• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3009-3013
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• 2012

Background: The clinical course of individual chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) is highly variable and clinical staging systems do not help us to predict if and at what rate there will be disease progression in an individual patient diagnosed with early stage disease. Recently, several important observations related to other prognostic factors including lymphocyte doubling time (LDT), ${\beta}_2$-microglobulin (${\beta}_2$-MG), and percent of smudge cell in peripheral blood smears, cytogenetic and molecular analysis have been made. The aim of this study was to evaluate a range of prognostic factors in our CLL patients. Design and methods: Seventy patients with CLL were enrolled. Prognostic factors of disease including Binet staging, LDT, ${\beta}_2$-MG, ESR, LDH, percent of smudge cell in peripheral blood smear, absolute lymphocyte count, and conventional cytogenetic (CC) analysis were evaluated at diagnosis, and the patients were followed up to determine their outcome. We compared factors with each other and with Binet staging and prognosis. Results: Enrolled patients aged 37-85 years at diagnosis or during follow up. There was no relationship between serum LDH level (P=0.3), ESR (P=0.11), percent of smudge cells in peripheral blood smear (P=0.94), and absolute lymphocyte count (P=0.18) with the stage of disease and prognosis, but the ${\beta}_2$ macroglobulin level (p<0.0001), LDT (p<0.001) had direct and significant relation with staging and outcome. In 19% of patients cytogenetic alteration were seen. Conclusion: The detection of cytogenetic alteration only using the CC method is not sufficient and we need to use FISH, but because FISH study is an expensive method not available in all areas, instead we believe that ${\beta}_2$ MG can be applied in its place as a good prognostic factor for CLL at diagnosis and during follow up. We suggest to add it to Binet staging for prognostic subgrouping of CLL.

• ALGAE
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.323-332
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• 2006

Mitochondrial distribution and abundance were assessed during the growth of apical and subapical cells in the red algae Colaconema caespitosum (J. Agardh) Jackelman, Stegenga and Bolton and Antithamnion cruciatum (C. Agardh) Nägeli after staining with 3,3’-dihexyloxacarbocyanine iodide [DiOC6(3)] and 2,4’-dimethylaminostyryl-Nethylpyridinium iodide (DASPEI). In fully elongate apical cells of C. caespitosum there were 100-120 mitochondria. During apical cell enlargement and division there is a doubling and then halving of the mitochondrial numbers. Apical cells prior to cytokinesis in young filaments are smaller than in mature filaments (ca. 50 and 100 μm long, respectively) and have fewer mitochondria (ca. 100 and 120 mitochondria per cell, respectively). In older vegetative cells mitochondria tend to aggregate at opposite ends of the cells with some mitochondria associated with the central nucleus or at points of apparent branch initiation. There is a greater density of mitochondria in apical cells of smaller versus larger plants (one mitochondrion per 6.3 μm3 and 9.8 μm3, respectively), suggesting that apical cells of younger plants may be more metabolically active. Male and female gametophytic thalli of Antithamnion cruciatum had similar numbers of mitochondria in apical cells of indeterminate axes, as did gametophytic and sporophytic thalli. There were about 40-50 mitochondria in fully elongated apical cells with about half this number in newly divided apical and subapical cells. Apical cells of determinate branches had more mitochondria (60-77) than indeterminate branches (60-70 vs. 40-50). In both species and in all cell types mitochondrial numbers were highly correlated with cell size.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.991-996
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• 2015

Side population (SP) cells have stem cell-like properties with a capacity for self-renewal and are resistant to chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Therefore the presence of SP cells in human breast cancer probably has prognostic value. Objective: To investigate the characteristics of SP cells and identify the relationship between the SP cells levels and clinico-pathological parameters of the breast tumor and disease-free survival (DFS) in breast cancer patients. Materials and Methods: A total of 122 eligible breast cancer patients were consecutively recruited from January 1, 2006 to December 31, 2007 at Yunnan Tumor Hospital. All eligible subjects received conventional treatment and were followed up for seven years. Predictors of recurrence and/or metastasis and DFS were analyzed using Cox regression analysis. Human breast cancer cells were also obtained from fresh human breast cancer tissue and cultured by the nucleic acid dye Hoechst33342 with Verapami. Flow cytometry (FCM) was employed to isolate the cells of SP and non-SP types. Results: In this study, SP cells were identified using flow cytometric analysis with Hoechst 33342 dye efflux. Adjusted for age, tumor size, lymph nodal status, histological grade, the Cox model showed a higher risk of recurrence and/or metastasis positively associated with the SP cell level (1.75, 1.02-2.98), as well as with axillary lymph node metastasis (2.99, 1.76-5.09), pathology invasiveness type (1.7, 1.14-2.55), and tumor volume doubling time (TVDT) (1.54, 1.01-2.36). Conclusions: The SP cell level is independently associated with tumor progression and clinical outcome after controlling for other pathological factors. The axillary lymph node status, TVDT and the status of non-invasive or invasive tumor independently predict the prognosis of breast cancer.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.712-727
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• 2014

