• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.223-232
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• 1988

Fifty-two wether lambs weighing 30 kg were randomly assigned to 5 treatment groups; 1) initial slaughter. 2) control-maintenance (CON-MT), 3) control-ad libitum (CON-AL), 4) cimaterol-maintenance (CIM-MT) and 5) cimaterol-ad libitum (CIM-AL). Ad libitum-fed animals had free access of a high-concentrate diet, whereas maintenance animals were restricted in feed intake to maintain the initial weight of 30 kg for 90 days. Cimaterol was administered in the feed at 10 mg/kg. Regardless of feeding level, the administration of CIM improved carcass weight (p < .05), dressing % (p < .01), longissimus muscle area (p < .01), leg conformation and muscling (p < .01), USDA yield and quality grades (p < .01) and protein concentration (p < .01) in carcass as well as in muscle. Cimaterol feeding decreased organ wt (p < .01), baekfat depth (p < .01), intramuscular fat and overall fatness. Cimaterol was effective for muscle accretion even under restricted feeding condition. The greater accretion of muscle was the result of the hypertrophy of both type I and type II muscle fibers but the hypertrophy of type II fiber (110%) was much greater than that of type I fiber (37%). Cimaterol feeding decreased muscle DNA concentrations but the number of nuclei per muscle fiber was not changed, indicating that the lower DNA concentration was due to the dilution effect caused by the hypertrophy of muscle fiber. As evidenced by lower flank streaking, lower marbling and darker muscle, CIM feeding adversely affected meat quality. Meat tenderness was also adversely affected, resulting in significantly (p H .01) tougher meat in CIM-fed animals.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권6호
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• pp.831-837
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• 2008

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of ruminally-protected methionine supplementation (0, 7, or 14 g/head/d) on nutrient intake, digestibility, growth performance, carcass, and meat characteristics of Awassi ram lambs fed finishing diets. Twenty four Awassi ram lambs ($16.8{\pm}1.17kg$ body weight) were randomly assigned to 3 treatment diets (8 lambs/treatment) and housed in individual pens. Lambs were given an adaptation period of 7 days before the intensive feeding period that lasted for 86 days. On day 74 of the trial, a digestibility experiment was performed. At the end of the trial (d 86), all lambs were slaughtered to evaluate carcass characteristics and meat quality. Increasing the level of methionine supplementation did not improve (p>0.05) performance nor feed conversion ratio. Nutrient intake and digestibilities were not influenced (p>0.05) by methionine supplementation. There were no differences in final weight, hot and cold carcass weights, dressing percentages or any of the measured non-carcass components. Tissues and fat depth measurements together with all meat quality attributes measured on longissimus muscle of the loin cut were not affected by methionine supplementation. The only meat quality parameters affected were redness (a*) and the hue angle being higher for the control group (p<0.05). These results suggest that methionine supplementation is not likely to produce any production benefits in nutrient digestibilities, performance or carcass characteristics of ram lambs fed a high performance diet.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.147-155
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• 1977

