• Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.83-88
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• 2018

Purpose: Double primary colorectal cancer (CRC) and gastric cancer (GC) represent the most common multiple primary malignant tumors (MPMT) in Korea. The recognition and screening of hidden malignancies other than the primary cancer are critical. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathologic characteristics and survival rates in patients with synchronous or metachronous double primary CRC and GC. Methods: Between January 1994 and May 2018, 11,050 patients were diagnosed with CRC (n=5,454) or GC (n=5,596) at Gil Medical Center. MPMT and metastatic malignant tumors were excluded from this study. A total of 103 patients with double primary CRC and GC were divided into two groups: the synchronous group (n=40) and the metachronous group (n=63). The incidence, clinicopathologic characteristics, and survival rate of the two groups were analyzed. Results: The incidence of synchronous and metachronous double primary CRC and GC was 0.93%. Double primary CRC and GC commonly occurred in male patients aged over 60 years with low comorbidities and minimal previous cancer history. There were significant differences between the synchronous and metachronous groups in terms of age, morbidity, and overall survival. Metachronous group patients were 6 years younger on average (P=0.009), had low comorbidities (P=0.008), and showed a higher 5-year overall survival rate (94.8% and 61.3%, P<0.001) in contrast to synchronous group. Conclusion: When primary cancer (CRC or GC) is detected, it is important to be aware of the possibility of the second primary cancer (GC or CRC) development at that time or during follow-up to achieve early detection and better prognosis.

• Korean Journal of Bronchoesophagology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.105-111
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• 1998

Double primary cancer is a rare disease in which two cancers occur in an individual independently. As prolonged survival of patients with malignant tumors is expected in the future due to advances in methods of treatment, the chance of double primary cancer will be increased. We experienced one case of double primary cancer which was developed in esophagus and chest wall. A 72 year-old male visited our hospital complaining of epigastric discomfort and right chest wall mass. We studied esophagus, chest wall, and other organs including gastrointestinal tract by various methods to exclude the cancer of other sites and could diagnose squamous cell carcinoma of mid-esophagus and adenocarcinoma of chest wall. The patient underwent esophagogastrostomy following esophagectomy and wide-resection of chest wall tumor. The postoperative course was uneventful.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.331-337
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• 2008

In this paper, we investigate survivability in wavelength division multiplexing (WDM) mesh networks and propose a new algorithm called improved shared-path protection (ISPP) to completely tolerate the double-link failures. Compared with previous algorithms for protecting double-link failures, i.e., shared-path protection (SPP) and shared-link protection (SLP), the advantage of ISPP is to allow primary paths and backup paths to share the mixed wavelength-links based on the proposed new rules in which some primary wavelength-links can be changed to mixed wavelength-links, which can be shared by primary paths and backup paths. In addition, some mixed wavelength-links also can be shared by different backup paths for saving resources. Simulation results show that ISPP algorithm performs better in resource utilization ratio and blocking probability than conventional SPP and SLP algorithms.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.25 no.10
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• pp.1087-1092
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• 1992

We underwent two surgical resection of synchronous primary esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and gastric adenocarcinoma after obtaining histologic comfirmation 74-years old male pateint was recieved esophagectomy & total gastrectomy with esophagojejunostomy and 59-years old man was recieved near total esophagectomy and total gastrectomy with esophagocolo-gejunostomy. Their was no postoperative complications. The hospital day was 15 and 21 days postoperatively. All of them started oral intake at 7 days postoperatively and possible soft diet soon. We conclude that total resection of esophagus and stomach is the recommendable methods for prolong the life of double primary cancer patients of esophagus and stomach. Also, the reconstruction of the esophagus with colon or jejunal transposition is one of the recommenable procedure for curative surgical resection of double primary cancer in esophagus and stomach. And we also wish to emphasize the importance of detailed preopertive gastric examination for detect of gastric lesion and of careful intraoperative inspection of the gastric mucosa in patients with esophageal cancer whose preoperative gastric examination provide inconclusive evidence due to the severe esophageal stenosis.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.509-518
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• 2020

