• Acta Via Serica
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.29-59
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• 2019

As 'a total social fact,' drinks and drinking may serve as a lens through which we can view a distant society. Although not frequently discussed, drinking vessels serve the same function for accessing a past world hidden or forgotten behind written records. The present article is an art history attempt to seek a cultural link between liquor vessels used in medieval Korea and the political and social change of the period. The Goryeo period (918-1392) saw an unprecedented abundance of drinking vessels in various forms and decorations. Goryeo artisans and craftsmen produced ewers, pitchers, flasks, bottles, and others in addition to the pre-existing shapes of vessels mainly consisting of jars and bowls. I argue that this sudden burst of creativity during the Goryeo period was closely related to Goryeo's constant and diverse contacts with foreign powers. Their zone of international connections was not confined to the Chinese world, as we have commonly presumed. Even before the Mongol intervention, Goryeo was in contact with regions beyond East Asia through the northern nomadic states. Khitan Liao was recorded as having worked as a kind of international intermediary to link the Chinese and Islamic worlds. This medieval global culture became a norm in Goryeo society when it became an important part of the Mongol Empire. These nomadic powers brought global trends to Goryeo, and foreign drinks were among them; kumis, araq, and grape wines are just three cases of them discussed in this article. The change of alcoholic drinks led to, or was accompanied by, a new range of drinking vessels. Three types of ewers, familiar to East Asian consumers but foreign in their origin, are discussed in the main text to highlight such social change. Three more cases of drinking cups are also presented. The article shows that medieval Korean society was far more open to international art and culture than our usual understanding, and in their drinking vessels, Goryeo culture embraced global trends reaching China, the Islamic world and Europe.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제30권5호
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• pp.596-610
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• 2015

This study is on the alcohol beverage utensils represented on the Chinese tomb mural paintings of Song, Liao, Jin, and Yuan those countries had foreign exchange with Koryo Dynasty. These mural paintings are distributed in the areas such as Hebei, Henan, Inner mongolia, Shanxi, Shaanxi, Peijing. etc. The Alcohol beverage vessels were classified mainly into storage vessel, pouring vessel, drinking vessel and ladles according to the purpose. The storage vessels of Song, Liao and Jin were called Jiuping, Jingping, Jiuzun as well as Meiping. Pouring vessels are basically one set of Zhuzi, Wenwan and Jiuzhu, or Zhuhu and Zhuwan. On the mural paintings of Yuan Dynasty, Meiping as storage vessels disappear, and a variety of shapes of pouring vessels such as Mayu and Yuhuchunping appear. This trend indirectly indicates the new arrival of distilled liquor, which seems to have affected transition of the alcohol beverage utensils.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.34-39
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• 1993

One hundred and eighty-seven water samples were collected from 23 of spring water, 2 of ground water, 1 of tap water in Pusan area and 3 of natural mineral waters. Total coliform group, fecal coliform, viable cell count and microflora were investigated to evaluate water quality of drinking water. The results were as follows: range and geometric mean value of total coliform and fecal coliform MPN's of spring water were 0~1,500/100 ml, 85/100 ml and 0~460/100 ml, 24/100 ml but coliform group was not detected in the samples of tap water and natural mineral water. Viable cell count of spring water, ground water and tap water were lower as 100 cell than the criteria for drinking water but that of natural mineral water was higher as 6.5X 10$^2$~7.4X 10$^3$ /ml. Predominant speces among the 219 strains isolated from the samples were 19.6% Aeromonas spp., 19.2% Enterobacteriaceae, 16% Acinetobacter spp. Especially, spring water and vessels were contaminated by Hafnia spp. and Providencia Spp, inhabitant of the oral cavity.

• 한국가시화정보학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.30-36
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• 2007

The global environment is deteriorating at an alarming rate, despite of enhanced international environmental regulation. Many studies have been performed to reduce toxic pollutants. Recently, plant-based phytoremediation technology for moving toxic contaminants from soil and water has been receiving large attention. Arsenic-contaminated soil is one of the major pollutant sources for drinking water. Pteris erotica has been known as a hyper-accumulator of arsenic from soils. In this study, we investigated the effect of arsenic absorption on sap flow inside xylem vessels of Pteris. The synchrotron X-ray micro-imaging technique was employed to monitor the refilling process of water containing arsenic inside the xylem vessels of Pteris's leaves and stems non-invasively. The captured phase-contrast X-ray images show both anatomy of internal structure and transport of water inside Pteris. The exposure of Pteris to arsenic solution was found to increase largely the water raise speed in xylem vessels. The present results would provide important information needed for understanding the mechanisms of accumulation and transportation of toxic materials in plants.