본도(本稻)에 심층추비(深層追肥)를 하여 초기무효분벽(初期無效分蘗)을 억제(抑制)하고 유효경비율(有效莖比率)을 높여 생육후기(生育後期)까지 지속적(持續的)인 질소공급(窒素供給)으로 수량증수(收量增收)를 위하여 품종(品種)은 동일(統一)과 진흥(振興), 토양(土壤)은 식양토(埴壤土)와 사양토(砂壤土), 배수조건(排水條件)은 무배수(無排水) 배수(排水)로 구분(區分)하여 질소질비료(窒素質肥料)를 표준시비(표층추비)標準施肥(表層追肥)와 대비(對比)하여 추비비율(追肥比率)을 50%액비(液肥), 50%단자비(團子肥) 80%단자비(團子肥)로 하여 출수(出穗) 35일전(日前) 12cm의 토양(土壤)깊이로 심층추비(深層追肥)하여 얻은 결과(結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 가) 생육시기별(生育時期別) 경수변화(莖數變化)를 보면 진흥(振興)은 표층추비(表層追肥)에서 경수(莖數)가 급격(急激)히 증가(增加)하다가 감소경향(減少傾向)도 심(甚)하여 유효경비율(有效經比率)이 낮으며 심층추비(深層追肥)에서는 경수(莖數)의 증감(增減)이 완만(緩慢)하여 유효경비율(有效經比率)이 현저(顯著)하게 높았다 나) 통일(統一)에서는 진흥(振興)처럼 표층추비(表層追肥)와 심층추비간(深層追肥間)의 경수증감(莖數增減)의 폭(幅)이 크지않으나 80%단자심층추비(團子深層追肥)는 유효경비율(有效經比率)이 $83{\sim}93%$로 가장 높았다. 다) 진흥(振興)에서 80%단자심층추비(團子深層追肥)는 시비량(施肥量)이 많은 것 같다. 라) 유효경비율(有效經比率)은 통일(統一)보다 진흥(振興)이 높은 경향(傾向)이다. 2. 주당총립수(株當總粒數)는 심층추비(深層追肥)로 증가(增加)하였으며 입수(粒數)가 증가(增加)할수록 등숙비율(登熟比率)은 감소(減少)하는 경향(傾向)이다. 3. 진흥(振興)에서 심층추비(深層追肥)로 지엽(止葉)의 길이가 길며 수량(收量)과는 유의(有意)한 정(正)의 상관(相關)을 보였다. 4. 심층추비(深層追認)는 수확기(收穫期) 고(藁)중의 질소함량(窒素含量)을 증가(增加) 시켰으며 수량(收量)과도 정(正)의 상관(相關)이 있었다. 5. 조고비율(粗藁比率)이 심층추비(深層追肥)로 증가(增加)하였으며 통일(統一)보다 진흥(振興)이 높았다. 6.정조(精粗收量)은 80%단자심추(團子深追)>50%단자심추(團子深追)>50%액심추(液深秋)>표층추비(表層追肥)의 순(順)으로 심층추비(深層追肥)의 효과(效果)가 있었으며 증수요인(增收要因)으로는 표층추비(表層追肥)에 비(比)하여 유효경비율(有效經比率)의 증가(增加) 및 수수증가(穗數增加)와 진당총립수(振當總粒數)의 증가(增加)로 본다. 7. 토양별(土壤別) 심층추비효과(深層追肥效果)는 통일(統一)은 사양토(砂壤土)에서 진흥(振興)은 식양토(埴壤土)에서 증수(增收)하였다. 8. 통일(統一), 진흥(振與) 다같이 식양토(壇壞土)에서는 80%단자심층추비(鬪子深層追肥)를 제외(除外)하고는 무배수(無排水)에서 증수(增收)하였다. 9. 본(本) 실험실시중(試驗實施中) 출수기(出穗期) 등숙기(登熟期)에 저온(低溫)이 계속(繼續)되어 통일(統一)에서 등숙비율(等熟比率)이 낮았으나 표층추비(表層追肥)에 대(對)한 증수효과(增收效果)는 진흥(振興)보다 통일(統一)이 높았다.

• 환경생물
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.351-368
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• 2004