Multi-layered primary linings have been proved to be highly effective for tunneling in severe squeezing grounds. But there still has not existed well-established design method for it. Basically, there are two main critical problems in this method, including determinations of allowable deformation and distribution of support stiffness. In order to address such problems, an attempt to investigate the mechanical response of a circular tunnel with double primary linings is performed in this paper. Analytical solutions in closed form for stresses and displacements around tunnels are derived. In addition, the effectiveness and reliability of theoretical formulas provided are well validated by using the numerical method. Finally, based on the analytical solutions, a parametric investigation on the effects of allowable deformation and distribution of support stiffness on tunnel performance is conducted. Results show that the rock pressure and displacement are significantly affected by these two design parameters. It can be found that rock pressure decreases as either allowable deformation increases or stiffness of the first primary lining decreases, but rock displacement shows an opposite trend. This paper can provide a useful guidance for the design of multi-layered primary linings.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers B
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• v.52 no.3
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• pp.101-106
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• 2003

The high temperature superconductor transformers gain interests from the industries. This paper described construction and test results of 10㎸A HTS transformer Three phase transformer with double pancake windings were constructed. To reduce the leakage magnetic field, secondary coil were placed between the two primary coils. BSCCO-2223 wire. silicon sheet steel core and FRP cryostats were used to construct the transformer. Three coils were stacked in one cryostat. Two double pancake coils were connected in series for the primary coil and one double pancake coil was used for the secondary coil. Total number of turns of the primary winding and the secondary winding were 112turns and 98urns, respectively, The rated voltages of each winding were 440/220V. The rated currents of each winding were 13.1/26.2A. After the tests of basic properties of the three phase HTS transformer using no-load test, short-circuit test and full-load test, continuous operation of 100 hours with pure resistive load has been carried out. Test results proved over-load capability and reliability of the HTS transformer.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2000.05a
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• pp.162-168
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• 2000

This paper conducted experimental study of turbulent diffusion flame, equipped with a unique double swirler combustor for gas fuel. The burner has two vane swirlers which are fitted to primary, secondary air channel. Temperature, and NOx emission concentrations are measured in combustion flame region and velocity in cold flow for various primary/secondary air ratio conditions. The results showed the characteristics of swirl flame and decreasing NOx concentrations with increasing primary/secondary air ratio.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.106-113
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to compare the nutrient intakes and food lifestyles between double income families' children and full-time housewives' children. The subjects included 525 children ages 4 to 7 years old. The proportion of children receiving regular meals was 77.8%. One of the primary reasons for skipping breakfast was 'no appetite'(49.9%). In terms of food habit score 20.8% of the subjects belonged to the 'good' category and children from double income families had significantly higher scores than in full-time housewives' children(p<0.01). The first consideration for meal preparation was significantly different between the two types of families : for 44.3% of the children from it was double income families it was 'favorite', while for 42.8% of full-time housewives' children it was 'nutrition'(p<0.001). Mothers' attention to food for the health of their children was the primary reason in the response 'have regular meals each day'(90.6%). Vitamin C and fat intakes were significantly different between double income families' children and in full-time housewives' children(p<0.01, p<0.05). In conclusion, double income families' children have a lower frequency for eating breakfast and lower intakes of nutrients, such as Ca, P, K, vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$, $B_2$, and vitamin C than full-time housewives' ones.

• Journal of the Semiconductor & Display Technology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.80-85
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• 2018

The present investigation on optical fiber mass manufacturing features the computational modeling and simulation on a double layer liquid coating process on glass fiber surface. The computational model employs a simplified geometry of typical fiber coating system which consists of primary and secondary coating dies along with secondary coating cup. The viscous dissipation in coating flow is incorporated into the double layer coating process simulations. Heavy temperature dependence of coating liquid viscosity is also considered in the model. The computational results found that the effects of viscous dissipation on both primary and secondary coating layer thicknesses are highly significant at higher drawing speed. Several important coating process parameters such as supply temperature and pressure of primary and secondary coating liquids are investigated and discussed in order to appreciate how those parameters affect the double layer coating layer thickness on fast moving glass fiber.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.106-117
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• 1998

The nature of stress-path dependency, the principle that governs deformations in granular soil, and the use of Lade's double work-hardening model for predicting soil response for a variety of stress-paths have been investigated, and are examined The test results and the analyses presented show that under some conditions granular soils exhibit stress-path dependent behavior. For stress-paths involving unloading or reloading, the stress-path with the higher average stress level produces the larger strains, whereas all stress-paths having the same intial states of stress, and involving only primary loading conditions, produce strains of similar magnitudes. Experimental evidence indicates that the stress- path dependent response obtained from the double work-hardening model is also observed for real soils. It is concluded that the influence of stress history on the friction angle is negligible and the strains increment direction is uniquely determined from the state of stress but is not perpendicular to the yield surface. The strains calculated from Lade's double work-hardening model are in reasonable agreement with those measured.