• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.64-70
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• 2011

국내 최초로 국내 원자력 관련 기관을 대상으로 내부피폭방사선량 상호비교 프로그램을 실시하여 국내 내부선량 평가결과의 조화성을 분석하였다. 이를 위하여 섭취경로, 흡수형태, 방사능 입자크기(AMAD) 및 섭취시점을 모르는 경우에 대한 내부선량 평가문제를 개발하였으며, 세 종류의 문제에 각 세 문항씩 총 9문항을 제시하였다. 이번 상호비교 프로그램에는 원자력의학원, 방사선보건연구원, 원자력발전소(고리, 영광, 울진)의 내부선량평가 담당자 7명이 참가하여 문제에 대한 답안을 제출하였으며, 각 문제별 참가자 답안의 기하평균에 대한 각 참가자 답안의 상대 비 분포는 $5.75{\times}10^{-4}$ ~ 9.81이었고, 평가과정에서 극히 일부의 답안을 제외할 경우 참가자 답안의 기하평균에 대한 각 참가자 답안의 상대 비는 0.216 ~ 3.12의 분포를 보였다.

• 대한방사선기술학회지:방사선기술과학
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• 제43권2호
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• pp.105-114
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• 2020

This study aimed to assess of beam-matching accuracy for an 8 MV beam between the same model linear accelerators(Linac) commissioned over two years. Two models were got the customer acceptance procedure(CAP) criteria. For commissioning data for beam-matched linacs, the percentage depth doses(PDDs), beam profiles, output factors, multi-leaf collimator(MLC) leaf transmission factors, and the dosimetric leaf gap(DLG) were compared. In addition, the accuracy of beam matching was verified at phantom and patient levels. At phantom level, the point doses specified in TG-53 and TG-119 were compared to evaluate the accuracy of beam modelling. At patient level, the dose volume histogram(DVH) parameters and the delivery accuracy are evaluated on volumetric modulated arc therapy(VMAT) plan for 40 patients that included 20 lung and 20 brain cases. Ionization depth curve and dose profiles obtained in CAP showed a good level for beam matching between both Linacs. The variations in commissioning beam data, such as PDDs, beam profiles, output factors, TF, and DLG were all less than 1%. For the treatment plans of brain tumor and lung cancer, the average and maximum differences in evaluated DVH parameters for the planning target volume(PTV) and the organs at risk(OARs) were within 0.30% and 1.30%. Furthermore, all gamma passing rates for both beam-matched Linacs were higher than 98% for the 2%/2 mm criteria and 99% for the 2%/3 mm criteria. The overall variations in the beam data, as well as tests at phantom and patient levels remains all within the tolerance (1% difference) of clinical acceptability between beam-matched Linacs. Thus, we found an excellent dosimetric agreement to 8 MV beam characteristics for the same model Linacs.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.223-228
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• 2015

이중으로 집중된 미세 다엽콜리메이터(Double-focused micro Multileaf Collimator: ${\mu}MLC$)는 보통의 다엽콜리메이터(Multileaf Collimator: MLC)에 비하여 조사면 가장자리 부분의 선량을 급격하게 줄여준다. 이러한 특성 때문에, 미세 다엽 콜리메이터는 정위적 방사선 수술과 치료(Stereotactic Radio-Surgery/RadioTtherapy, SRS/SRT)에 사용되어 왔다. 우리는 Elekta Synergy 선형가속기에 이중으로 집중된 동적 미세 다엽콜리메이터(Double-focused Dynamic micro-Multileaf Collimator: DMLC)를 부착하여 선량학적 특성을 평가하였다. 본 연구에서는, 필름(GafChromic EBT2 film), EDGE 다이오드 검출기, 3차원 물 팬텀을 이용하였다. 깊이선량백분율(Percent Depth Dose, PDD), 엽 투과도(leaf leakage), 반그림자(Penumbra)를 측정하였고, 모든 데이터들은 6MV 광자선으로 측정하였다. 그 결과, DMLC가 1% 이내의 투과도를 갖는것을 확인할 수 있었다. DMLC는 이중으로 집중 되는 구조를 가졌기 때문에 반 그림자가 조사야 크기에 대하여 독립적인 것을 확인하였다. 본 연구에서는 DMLC의 선량학적 특성을 바탕으로, Elekta Synergy에 부착된 DMLC의 적용 가능성을 증명하였다.

