• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제26권10호
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• pp.1668-1674
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• 2016

Red ginseng, a steamed and sun-dried ginseng, is a popular health-promoting food in Korea and other Asian countries. We introduced nanofertilizer technology using gold nanoparticles in an effort to develop red ginseng with an elevated level of ginsenosides, the main active compounds of ginseng. Shoots of 6-year-old ginseng plants were fertilized three times with colloidal gold nanoparticle sprays. Red ginseng extract was prepared from the main roots. The concentrations of gold and ginsenosides were measured following gold nanoparticle treatment. To evaluate the anti-inflammatory effects, mouse peritoneal macrophages of male BALB/c mouse were stimulated with lipopolysaccharide plus interferon-γ in the presence of extracts from red ginseng with or without gold nanoparticle treatment. The content of ginsenosides, such as Rg1, Re, Rf, and Rb1, increased in ginseng treated with gold nanofertilizer whereas the steaming process increased only the levels of Rd and Rg3. The levels of nitric oxide, inducible nitric oxide synthase, and interleukin-6, but not tumor necrosis factor-α, were more suppressed in macrophages treated with extract from gold nanoparticle-treated red ginseng. Our results show that the use of a colloidal gold nanoparticle fertilizer improved the synthesis of ginsenosides in ginseng and enhanced the anti-inflammatory effects of red ginseng. Further research is required to elucidate the causal factors for the gold-induced change in ginsenoside synthesis and to determine the in vivo effect of gold nanoparticle-treated ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.202-205
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the optimum conditions for extraction of acidic polysaccharide from red ginseng marc produced by manufacturing alcoholic and water extract from red ginseng. Extraction efficacy of acidic polysaccharide from dried red ginseng marc was higher than that before drying. The appropriate conditions for the extraction of acidic polysaccharide from red ginseng marc were particle size under 3.35 mm after drying red ginseng marc, 1∼2 hours of extraction time and 2∼3 extraction times, respectively. The amount of acidic polysaccharide in water extract from red ginseng marc treated with $\alpha$-amylase and cellulase increased about 20∼50%. From the above resuts, we suggest that red ginseng marc produced by manufacturing alcoholic and water extract of red ginseng has higher potencies in the utilization of waste materials.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제37권4호
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• pp.475-482
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• 2013

The main active components of Panax ginseng are ginsenosides. Ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 are accepted as marker substances for quality control worldwide. The analytical methods currently used to detect these two compounds unfairly penalize steamed and dried (red) P. ginseng preparations, because it has a lower content of those ginsenosides than white ginseng. To manufacture red ginseng products from fresh ginseng, the ginseng roots are exposed to high temperatures for many hours. This heating process converts the naturally occurring ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1 into artifact ginsenosides such as ginsenoside Rg3, Rg5, Rh1, and Rh2, among others. This study highlights the absurdity of the current analytical practice by investigating the time-dependent changes in the crude saponin and the major natural and artifact ginsenosides contents during simmering. The results lead us to recommend (20S)- and (20R)-ginsenoside Rg3 as new reference materials to complement the current P. ginseng preparation reference materials ginsenoside Rb1 and Rg1. An attempt has also been made to establish validated qualitative and quantitative analytical procedures for these four compounds that meet International Conference of Harmonization (ICH) guidelines for specificity, linearity, range, accuracy, precision, detection limit, quantitation limit, robustness and system suitability. Based on these results, we suggest a validated analytical procedure which conforms to ICH guidelines and equally values the contents of ginsenosides in white and red ginseng preparations.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.366-375
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• 2023

