0% of the respondents from the area of non-piped water supply system and many of them believed that their health status will be improved by installation of a sophisticated water supply system in their area. 7. The respondents from the areas of piped water supply sytem expressed greater concern over drinking water sanitation than those from the areas of non-piped water supply system and sanitary conditions were found the same. It was, therefore, proved that knowledge of environmnntal sanitation contributed a great deal to improve sanitary conditions of the villages and villagers and at the same time health education, especially environmental sanitation, will be played a important role to improve their sanitary conditions.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.30 no.2
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• pp.98-103
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• 2004

To evaluate the quality of drinking water and contamination sources in a rural community, this study was carried out on the summer of 2003 at Shin-Dong Myun, Chun-Cheon, Gang-Won province. Seventy three drinking water samples were collected from three different types of water supply systems. Sources of contamination were identified and the public perception of water quality area were evaluated. The findings of this study are as follows; Drinking water was mainly obtained from Local Water and Simple Piped Water Supply Systems, and pollution sources varied over the study area. Most of residents (＞63%) were satisfied with the quality of drinking water and could not identify any contamination sources. Corresponding to this perception, measured water quality parameters generally met the Drinking Water Quality Standards (＞64%). However, approximately 35.6% of samples exceeded the regulation for Nㅒ$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N, coliform, and general bacteria. The water quality was significantly different among the three water supply systems, and between the potentially contaminated areas and the rest of the areas (p＜0.05). In the potentially contaminated areas, the levels of coliform and general bacteria contamination were significantly higher than the rest of the areas (p＜0.05). The coliform and general bacteria values of Simple Piped Water were significantly higher than Own Piped Water＇s, and the NO$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N values of Own Piped Water were significantly higher than those of water＇s (p＜0.05). Based on this study, NO$_3$$^{-}$$_{-}$N, coliform, and general bacteria were identified as a major problem of drinking water. To regularly manage drinking water supply systems, to identify contamination sources, and to add drainage systems are required in the study area.

• The Journal of Korean Society for School & Community Health Education
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.87-104
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to obtain the basic data as a improvement method through the fact-revealing concerning the drinking water management of school and utilization of student. The problems of the research are as follows: First, to investigate status of management of drinking water by area and school. Second, to investigate student's utilization of drinking water by area and school. 1,400 students was selected at 45 elementary and middle-high schools located in Kang-won province, and this study was constituted of two questionnaires(for school's questionnaire and student's questionnaire). The results was analyse through the frequency analysis, $x^2$-test on the basis of the above research problem by SPSS program. The findings of this research are as follows; 1) The Management of School Drinking Water First, the source of school drinking water was mostly piped water. Inspection of water quality has been fulfilled under four times a year, in the other hands, from the result inspection, the schools which was given inadequate determination was 22.2%. Second, reservoir cleaning and hygiene inspection failed far short of the regulations. Especially, reservoir cleaning was managed by exterior consignment industry not low-level officials. Third, school water drinking was the most supplied through the type of water purifier. Water purifier has been distributed to city-located and middle-high school highly, factually the water from water purifier was served with water cup. Fourth, the selection standard of water drinking manager showed slightly differently by school, accordingly there need to develope integrated system with the respective to its effective systematic management. Fifth, water cup was mostly treated by only water clear, which is to vindicate the problems concerning hygiene management. 2) Utilization of school student on Drinking Water First, Disbelief on drinking water of school student was very high. Especially, proportion of middle-high school student's disbelief of drinking water was higher than elementary school student, also girls higher than boys. Many of student have heard to don't drink water from around people. And there were showed meaningful differences by area and school. Second, It was showed many student recognize had to utilize water purifier, boiled water. However, they have still drunken the tap water or portable water from their home. Third, Many of student showed negative response with the respective to the management conditions of drinking water in classroom, There were showed meaningful differences by area and school. From the fact-revealing of water cup management, Students mostly answered to 'only water clear' and the answer of 'None use' or 'With personal cup' was higher. Fourth, In bad experience of Drinking Water, student mostly answered to 'occasionally' and there were showed meaningful differences by school. student's disease experience with school drinking water was few and there were showed meaningful differences by area and gender.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.239-248
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• 2000