• 대한방사선치료학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.59-66
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• 2011

목 적: 유방 부분 절제술 후 방사선 치료 시 기존의 라이낙을 이용한 치료기법과 비교하여 TOMO Direct를 이용한 접선 치료 기법의 임상적 유용성을 알아보고자 한다. 대상 및 방법: 유방 부분 절제술 후 방사선 치료를 받은 좌측 유방암 환자 3명을 대상으로 라이낙을 이용한 쐐기 접선 조사 기법(Wedged tangential fields technique)과 조사면 내 선량 보강 기법(Field In Field technique, FIF), TOMO Direct, TOMO Direct 세기 변조 방사선 치료(Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy, IMRT)기법을 이용하여 동일한 처방 조건(CTV 내 $D_{90%}$: 50.4 Gy/28 fx)으로 치료계획을 수립하였다. 선량 분석을 위해 선량 체적 히스토그램(Dose Volume Histogram, DVH)과 등선량 곡선 (Isodose curve)을 이용하여 종양 내 표적체적(Clinical Target Volume, CTV)과 손상위험장기(Organ At Risk, OAR)에 대한 선량을 비교분석 하였다. 표적체적의 선량 인자로는 $D_{99}$, $D_{95}$, 선량 균일 지수(Dose homogeneity index, DHI: $D_{10}/D_{90}$)와 $V_{105}$, $V_{110}$을 손상위험장기의 선량 인자로는 심장의 $V_{10}$, $V_{20}$, $V_{30}$, $V_{40}$과 좌측 폐의 $V_{10}$, $V_{20}$, $V_{30}$을 비교 분석하였다. 결 과: 표적체적의 선량 분석 결과로 $D_{99}$, $D_{95}$의 평균값은 각각 쐐기 접선 조사(W)에서 $47.7{\pm}1.1Gy$, $49.4{\pm}0.1Gy$이었으며, 조사면 내 선량 보강 기법(F)은 각각 $47.1{\pm}0.6Gy$, $49.2{\pm}0.4Gy$, 그리고 TOMO Direct(D)와 TOMO Direct IMRT(I)에서는 각각 $49.2{\pm}0.4$ vs. $48.6{\pm}0.8Gy$, $49.9{\pm}0.4$ vs. $49.5{\pm}0.3Gy$이었다. 선량 균일 지수의 평균값은 W: $1.1{\pm}0.02$, F: $1.07{\pm}0.02$, D: $1.03{\pm}0.001$, I: $1.05{\pm}0.02$이었다. 각각의 치료 기법으로 $V_{105}$, $V_{110}$의 평균값을 비교하였을 때 쐐기 접선 조사 시 각각 $34.6{\pm}9.3%$, $7.5{\pm}7.9%$로 가장 높았고 조사면 내 선량 보강 기법은 $16.5{\pm}14.8%$, $2.1{\pm}3.5%$로, TOMO direct IMRT는 $7.5{\pm}8.3%$, $0.1{\pm}0.1%$로 낮아졌으며 TOMO direct에서는 두 값 모두 0%로 나타났다. 손상 위험 장기에 대한 선량 분석 결과 각각의 치료 기법 사이에 유의한 차이를 보이지 않았다. 결 론: TOMO Direct를 이용한 접선 조사 기법은 기존의 쐐기 접선 치료 기법보다 치료 용적 내에 균일한 선량분포를 얻을 수 있을 뿐만 아니라 IMRT 또는 Tomotherapy와 달리 정상조직의 저 선량 영역의 노출용적을 증가시키지 않았으며 조사면 내선량 보강 기법 보다 용이한 치료계획 절차를 수행하므로 유방 부분 절제술 후 방사선 치료 시 임상적으로 유용하리라 사료된다.

• 한국의학물리학회지:의학물리
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.39-44
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• 2017

This study aims to analyze dose distribution and treatment time of endobronchial brachytherapy (EBBT) by changing the position step size of the dwell position. A solid water phantom and an intraluminal catheter were used in the treatment plan. The treatment plans were generated for 3, 5, 7, and 10 cm treatment lengths, respectively. For each treatment length, the source position step sizes were set as 2.5, 5, and 10 mm. Three reference points were set 1 cm away from the central axis of the catheter, along the axis, for uniform dose distribution. Volumetric dose distribution was calculated to evaluate the dosimetric effect. The total radiation delivery time and total dwell time were estimated for treatment efficiency, which were increased with position step sizes. At half-life time, the differences between the position step sizes in the total radiation delivery time were 18.1, 15.4, 18.0, and 24.0 s for 3, 5, 7, and 10 cm treatment lengths, respectively. The dose distributions were more homogenous by increasing the position step sizes. The dose difference of the reference point was less than 10%. In brachytherapy, this difference can be negligible. For EBBT, the treatment time is the key factor while considering the patient status. To reduce the total treatment time, EBBT can be performed with 2.5 mm position step size.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.78-89
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• 2017