기아시와 포식시 버들치, Rhynchocypris oxycephalus(Sauvage and Dabry)에 미치는 영향을 파악하기 위하여 조직학적 및 생화학적 변화, 체절단면 계측형질 변화 그리고 계측형질 변화에 대하여 조사하였다. 기아에 따른 버들치의 생화학적, 조직학적 변화를 파악하기 위해, 간의 간중량지수, 단백질함량, RNA량 및 DNA량 조사와 더불어 간세포 및 중장 상피세포의 조직학적 조사를 실시한 결과, 기아군은 포식군에 비해 간의 단백질함량, RNA량 및 DNA량에서 높은 값을 보였지만, 먹이 공급 중단은 버들치의 간중량지수, 간세포 핵 크기 및 중장 상피세포 핵 높이에 있어서 감소를 나타내었다. 본 실험에서 조사된 RNA-DNA비는 버들치의 영양상태 파악 지수로 유용하였으며 또한, 버들치 표본 시기에서의 높은 성장 단계인지 혹은 낮은 성장 단계인지의 성장 활성 파악을 가능케 하였다. 본 연구 결과의 자료를 구체적으로 해석 하였으며, 아울러 다수의 생물학적 중요 연관 사항들을 고찰하였다. 버들치 기아시의 영양상태 평가를 위하여 비만도, 내장괴지수, Dressing 비를 비롯한 체횡단 절단면에서의 형태적변화를 조사하였다. 9주간의 기아시 비만도, 내장괴지수 및 대부분의 체횡단 절단면 계측형질들에서의 감소를 보였다(P<0.05). 본 연구 결과, 실험에 적용된 영양성 Parameter는 본 종의 영양상태 파악에 유용한 지표임을 시사한다. 연구 결과를 자세히 해석하여, 버들치에서의 주요 체 절단 형질의 산업성을 논의하였다. 버들치에서의 75일간 기아가 Classical dimension과 Truss dimension에 미치는 영향을 파악하였다. Truss dimension인 경우 포식시와 기아시 복강을 비롯한 머리 부위와 몸통부위가 유의하게 증가하였다(P< 0.05). Truss dimension의 꼬리부위 특히, 몸통의 뒷부분이 포식과 기아시 일반적으로 감소하였다. Classical dimension인 경우 포식시 꼬리부위가 감소한 반면, 기아시 몸통부위와 꼬리부위에서의 체고 관련 형질에 연관시 머리부위에서의 형질들이 유의하게 감소하였다. 본 연구 결과 Truss dimension은 Classical dimension을 보완하여 어체의 수직방향 연관 형질 파악도 가능케 하였다. Truss dimension과 Classical dimension인 경우 포식시와 기아시 머리 아랫부위는 거의 영향이 없어, 본 형질은 버들치속 어류의 분류학적측면에서 유용하게 사용될 수 있을 것이다. 버들치에서 체고와 연관된 몸통부위 형질들은 상이한 서식지에 기인된, 다양한 먹이공급 차이의 파악에 유용하리라 사료된다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.1951-1962
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• 2021

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate single cell protein (SCP), produced from Methylococcus species, as a protein source on the growth performance, carcass traits and gut health of broiler chickens. Methods: Ten iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric diets containing 0 (Control), 2.5%, 5%, 7.5%, and 10% SCP replacing either soybean meal (T₁ to T₅) or fish meal (T₆ to T₁₀) were formulated. Each diet prepared for starter (0 to 14 days), grower (15 to 21 days), and finisher (22 to 42 days) phases was offered to four replicates of 10 chicks each (n = 400). Growth performance at different phases and carcass characteristics and intestinal morphology on 42nd day of trial were measured. Results: Body weight gain in groups fed 2.5% and 5% SCP diets were comparable to control during different phases and cumulatively, however lower (p<0.01) in 7.5% and 10% SCP diets. Feed conversion ratio was better (p<0.01) in 2.5% and 5% SCP diets. Dressing percentage, abdominal fat percentage and meat:bone ratio were not affected (p>0.05) by SCP inclusion in the diets. However, breast percentage was higher (p<0.01) in 2.5% and 5% SCP groups and thigh percentage higher in 7.5% and 10% SCP groups. Total microbial count in duodenum, jejunum and ileum were not affected (p>0.05) by SCP inclusion up to 10% in diets. Duodenal villi length and crypt depth were highest (p<0.01) in group fed 5% SCP diets and lowest in group fed 10% SCP diets. Jejunal villi length and crypt depth as well as ileal villi length were lowest (p<0.01) in group fed 10% SCP diets. Body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and gut health were better (p<0.01) in broilers fed fish meal based diets compared to soybean meal based diets. Conclusion: It was concluded that inclusion of SCP up to 5% replacing soybean meal in broiler diets is beneficial in improving growth rate, breast yield and gut health status.

• 대한중풍순환신경학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.65-74
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• 2019

■ Objectives The purpose of this case study is to report the effectiveness of Korean medicine and pharmacopuncture in the treatment of pressure ulcer. ■ Methods The patient with pressure ulcer was treated with herbal medicine, Hwangryunhaedoktang pharmacopuncture, acu-moxi treatment. We started herbal medicine mainly Taklisodok-um for pressure ulcer, but changed to Paljung-san due to urinary tract infection on Day 67. During the daily dressing, we inject pharmacopuncture solution subcutaneous ulcer area and spray solution on the cavity of right pressure ulcer. The severity of pressure ulcer was assessed using[NPUAP] pressure ulcer stage, healing rate of pressure ulcer and depth of right side ulcer cavity on Day1, Day15, Day40, Day73, Day95. ■ Results After treatment, the total size of the pressure ulcer was reduced from 90(10*9) to 56(8*7)cm², healing rate of pressure ulcer increased to 37.8%, depth of pressure ulcer was reduced from 3.5 to 2cm. Though NPUAP stage(Gr 4) was not changed, size and color of pressure ulcer definitely improved compared to Day1. ■ Conclusion This study suggested taht Korean medical treatment could be effective option for treating grade 4 pressure ulcer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권10호
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• pp.1540-1547
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• 2019