Background: Ginseng contains three active components: ginsenosides, gintonin, and polysaccharides. After the separation of 1 of the 3 ingredient fractions, other fractions are usually discarded as waste. In this study, we developed a simple and effective method, called the ginpolin protocol, to separate gintonin-enriched fraction (GEF), ginseng polysaccharide fraction (GPF), and crude ginseng saponin fraction (cGSF). Methods: Dried ginseng (1 kg) was extracted using 70% ethanol (EtOH). The extract was water fractionated to obtain a water-insoluble precipitate (GEF). The upper layer after GEF separation was precipitated with 80% EtOH for GPF preparation, and the remaining upper layer was vacuum dried to obtain cGSF. Results: The yields of GEF, GPF, and cGSF were 14.8, 54.2, and 185.3 g, respectively, from 333 g EtOH extract. We quantified the active ingredients of 3 fractions: L-arginine, galacturonic acid, ginsenosides, glucuronic acid, lysophosphatidic acid (LPA), phosphatidic acid (PA), and polyphenols. The order of the LPA, PA, and polyphenol content was GEF > cGSF > GPF. The order of L-arginine and galacturonic acid was GPF >> GEF = cGSF. Interestingly, GEF contained a high amount of ginsenoside Rb1, whereas cGSF contained more ginsenoside Rg1. GEF and cGSF, but not GPF, induced intracellular [Ca²⁺]_i transient with antiplatelet activity. The order of antioxidant activity was GPF > GEF = cGSF. Immunological activities (related to nitric oxide production, phagocytosis, and IL-6 and TNF-α release) were, in order, GPF > GEF = cGSF. The neuroprotective ability (against reactive oxygen species) order was GEF > cGSP > GPF. Conclusion: We developed a novel ginpolin protocol to isolate 3 fractions in batches and determined that each fraction has distinct biological effects.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.123-128
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• 2008

The MRLs (maximum residue limits) of DDT (DDD and DDE) in fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, and steamed red ginseng are set as low as 0.01 mg/kg, 0.05 mg/kg, and 0.05 mg/kg, respectively. Therefore, this study was undertaken to develop a simple and highly sensitive analysis method, as well as to reduce interfering ginseng matrix peaks, for the determination of DDT isomers (o,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDE, o,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDD, o,p'-DDT, and p,p'-DDT) in fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, and steamed red ginseng at the 0.01 mg/kg level. The method used acetonitrile extraction according to simultaneous analysis, followed by normal-phase Florisil solid-phase extraction column clean-up. The purification method entailed the following steps: (1) dissolve the concentrated sample extract in 7 mL hexane; (2) add 3 mL of $H_2SO_4$; (3) vigorously shake on avortex mixer; (4) cetrifuge at 2000 rpm for 5 min; (5) transfer 3.5 mL of the supernatant to the Florisil-SPE (500 mg/6 mL);and (6) elute the SPE column with 1.5 mL of hexane and 10 mL of ether/hexane (6:94). The determination of DDT isomers was carried out by a gas chromatography-electron capture detector (GC-${\mu}$ECD). The hexane and ether/hexane (6:94) eluate significantly removed chromatographic interferences, and the addition of 30% $H_2SO_4$ to the acetonitrile extract effectively reduced many interfering ginseng matrix peaks, to allow for the determination of the DDT isomers at the 0.01 mg/kg level. The recoveries of the 6 fortified (most at 0.01 mg/kg) DDT isomers from fresh ginseng, dried ginseng, and steamed red ginseng ranged from 87.9 to 99.6%. The MDLs (method detection limits) ranged from 0.003 to 0.009 mg/kg. Finally, the application of this method for the determination of DDT isomers is sensitive, rapid, simple, and inexpensive.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.155-162
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• 2012

Steamed ginseng is well known as a tonic medicine for restoring and enhancing human health. Steamed ginseng had more pharmacologically activity than white ginseng. The effects of steamed ginseng on transplantable tumors, proliferation of lymphocyte and rat liver lipid peroxidation were studied. This study was performed to evaluate the antioxidation and antiwrinkle effects of three ginseng extracts. Raw ginseng (RGS) and dried ginseng (DGS) mature like red ginseng in addition to the ready-made red ginseng (GS) purchased in the market, were steamed and extracted by red ginseng extractor. Three extracts of steamed ginseng were investigated to determine effects of superoxide radical scavenging activity, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, autooxidation inhibition of linoleic acid, collagenase inhibition and collagen synthesis in normal fibroblast. RGS showed not only the highest superoxide radical scavenging activity at a concentration of 100 ug/mL but also the hydroxyl radical scavenging activity higher than vitamin C. Also RGS showed the highest activity in inhibition of autooxidation of linolic acid, collagen synthesis, and collagenase inhibition.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.380-389
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• 2021

Metabolic syndrome (MS) refers to a clustering of at least three of the following medical conditions: high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, hyperglycemia, low high-density lipoprotein level, and high serum triglycerides. MS is related to a wide range of diseases which includes obesity, diabetes, insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, dyslipidemia, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. There remains an ongoing need for improved treatment strategies for MS. The most important risk factors are dietary pattern, genetics, old age, lack of exercise, disrupted biology, medication usage, and excessive alcohol consumption, but pathophysiology of MS has not been completely identified. Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) refers to steamed/dried ginseng, traditionally associated with beneficial effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-fatigue, anti-obesity, anti-oxidant, and anti-cancer effects. KRG has been often used in traditional medicine to treat multiple metabolic conditions. This paper summarizes the effects of KRG in MS and related diseases such as obesity, cardiovascular disease, insulin resistance, diabetes, dyslipidemia, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease based on experimental research and clinical studies.