Dahoejangs in the Joseon Dynasty were craftsmen who belonged in the Gyeonggongjang in Hansung government office. Out of 2,841 craftsmen who specialized in 129 types of work, 1 of them were Dahoejangs. Dahoejangs were craftsmen who made cords. However it was not passed down and currently Maedeupjangs are making cords and making Maedeup with the cords they have made. In the Uigwes the composition of Dahoejangs number and types of tools used in creating good for ceremonies are indicated. This study has found records of Dahoejangs from 50 Uigwes. The tools used were indicated as Haesagee, Hapsagee, Hapseongee, Yeonsagee, Sangsagee, Dahoegee, Yungjapan and some others. Haesagee is a tool that winds thread from a skein to a spool. Hapsagee is a tool that combines more than two yarns together. Hapseon is for combining thicker threads. Yeosagee is not a process of scouring for refining, but is assumed to be a tool to twisting yarn. There are no information left about the shape or working methods of Sangsagee but it is considered to be a tool for doubling several threads together. Based on the existing artifacts and painting of Dahoe, it is assumed that threads were woven on usually a round plate or bowl. Youngjapan is considered to be a tool for making tassels. This shows that Dahoejangs made tassels and it was completely separate from making Maedeups. There, it is evident that Dahoejangs made cords as well as tassels but the work of Maedeupjang were constricted to only making Maedeup with the cords given to them.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.3-13
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• 1997

Modifications of Prandtl's mixing length theory were used to obtain a power velocity distribution in which the coefficient and exponent are variable over a range from 1/4 to 1/7. A simple suspended-sediment concentration distribution was developed which can be associated with this modified velocity distribution. Using nominal values of ${\beta}$=1.0, $\kappa$=0.4 and visual accumulation tube values of fall velocity, the comparison between theory and field measurements by the USGS on the Rio Grande is fair. Doubling the value of the exponent results in a good comparison. Further research is needed to be able to better choose ${\beta}$, $\kappa$, and fall velocity values, but such research will not be able to account for the effects of large-scale turbulence and secondary flows. In a pragmatic sense, a special set of fairly detailed measurements can establish coefficients and exponents for any gaging site.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Information and Commucation Sciences Conference
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• 2012.10a
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• pp.103-106
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• 2012

A memory access method that data are read with different sequences with writing order is a simple but important procedure in many image compression standards, such as JPEG, MPEG1/2/4, H.264, and HEVC. For real time processing, double buffering is widely used using two block sized buffers, that accesses buffers concurrently with alternative way to read and write. In some cases like a transpose memory in 2D DCT with a simple and regular access order, a single buffering which requires only single block sized buffer can be used. This paper shows that even in complex access orders there is a regularity among updating orders within a finite turns, and suggested an effective implementation method using a single block sized buffer to process concurrent read/write operation with different access orders.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.142-149
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• 1991

Gardenia callus was induced in MS medium containing $10{\;}{\mu}M$ of 2,4 diphenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), $1{\;}{\mu}M$ kinetin, and 3% sucrose in the dark. $B_5$ medium was identified to be the most adequate medium for cell growth. Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) was better growth regulator than 2,4-D not only for cell growth but slso for carotenoid production. Ligt also played a critical role on synthesis of carotenoid. Gardenia cells grown in $B_5$ medium could utilize a polysaccharide, soluble starch, as a carbon source. The cell growth was stimulated in $B_5$ medium fortified with 0.2% yeast extract. The optimum pH for cell growth was 5.7. High density cultures can be maintained by increasing inoculum size and medium concentration accordingly. Specific growth rate and mass doubling time were 0.095 $day^{-1}$ and 7.3 days, respectively. The cell immobilized in alginate tends to formulate more enlarged vacuoles containing yellow pigment compared with those of suspended cell. Carotenoid content of immobilized cell was about $264.4{\;}{\mu}g/g$ fresh weight (F.W.) corresponding twice of the content of suspended cell ($112.08{\;}{\mu}g/g$ F.W.). The color of gardenia cell was shifted from yellow to red when carbohydrase-secreting fungus, Trichoderma reesei, was co-cultivated with gardenia cells.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.23-36
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• 2009