The aggravating water quality from the expansion of industrialization along with increasing population lead to develop more intensive physical measures to secure better drinking water quality. This study was mainly initiated to establish a water-pollutant buffering zone for the upper stream basin of Paldang--the major source area of drinking water for the metropolitan Seoul and suburban areas with a population more than 13 million. Two different criteria were considered in determining the buffering distance from the edge of the streamflow : 1km-width buffer zone for the special protection area which has been strictly controlled by the conventional laws for the protection of drinking water supply, and 500m-width buffer zone for the rest of the area. To delineate the exact boundaries of the water-pollutant buffering zone, GIS database was created integrating topography, hydrography, cadastral, and other related layers. The newly designated water-pollutant buffering zone would contribute to improve the water quality in a long term along with the conservation of the wet land. More study, however, should be made within the water-pollutant buffering zone such as the detailed survey of the pollutants, vegetation, and ecosystem for more effective management of the buffering zone.

• Korean Journal of Mineralogy and Petrology
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.233-242
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• 2020

As studies and developments of nano-material increase, the release of the nano-sized material to water environment increase. Especially, silver nanoparticles have been found as dissolved and particulate state since nano-silver particle have been intensively used in industrial and our living environment due to the anti-bacterial effect of the nano-particles. The silver nano-particles and silver ion gives adverse effect on ecology and US-EPA set a secondary drinking water standards as 0.1 mg/L. Current study focused on the analysis of silver in groundwater, small scale water supply systems in Gyeongbook area. The results have been compared with the secondary drinking water standards and discussed at the point of characteristics of the local area and purpose of use of the water sample. Among the total of 298 samples, 2 samples exceed the secondary drinking water standards of EPA, 0.64% rate. Community drinking water and simplified water service showed relatively high detection rate and groundwater gave relatively higher concentration of silver indicating anthropogenic source and natural source could contribute simultaneously on groundwater.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.274-279
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• 2016

Objectives: We investigated bacterial diversity in the Han River water resource protection area in order to provide basic microbiological information on the drinking water safety of the Seoul metropolitan region. Methods: Samples were collected in the spring and winter, but not during the rainy season. Pyrosequencing, gene amplification, and extraction of nucleic acids were employed in this study. Results: In total, 57 and 48 operational taxonomic units were respectively analyzed in samples collected during spring and winter. Proteobacteria were predominant in all samples. The samples contained phylogenetically diverse bacterial communities, with eleven major phyla and 36 genera. Cyanobacteria were predominant in the spring samples, but not in the winter samples. The predominant species in the samples collected during both seasons belonged to the genus Aquamicrobium and Bradyrhizobium. Moreover, no pathogenic bacteria were detected in the samples. Conclusion: Proteobacteria were predominant in the samples from the Han River water source protection area. Cyanobacteria were more predominant in the spring samples than in the winter samples, but Aquamicrobium and Bradyrhizobium were predominant in both sampling seasons.

• Proceedings of the KSRS Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.506-506
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• 2002

S. Korean Government has accelerating its efforts to enhance the quality of the drinking water. The Ministry of Environment has declared the law of securing water-pollutant buffering zone to minimize the inflow of the point and nonpoint sources into the drinking water sources. As a first phase of installing nationa-wide water-pollutant buffering zone, approximately 300km buffering zone has been delineated along the South and North Han river, the major drinking water sources for the capital area of S. Korea, which has the population of more than 12 millions. The buffering zone has the width of 1,000 meter for the special protection area, and 500 meter for the remaining area from both ends of the river. The major works have been done in three stages. Firstly, the boundaries lines of the buffering zone was delineated on the digital topographic maps. Secondly, the maps were overlayed with the cadastral maps to identify individual land parcels, the street address of the major pollutant discharging facilities, and all different types of pollutants including livestocks. Thirdly, the field work has been done as a verification. Once the buffering zone was generated, all the information for the buffering gone were created or imported from other government agencies including official land price, details of the major manufacturing facilities discharging considerable amount of pollutants, major motels and resorts, not to mention of restaurants, etc. Also, major livestock houses were located to identify the path of the pollutant inflow to the drinking water source. Further works need to be continued such as purchasing private lands within the buffering zone and change the land use in the efforts to decrease the pollutant amount and to provide more environmentally friendly space. Also, high resolution satellite imagery should be utilized in the near future as a cost-effective data source to update all the landuse activities within buffering zone.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.5
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• pp.397-408
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• 2004