• Laboraroty Animal Research
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.105-113
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• 2017

insenosides from Panax ginseng are well known for their diverse pharmacological effects including antithrombotic activity. Since adventitious roots of mountain ginseng (ARMG) also contain various ginsenosides, blood flow-improving effects of the dried powder and extract of ARMG were investigated. Rats were orally administered with dried powder (PARMG) or ethanol extract (EARMG) of ARMG (125, 250 or 500 mg/kg) or aspirin (30 mg/kg, a reference control) for 3 weeks. Forty min after the final administration, carotid arterial thrombosis was induced by applying a 70% $FeCl_3$-soaked filter paper outside the arterial wall for 5 min, and the blood flow was monitored with a laser Doppler probe. Both PARMG and EARMG delayed the $FeCl_3$-induced arterial occlusion in a dose-dependent manner, doubling the occlusion time at high doses. In mechanism studies, a high concentration of EARMG inhibited platelet aggregation induced by collagen in vitro. In addition, EARMG improved the blood lipid profiles, decreasing triglyceride and cholesterol levels. Although additional action mechanisms remain to be clarified, it is suggested that ARMG containing high amount of ginsenosides such as $Rg_3$ improves blood flow not only by inhibiting oxidative thrombosis, but also by modifying blood lipid profiles.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.125-132
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• 2017

Bisphenol A (BPA), a known endocrine disruptor, induces toxicity in cells and in experimental animals. Ginseng extracts were evaluated to determine whether they can inhibit BPA-induced toxicity. The antioxidant activity of fresh ginseng extract (WGE), dried white ginseng extract (DGE), and dried red ginseng extract (RGE) was measured using the DPPH assay. WGE and RGE increased DPPH free radical scavenging activity. Cell viability was measured in HepG2 cells following treatment with BPA and ginseng extracts using the MTT assay. DGE and RGE increased HepG2 cell viability following treatment with $200{\mu}M$ BPA. RGE reduced levels of biochemical markers of liver damage, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) that increased in mice following treatment with BPA. In addition, the regeneration and proliferation of damaged liver cells were significantly increased in RGE-treated mice. Moreover, RGE inhibited hepatic fibrosis in the surrounding area and in the central vein of the liver microstructure. RGE also significantly inhibited BPA-induced cytotoxicity. In addition, RGE protected liver damage and regenerated liver tissues in BPA-treated animals. These results show that RGE may represent a potential candidate drug for the treatment and prevention of liver damage caused by environmental toxins.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• 제16권11호
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• pp.7794-7800
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• 2015

Ginsenosides in ginseng berry has been known as functional materials showing physiological effect to the human. Specially, ginseng berry contains plenty of ginsenoside Re, but the study of extraction processes were not enough performed. Accordingly, the purpose of this study was to establish the optimized extraction process for obtaining ginsenoside Re from ginseng berry. The extraction process of ginsenosides was performed in 250 mL extraction flask containing 150 solvent and 10 g of dried ginseng berry. The extracted ginsenoside Re, Rg1 and Rd and total crude ginsenosides from ginseng berry were evaluated by TLC according to the treated conditions (the ratio of alcohol to water, extraction temperature, extraction period, and extraction times). Optimized conditions for extraction was 70% to 30% of the ratio of alcohol to water, $80^{\circ}C$ of extraction temperature, 4 h of extraction period, and 2 times of extraction frequency. The amount of total crude ginsenosides of the extract obtained from the optimized process was 88.6 mg/g based on dried ginseng berry. The composition of ginsenosides from the extracted was 5.5% of Rb1, 5.2% of Rc, 14.3% of Rd, 51.5% of Re, 8.1% of Rf, and 15.7% of Rg1. A protopanaxtriol ginsenosides of whole ginsenosides extracted was about 80%.