In the present work, the metabolic network of primary metabolism of the slow-growing myxobacterium Sorangium cellulosum was reconstructed from the annotated genome sequence of the type strain So ce56. During growth on glucose as the carbon source and asparagine as the nitrogen source, So ce56 showed a very low growth rate of $0.23\;d^{-1}$, equivalent to a doubling time of 3 days. Based on a complete stoichiometric and isotopomer model of the central metabolism, $^{13}C$ metabolic flux analysis was carried out for growth with glucose as carbon and asparagine as nitrogen sources. Normalized to the uptake flux for glucose (100%), cells recruited glycolysis (51%) and the pentose phosphate pathway (48%) as major catabolic pathways. The Entner-Doudoroff pathway and glyoxylate shunt were not active. A high flux through the TCA cycle (118%) enabled a strong formation of ATP, but cells revealed a rather low yield for biomass. Inspection of fluxes linked to energy metabolism revealed that S. cellulosum utilized only 10% of the ATP formed for growth, whereas 90% is required for maintenance. This explains the apparent discrepancy between the relatively low biomass yield and the high flux through the energy-delivering TCA cycle. The total flux of NADPH supply (216%) was higher than the demand for anabolism (156%), indicating additional reactions for balancing of NADPH. The cells further exhibited a highly active metabolic cycle, interconverting $C_3$ and $C_4$ metabolites of glycolysis and the TCA cycle. The present work provides the first insight into fluxes of the primary metabolism of myxobacteria, especially for future investigation on the supply of cofactors, building blocks, and energy in myxobacteria, producing natural compounds of biotechnological interest.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2004

Rotavirus virus-like particle (VLP) composed of VP2, VP6, and VP7 was expressed in the Baculovirus Expression Vector System (BEVS). Sf9 cell, a host of the baculovirus, was cultured from a 0.5-1 spinner flask to the 50-1 bioreactor system. Sf9 cell was maintained at cell density between 3.0E＋05 and 3.0E＋06 cells/ml and grew up to 1.12E＋07 cells/ml in the bioreactor. Growth kinetics was compared under different culture systems and showed similar growth kinetics with 20.1-25.2 h of doubling time. Early exponentially growing cell culture was infected with three recombinant baculoviruses expressing VP2, VP6, and VP7 protein at 1.0, 2.0, and 0.2 moi, respectively. The expression of rotavirus proteins was confirmed by Western blot analysis and its three-layered virus-like structure was observed under an electron microscope. Rotavirus VLP was semipurified and immunized in ICR mice intramuscularly. Rotavirus-specific serum antibody was detected from 2 weeks after the immunization and lasted at least 21 weeks of the post-immunization, indicating its possible use as a vaccine candidate.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.90-95
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• 2006

CKD-602 exerts its antitumor effect via inhibition of topoisomerase I in cancer cells. Multicellular spheroid (MCS) and Multicellular layers (MCLs) are known as in vitro 3-dimensional models which closely represent tumor conditions in vivo. In order to investigate the potential of CKD-602 against human colorectal tumors, we evaluated the anti-proliferative activity and penetration ability of CKD-602 in MCS and MCL cultures of DLD-l human colorectal cancer cells, respectively. The maximum effects($E_{max}$) induced by CKD-602 were significantly lower in MCS compared to monolayers (48% vs 92%). With prolonged drug exposure, the $IC_{50's}$ of CKD-602 decreased to $23.5{\pm}1.0nM$ in monolayers after 24 h exposure and $42.3{\pm}1.7nM$ in MCS after 6 days, respectively. However, no further increase in effect was observed for exposure time longer than growth doubling time (Td) in both cultures. Activity of CKD-602 was significantly reduced after penetration through MCL and also with cell-free insert membrane. In conclusion, CKD-602 showed significantly decreased anti-proliferative activity in 3D cultures (MCS) of human colorectal cancer cells. Tumor penetration of CKD-602 could not be determined due to loss of activity after penetration through cell free insert membrane, which warrants further evaluation using a modified model.