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of tannins and cellulase on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles, intestinal morphology, and carcass characteristics in Hu sheep. Methods: A total of 48 three-month-old meat Hu sheep ($25.05{\pm}0.9kg$) were blocked based on body weight, and randomly allotted to 4 treatments with 3 replicates of 4 sheep each. The experiment lasted for 80 d, and dietary treatments were as follows: i) CON, control diet; ii) TAN, CON+0.1% tannins; iii) CEL, CON+0.1% cellulase; iv) TAN+CEL, CON+0.1% tannins and 0.1% cellulase. Results: Compared with CON, CEL, and TAN+CEL had greater (p<0.05) final body weight (FBW) and average daily gain but lower (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio, while FBW of TAN+CEL was lower (p<0.05) than that of CEL. The apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of dry matter in TAN, CEL, and TAN+CEL groups were higher (p<0.05) than that in CON. CEL and TAN+CEL groups had greater (p<0.05) ATTD of crude fiber compared with TAN and CON, while TAN group had lower (p<0.05) ATTD of crude protein than other treatments. TAN, CEL, and TAN+CEL groups increased (p<0.05) serum globulin and alkaline phosphatase but decreased (p<0.05) albumin/globulin. Serum total protein was greatest for TAN+CEL, intermediate for TAN and CEL and least for CON (p<0.05). TAN+CEL group increased (p<0.05) dressing percentage compared with CON, while the backfat thickness of CEL was lower (p<0.05) than that of CON. The villus height of jejunum and ileum in CEL and TAN+CEL groups were greater (p<0.05) than that in CON, and the crypt depth and villus height: crypt depth of jejunum were increased (p<0.05) in TAN, CEL, and TAN+CEL groups. Conclusion: The addition of tannins and cellulase together promoted nutrient digestion, liver protein synthesis and intestinal development and thus improved growth performance and carcass characteristics.

• 한국작물학회지
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• 제40권2호
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• pp.185-194
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• 1995

겨울보리 재배 시 질소시비 수준를 달리한 0~30cm, 30~60cm, 60~90cm 근권깊이별 $NO_3^{-}$-N 함량의 경시적 동적 변화를 추적하고 이를 토대로 시료채취 근권깊이를 달리하는 몇몇 토양진단법에 의한 적정 추비량 결정의 국내 적용의 적절성 여부를 검토한 결과, 1 기비 및 추비로 시용된 질소가 표토층으로부터 서서히 심층 하층토로 용탈, 집적되고 있었는데 이는 근권깊이별 $NO_3^-$-N 농도보다 $NO_3^-$-N 함량을 계산할 때에 더욱 명확하였다. 2. 추비직전인 2월말 0~90cm 근권층에서의 $NO_3^-$-N 함량은 기비로 시용한 질소시용 량에 따른 토양내의 $NO_3^-$-N 함량도 비례하여 높아져 기 비 시 용량 차이 가 데 체로 반영 하였으나 0~30cm 근권상층부에서의 $NO_3^-$-N 함량은 기비시용량을 전혀 반영시켜 주지 못하였다. 추비시용 이후의 토양깊이별 $NO_3^-$-N 함량의 경시적 차이 역시 0~30cm에 비해 0~90cm 근권층에서 질소시비량간 차이가 뚜렷하였다. 3. 0~90cm 근권깊이의 $NO_3^-$-N 함량에 따라 질소추비량을 결정하는 $N_{min}$- method에 의해 계산된 질소추비량은 무비구, 보비구, 배비구에서 기비시용량이 많을수록 질소추비량은 80.6, 40.0, 10.1kg/ha로 낮았으며, 보비 구의 경 우 질소추천추비량 60kg/ha보다 20kg/ha 정도 낮았다. 한편 0~30cm 토양진단에 따른 질소추비량은 각 처리구에서 추천시비량의 1차 질소추비량과는 비슷하여 기비처리 수준에 따른 질소추비량 차이가 전혀 없었다. 4. 0~30cm, 0~60cm, 0~90cm 근권 $NO_3^-$-N 함량과 수량과의 관계를 비교한 결과 0~90cm근권 $NO_3^-$-N 함량만이 수량과 높은 정의 상관관계를 나타내 $N_{min}$ 토양진단법이 적절하였다. 한편 0~90cm 근권 $NO_3^-$-N 함량이 120kg/ha일 때 수량이 최고에 도달하였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.685-691
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• 2008