Purpose: To determine the optimal radiotherapy technique for gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma (MALToma), we compared the dosimetric parameters and the risk of solid secondary cancer from scattered doses among anterior-posterior/ posterior-anterior parallel-opposed fields (AP/PA), anterior, posterior, right, and left lateral fields (4_field), 3-dimensional conformal radiotherapy (3D-CRT) using noncoplanar beams, and intensity-modulated radiotherapy composed of 7 coplanar beams (IMRT_co) and 7 coplanar and noncoplanar beams (IMRT_non). Materials and Methods: We retrospectively generated 5 planning techniques for 5 patients with gastric MALToma. Homogeneity index (HI), conformity index (CI), and mean doses of the kidney and liver were calculated from the dose-volume histograms. Applied the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiation VII report to scattered doses, the lifetime attributable risk (LAR) was calculated to estimate the risk of solid secondary cancer. Results: The best value of CI was obtained with IMRT, although the HI varied among patients. The mean kidney dose was the highest with AP/PA, followed by 4_field, 3D-CRT, IMRT_co, and IMRT_non. On the other hand, the mean liver dose was the highest with 4_field and the lowest with AP/PA. Compared with 4_field, the LAR for 3D-CRT decreased except the lungs, and the LAR for IMRT_co and IMRT_non increased except the lungs. However, the absolute differences were much lower than <1%. Conclusion: Tailored RT techniques seem to be beneficial because it could achieve adjacent organ sparing with very small and clinically irrelevant increase of secondary solid cancer risk compared to the conventional techniques.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제34권2호
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• pp.145-155
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• 2016

Purpose: Radiation therapy targeting axilla and groin lymph nodes improves regional disease control in locally advanced and high-risk skin cancers. However, trials generally used conventional two-dimensional radiotherapy (2D-RT), contributing towards relatively high rates of side effects from treatment. The goal of this study is to determine if three-dimensional conformal radiation therapy (3D-CRT), intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT), or volumetric-modulated arc therapy (VMAT) may improve radiation delivery to the target while avoiding organs at risk in the clinical context of skin cancer regional nodal irradiation. Materials and Methods: Twenty patients with locally advanced/high-risk skin cancers underwent computed tomography simulation. The relevant axilla or groin planning target volumes and organs at risk were delineated using standard definitions. Paired t-tests were used to compare the mean values of several dose-volumetric parameters for each of the 4 techniques. Results: In the axilla, the largest improvement for 3D-CRT compared to 2D-RT was for homogeneity index (13.9 vs. 54.3), at the expense of higher lung $V_{20}$ (28.0% vs. 12.6%). In the groin, the largest improvements for 3D-CRT compared to 2D-RT were for anorectum $D_{max}$ (13.6 vs. 38.9 Gy), bowel $D_{200cc}$ (7.3 vs. 23.1 Gy), femur $D_{50}$ (34.6 vs. 57.2 Gy), and genitalia $D_{max}$ (37.6 vs. 51.1 Gy). IMRT had further improvements compared to 3D-CRT for humerus $D_{mean}$ (16.9 vs. 22.4 Gy), brachial plexus $D_5$ (57.4 vs. 61.3 Gy), bladder $D_5$ (26.8 vs. 36.5 Gy), and femur $D_{50}$ (18.7 vs. 34.6 Gy). Fewer differences were observed between IMRT and VMAT. Conclusion: Compared to 2D-RT and 3D-CRT, IMRT and VMAT had dosimetric advantages in the treatment of nodal regions of skin cancer patients.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.138-147
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• 2020

Purpose: To evaluate the dosimetric variations in patients of head and neck cancer treated with definitive or adjuvant radiotherapy using optimized non-coplanar (ncVMAT) beams with coplanar (cVMAT) beams using volumetric arc therapy. Materials and Methods: Twenty-two patients of head and neck cancer that had received radiotherapy using VMAT in our department were retrospectively analyzed. Each of the patients was planned using coplanar and non-coplanar orientations using an optimized couch angle and fluences. We analyzed the Conformity Index (C_IRTOG), Dose Homogeneity Index (DHI), Heterogeneity Index (HI_RTOG), low dose volume, target and organs-at-risk coverage in both the plans without changing planning optimization parameters. Results: The prescription dose ranged from 60 Gy to 70 Gy. Using ncVMAT, C_IRTOG, DHI and HI_RTOG, and tumor coverage (ID_95%) had improved, low dose spillage volume in the body V_5Gy was increased and V_10Gy was reduced. Integral dose and intensity-modulated radiation therapy factor had increased in ncVMAT. In the case of non-coplanar beam arrangements, maximum dose (D_max) of right and left humeral head were reduced significantly whereas apex of the right and left lung mean dose were increased. Conclusion: The use of ncVMAT produced better target coverage and sparing of the shoulder and soft tissue of the neck as well as the critical organ compared with the cVMAT in patients of head and neck malignancy.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제29권3호
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• pp.181-190
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• 2011