Due to the growing impact of non-point source pollution and limitation of water treatment technology, a new policy of water quality management, called a source protection, is now becoming more important in drinking water supply. The source protection means that the public agency purchases the pollution sensitive area, such as riparian zone, and prohibit locations of point and non-point sources. Many studies have reported that this new policy is more economical in drinking water supply than the conventional one. However, it is very difficult to determine location and size of the pollution sensitive zone in the watershed. In this paper, we presented the scientific criteria for the priority of the pollution sensitive zone, along with a case study of the upstream watershed of the Paldang Reservoir, Han River. This study includes applications of the analytical hierarchy process(AHP) and a watershed-based land prioritization(WLP) model. After major criteria affecting water quality were selected, the AHP and geographic analysis were performed. The WLP model allowed us to include both quantity and quality criteria, using AHP as the multi-criteria method in making decision and reflecting local characteristics and various needs. By adding a travel-time function, which represents the prototype effectively, the results secured adaptability and scientific objectivity as well. As such, the WLP model appeared to provide reasonable criteria in determining the prioritization of land acquisition. If the tested data are used with a validated travel-time and AHP method is applied after further discussion among experts in such field, highly reliable results can be obtained.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.39-51
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• 1992

This study was carried out for 1 year between 1990 and 1991. The interviewers visited 513 households to evaluate the perception of the residents using the Simple Piped Water Supply (SPWS), and examined the pollution source surrounding 48 SPWS facilities and water quality by the chemical and microbiological method. The purpose of this study was to find out problems linked with SPWS and to investigate more efficient way of improvement in rural water supply. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1) Approximately 44.0% of the sampled population have been served by simple piped water supply. 2) The drinking water was mostly taken from the springs in 8 sites and valley water in 40 sites. 3) Considering the type of distribution of the SPWS, there are 40 natural gravity systems and 8 pumping systems. 4) Out of the 180 SPWS in Chun Sung Area, 73.9% of the SPWS facilities %'ere used more than ten years. 5) 47.4% of the SPWS facilities are neighbored with pollution source. 6) 42.4% of the maintenance crews were not committed to their job but instead, the facilities were operated by some residents or community leaders who were personally concerned about quality of the facilities. 7) About 36.9% of the residents complaind that the amount of daily water supply is not adequate. 8) About 55.6% of the residents felt that the water quality is good for drinking water and therefore, But in contrast, the biochemical tests indicated that most of the SPWS met the drinking water quality standards. 9) Under the present water analysis system, The method of sampling and analysis are not effective, so that analysis system shoud be done by local health center.

• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.245-250
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• 2004

This study investigated the micropollutants present in raw water supplied for the several drinking water treatment plants in Seoul. The target sample waters were collected from the several sites, such as Jayang (JY), Kuui (KI), Paldang (PD) and Kangbuk (KB) at the Han-River stream. The analytical method used in this study enable us to detect about 300 kinds of chemicals commonly found in surface water at ppt level by GC-ion trap MS. In this study, the consideration on the analytic results focused on the four hazardous organics, such as benzenes, phenols, phthalates and pesticides. The numbers of each detected micropollutant were 1~8 kinds for benzenes, 1~7 kinds for phenols, 5~7 kinds for phthalates and 1~9 kinds for pesticides. For the pesticides, the higher concentration was detected in the water samples collected from PD and KB adjacent to the farming area, and at June and July, which is the busy farming season. The total concentrations of each micropollutants detected at all the sites were significantly lower than those of drinking water regulation in Korea as well as other advanced countries. However, the frequently detected micropollutants requires the steady and precise monitoring for the effective management of drinking water source.