• 한국가시화정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국가시화정보학회 2006년도 추계학술대회 논문집
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• pp.92-95
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• 2006

The global environment is deteriorating at an alarming rate despite of enhanced international environmental regulation. Many studies have been performed to reduce pollutants. Recently, phytoremediation, plant-based technology for the removal of toxic contaminants from soil, water, and air, has been receiving large attention. Arsenic-contaminated soil is one of the major pollutant sources fur drinking water. The fern brake (Pteris erotica) has been reported as a hyper-accumulate arsenic from soils. In this study, we investigated the arsenic absorption effect on sap flow inside xylem vessels of a fern brake. The synchrotron X-ray micro-imaging technique was employed to monitor flow inside the plant non-invasively. The captured phase-contrast X-ray images show both anatomy and transport of water inside the fern brake. The refilling process of water containing arsenic inside the xylem vessels of fern brake's leaves and stems was clearly observed. These results would provide important information needed fur understanding the mechanisms of accumulation, translocation, and transformation of toxic materials in plants.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.166-170
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• 2019

Objective: To establish a cost-effective and easily available phantom for training residents in ultrasound-guided fine needle thyroid nodule targeting punctures. Materials and Methods: Tofu, drinking straws filled with coupling gel, a urine tube, and 21-gauge needles were used to generate a phantom thyroid with nodules for training. Twelve radiology residents were involved in the study. The puncture success rates were recorded and compared before and after phantom training using the Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: On ultrasonography, tofu mimicked the texture of the thyroid. Drinking straws filled with coupling gel mimicked vessels. The urine tube filled with air mimicked the trachea, and 21-gauge needles mimicked small nodules in the transverse section. The entire phantom was similar to the structure of the thyroid and surrounding tissues. The puncture success rates of radiology residents were significantly increased from 34.4 ± 14.2% to 66.7 ± 19.5% after training (p = 0.003). The phantom was constructed in approximately 10 minutes and materials cost less than CNY 10 (approximately $ 1.5) at a local store. Conclusion: The tofu model was cost-effective, easily attainable, and effective for training residents in ultrasound-guided fine needle thyroid nodule targeting punctures in vitro.

• 미술자료
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• 제104권
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• pp.40-69
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• 2023

본고는 조형적으로 일반 그릇과 차별화되는 청자 주기의 형태에 주목하여 왕실 연례 문화와의 관계를 조명하고 조형적 상징성과 시기별 조합의 변화를 살펴보았다. 『고려사(高麗史)』 세가(世家)에서 확인되는 국왕의 재위별, 연례의 유형별 설행 횟수와 설행 목적을 통해서 청자 주기와의 관련성을 살펴보았다. 왕실 연례는 군신(君臣) 간의 위계질서를 확립하고 유대감을 구축하는 왕권 강화의 수단이자 왕의 업적과 성덕을 찬양하여 국왕의 권위와 능력을 보여 주는 통치 행위이기도 하였다. 왕실 연례의 설행 횟수는 실제 왕권 강화를 시도했던 예종대(1105~1122), 의종대(1146~1170), 충렬왕대(1274~1308), 공민왕대(1351~1374)에 늘어나는 상황을 볼 수 있었다. 왕실 연례의 설행이 급증하고 연례 문화가 바뀌는 예종대와 충렬왕대를 기점으로 청자 주기의 기종 및 조형이 변화하는 상황에 주목하였다. 연례에서 국왕과 신하는 다양한 음주 행위를 통해서 국왕의 장수를 기원하거나 태평한 시절을 찬미하였기 때문에 술을 담고 따르는 주기의 조형은 시각적 상징성이 강조될 수밖에 없다. 연례에서 음주 방법은 국왕이 신하에게 또는 신하가 국왕에게 직접 술을 따르기 때문에 주자와 잔의 조형은 참석자들에게 시각적으로 큰 효과가 있었다. 따라서 12세기에 신선, 난(鸞), 귀룡, 어룡, 호로병 등의 도교적 소재나 황촉규와 같은 유교적 소재가 청자 주자와 잔으로 조형화되는 현상은 국왕에 대한 송축(頌祝)과 충성, 불로장생을 기원하는 연례의 목적이 시각화된 것으로 볼 수 있다. 특히 연례에서 부르는 헌선도(獻仙桃)나 환궁악(還宮樂)의 내용이 청자 주기의 조형과 일치하는 점이 주목되었다. 연례에서 사용하는 당악(唐樂)의 가사는 국왕의 불로(不老), 난로(難老), 장생(長生)을 기원하고 왕업의 번창과 태평성대의 모습을 표현하였다. 이러한 가사 내용이 국립중앙박물관 소장 <청자 인물형 주자>나 시카고미술관 소장 <청자 승난인물형 주자> 등의 조형에 반영되었다. 주기의 조형에 연례 문화의 일면이 시각화된 사례는 고려청자에서만 볼 수 있는 특징이다. 주기의 조합은 연례의 분위기나 술의 종류에 따라서 시기별로 변화를 보인다. 고려가 몽골제국으로 편입된 이후에 새로운 술이 유입되고 연례 문화가 변화하면서 주기의 용도와 조합에 큰 변화가 있었다. 충렬왕대부터 원 황실의 영향으로 왕과 공주가 함께 연례를 개최하거나 몽고식 연회인 보르차연[孛兒扎宴]이 열리고 몽고 여인들이 쓰는 고고관(姑姑冠)을 쓰고 연회를 여는 변화를 볼 수 있다. 충렬왕대에 연례 문화가 변하기도 하지만 설행 횟수가 132회로 급증하는 것은 원 황실 공주와의 혼인으로 인한 왕권 강화의 측면도 있다. 급증한 연례에서 이전에는 없었던 포도주, 동락(湩酪), 소주 등의 새로운 술과 함께 고족배(高足杯), 옥호춘병, 이(匜), 용두잔 등 신기종의 청자 주기가 등장하였다. 새롭게 나타난 청자 주기는 모두 원 황실이나 몽골제국의 일원인 칸국에서 사용된 금속기 등을 모본으로 하여 제작된 것이다. 고려 후기에 청자 주기의 변화는 기존 연구보다 시야를 확대하여 유라시아 일대에 위치했던 칸국들의 잔치 모습이나 주기와 비교하여 좀 더 구체적인 접근을 시도하였다. 이전에 없었던 고족배, 이, 용두잔, 옥호춘병 등 새로운 형태의 주기가 유입되었고 이러한 흐름에 맞춰서 청자 주기의 조합과 용도도 자연스럽게 변화하는 상황을 볼 수 있었다. 이러한 새로운 양식의 청자 주기는 공간적, 지리적으로 연결될 것 같지 않은 고려와 몽골제국의 칸국을 연결시키는 매개체 역할을 하였다. 본고는 청자 주기와 왕실 연례 문화와의 관련성을 조명하였지만 이는 고려청자의 용례를 연구하는 시작에 불과할 뿐이다. 앞으로 좀 더 다양하고 폭넓은 관점에서 청자의 사용처와 사용례를 밝히는 연구가 더 많이 진행되기를 기대한다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.27-34
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• 1991