Purpose: Thoracic radiotherapy is a major treatment modality of stage III non-small cell lung cancer. The normal lung tissue is sensitive to radiation and radiation pneumonitis is the most important dose-limiting complication of thoracic radiation therapy. This study was performed to identify the clinical and dosimetric parameters related to the risk of radiation pneumonitis after definitive radiotherapy in stage III non-small cell cancer patients. Materials and Methods: The medical records were reviewed for 49 patients who completed definitive radiation therapy for locally advanced non-small cell lung cancer from August 2000 to February 2010. Radiation therapy was delivered with the daily dose of 1.8 Gy to 2.0 Gy and the total radiation dose ranged from 50.0 Gy to 70.2 Gy (median, 61.2 Gy). Elective nodal irradiation was delivered at a dose of 45.0 Gy to 50.0 Gy. Seven patients (14.3%) were treated with radiation therapy alone and forty two patients (85.7%) were treated with chemotherapy either sequentially or concurrently. Results: Twenty-five cases (51.0%) out of 49 cases experienced radiation pneumonitis. According to the radiation pneumonitis grade, 10 (20.4%) were grade 1, 9 (18.4%) were grade 2, 4 (8.2%) were grade 3, and 2 (4.1%) were grade 4. In the univariate analyses, no clinical factors including age, sex, performance status, smoking history, underlying lung disease, tumor location, total radiation dose and chemotherapy were associated with grade ${\geq}2$ radiation pneumonitis. In the subgroup analysis of the chemotherapy group, concurrent rather than sequential chemotherapy was significantly related to grade ${\geq}2$ radiation pneumonitis comparing sequential chemotherapy. In the univariate analysis with dosimetric factors, mean lung dose (MLD), $V_{20}$, $V_{30}$, $V_{40}$, MLDipsi, $V_{20}$ipsi, $V_{30}$ipsi, and $V_{40}$ipsi were associated with grade ${\geq}2$ radiation pneumonitis. In addition, multivariate analysis showed that MLD and V30 were independent predicting factors for grade ${\geq}2$ radiation pneumonitis. Conclusion: Concurrent chemotherapy, MLD and $V_{30}$ were statistically significant predictors of grade ${\geq}2$ radiation pneumonitis in patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer undergoing definitive radiotherapy. The cutoff values for MLD and $V_{30}$ were 16 Gy and 18%, respectively.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.252-259
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• 2013

Purpose: To report the results of dosimetric comparison between intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) using Tomotherapy and four-box field conformal radiotherapy (CRT) for pelvic irradiation of locally advanced rectal cancer. Materials and Methods: Twelve patients with locally advanced rectal cancer who received a short course preoperative chemoradiotherapy (25 Gy in 5 fractions) on the pelvis using Tomotherapy, between July 2010 and December 2010, were selected. Using their simulation computed tomography scans, Tomotherapy and four-box field CRT plans with the same dose schedule were evaluated, and dosimetric parameters of the two plans were compared. For the comparison of target coverage, we analyzed the mean dose, $V_{nGy}$, $D_{min}$, $D_{max}$, radical dose homogeneity index (rDHI), and radiation conformity index (RCI). For the comparison of organs at risk (OAR), we analyzed the mean dose. Results: Tomotherapy showed a significantly higher mean target dose than four-box field CRT (p = 0.001). But, $V_{26.25Gy}$ and $V_{27.5Gy}$ were not significantly different between the two modalities. Tomotherapy showed higher $D_{max}$ and lower $D_{min}$. The Tomotherapy plan had a lower rDHI than four-box field CRT (p = 0.000). Tomotherapy showed better RCI than four-box field CRT (p = 0.007). For OAR, the mean irradiated dose was significantly lower in Tomotherapy than four-box field CRT. Conclusion: In locally advanced rectal cancer, Tomotherapy delivers a higher conformal radiation dose to the target and reduces the irradiated dose to OAR than four-box field CRT.