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of dietary copper (Cu) on performance, carcass characteristics and lipid metabolism in lambs. Fifty DorperMongolia wether lambs (approximately 3 month of age; 23.80.6 kg of body weight) were housed in individual pens and were assigned randomly to one of five treatments. Treatments consisted of 1) control (no supplemental Cu), 2) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from Cu-lysine, 3) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from Cu-lysine, 4) 10 mg Cu/kg DM from tribasic copper chloride (Cu2(OH)3Cl; TBCC), 5) 20 mg Cu/kg DM from tribasic copper chloride. The Cu concentration was 6.74 mg/kg DM in the basal diet. Body weight was measured on two consecutive days at the start and the end of the 60-day experimental period. Blood samples were collected and then the lambs were slaughtered on d 60. Performance was not affected (p>0.05) by dietary Cu treatment. Cu-supplemented and control lambs had similar hot carcass weight, dressing percentage and longissimus muscle area, but Cu supplementation, regardless of source and level, reduced (p<0.01) 12th rib backfat and kidney fat in lambs. Plasma tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-) and serum triglyceride concentrations were increased (p<0.05), total cholesterol concentrations were decreased (p<0.05) and nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA) concentrations tended to be increased (p<0.07) by Cu supplementation. However, Serum concentrations of HDL-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol were not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatment. Fatty acid profile of longissimus muscle was similar across treatments. These results indicate that Cu-lysine and TBCC are of similar availability in lambs. Cu supplementation given to DorperMongolia wether lambs altered lipid metabolism. The reduction in backfat depth may be due to copper altering TNF- metabolism in lambs. Supplementation of 10 or 20 mg Cu/kg DM showed similar effects on lipid metabolism in lambs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.102-105
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• 2002

Seventy-two crossbred pigs weighing an average of 41.5 kg were assigned on the basis of sex, weight and litter to one of four dietary treatments in a factorial (4 treatments${\times}$2 sexes) arrangement. The control diet was based on barley and soybean meal while the experimental treatments consisted of diets in which a portion of the dietary protein was supplied by 20% of a 50:50 blend of extruded ($130^{\circ}C$ for 20 to 25 sec) peas and full-fat canola seed, 20% of a 50:50 blend of unextruded peas and full-fat canola seed or a diet containing 10% peas, 6% canola meal and 4% canola oil (to equal the level of canola oil provided by 10% whole canola seed). Digestibility coefficients for dry matter, crude protein and gross energy were significantly higher (p<0.05) for the control diet than for the other three diets. Extrusion produced no beneficial effects (p>0.05) on nutrient digestibility and there were no differences in digestibility between the diet based on intact canola seed compared with the diet containing canola meal and oil. Choice of protein supplement had no significant effects on gain, feed intake or feed conversion during the grower or finisher phases and over the entire experimental period. Extrusion of the pea-canola blend produced no beneficial effects on pig performance as the performance of pigs fed either the extruded or unextruded blend of peas and canola seed was similar. In addition, the performance of pigs fed diets containing intact canola seed was similar to that of pigs fed canola meal and oil. Castrates gained faster and consumed more feed than gilts (p<0.05). However, their feed conversion was poorer than that of the gilts during the finisher period. There were no significant differences in carcass traits between pigs fed the control and any of the experimental treatments. Extrusion had no effect on carcass traits and the carcasses of pigs fed canola meal and oil did not differ from those of pigs fed whole canola seed. Castrates had a significantly lower dressing percentage, lower estimated lean yield but greater loin fat depth than gilts (p<0.05). The results of this experiment indicate that peas in combination with canola seed or canola meal are an acceptable alternative to soybean meal as a protein supplement for use in growing-finishing swine diets. Extrusion did not appear to have any beneficial effects on the nutritional value of the canola seed-pea blend as nutrient digestibility, growth performance and carcass traits were similar for pigs fed the unextruded blend of peas and canola seed compared with the extruded product. Since the process adds to the cost of the raw products, its use is unlikely to be economical.