This study was carried out to investigate the use habit of drinking water. The survey data were collected from 1,282 of students and 175 of officers from September 1990 to June 1991 in Pusan city and the South of Kyung sang-do. The use rate of tap water among respondents was 33.5%, and the reasons that the others avoid using tap water were having the risk of heavy metals contamination and unsanitary. The 80% of respondents have drunk spring water or bottled water within two or three years. The keeping method of them were 53% in the refrigerator, and 33% in the indoor. The use rate of water vessels what were equipped in mineral springs was 85%. It's advisable that the picking of mineral water be cautious within two or three days after rain. The holding rate of water purifier in respondents was about 20%, and it was purchased within one or two years and the reliance degree of that in users was below 50%.

• 한국정보통신학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국정보통신학회 2016년도 추계학술대회
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• pp.663-664
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• 2016

해수를 이용한 온도차 발전은 심층수와 표층수의 온도 차이를 이용한 암모니아(냉매)를 사용하여 폐쇄적인 액화와 기화를 반복하여 터빈을 돌리는 방식이다. 온도차 발전의 특성상 온도 차이가 클수록 에너지 발전 특성은 좋아진다. 이는 심층수 표층수의 온도차이가 커야 됨을 이야기 한다. 하지만 겨울이 되면 표층수와 심층수의 온도차이가 크지 않아 에너지 효율이 떨어지는 문제점이 있다. 그리고 해수 담수화기술은 지구의 97%를 차지하지만 우리가 먹을 수 없는 바닷물을 담수로 바꾸는 기술로, 해수 담수화기술로 생산된 담수는 선박내의 공업, 식수 등 각종 용수로 사용할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 현재 문제가 되고 있는 계절에 따른 표층수의 온도 변화를 개선하기 위해 기존에 사용하고 있는 선박용 디젤엔진의 열에너지와 LNG의 냉열 에너지를 사용한 온도차 발전을 위해 LNG 운송 선박을 기준으로 LNG 운송 선박 하이브리드 엔진에 관한 연구와 냉열 에너지를 활용한 해수 냉동법으로 담수화하는 발전 및 담수화를 복합시킨 연구를 제시하고자 한다.

• 한국응급구조학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.165-173
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• 2019

Purpose: Norepinephrine (NE) is a neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system. It is used for treating hypotension on distributive shock, central nervous system injury, or sepsis. There are several reports that state that alcohol suppresses vasoconstriction by NE. Thus, our hypothesis is that the effect of NE is reduced in alcohol-drinking patients with distributive shock. We investigated whether alcohol suppresses NE-induced contraction and aimed at finding a solution to this problem. Methods: For this study, we used the aorta from male Sprague-Dawley rats (9-11 weeks) and an isometric contraction system. Results: Our results showed that alcohol suppresses NE contraction and does not affect epinephrine induced a contraction. Moreover, in the presence of alcohol, a 7:3 mixture of NE and epinephrine induced a contractile force similar to that induced by NE under normal conditions. Conclusion: We found that the vasoconstrictive force of NE decreased in the blood vessels in which alcohol was present, which was not because endothelial cells. The reduced contractile force was most similar to that induced by a 7:3 mixture of NE and epinephrine.