• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 1992.11a
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• pp.123-127
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• 1992

When MOS devices is exposed to radiation, radiation effects of P-type MOS capacitor can cause modulation and/or degradation in devices characteristics and its operating life. The oxide layer is grown in $O_2$+T.C.E. and its thickness ranges from 40 to 80 nm. Irradiations on MOS capacitor were performed by Cobalt-60 gamma ray source and total dose ranges from $10^4$ to $10^8$ rads. The radiation effect on electrical conduction characteristics(I-V) in MOS capacitor was measured as a function of gate oxide thickness and total dose. From the experimental result, I-V characteristics is found to be influenced strongly by total dose in irradiated p-type MOS capacitors. The ohmic current is dependant on of total dose in irradiated P-type MOS capacitors. This results are explained using surface states at interface radiation-induced traps.

• The Journal of Korean Obstetrics and Gynecology
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.89-107
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• 2012

Objectives: This study was performed to develop therapeutic prescription that is more significant than existing ones through extraction method and formulation changes. Methods: Yukmijihwangtang(YMJHT) was extracted in 80% ethanol, and their relative anti-oxidant activities as well as anti-inflammatory effects through immune modulation were measured. Results: Both water and ethanol extracted YMJHT showed does-dependent DPPH elimination activities. ROS inhibition activity was greater in water extracted YMJHT except for Moutan Cortex. NO inhibition assay results indicated that all groups showed higher NO inhibition activities in RAW 264.7 cells in dose dependent manner. Water extracted group showed higher NO inhibition activity than that of ethanol extracted group. TNF-${\alpha}$ secretion inhibition assay using RAW 264.7 cells, water extracted YMJHT showed higher activity than ethanol extracts. Growth rate of spleen cells was greater in all tested groups, with higher rate in YMJHT-EtOH than YMJHT-DW. Suppression of gene expression of IFN-r in spleen cells stimulated by Con A was higher in YMJHT-EtOH than YMJHT-DW. Suppression of gene expression of IL-10 in spleen cells stimulated by Con A was highest in YMJHT-DW with 40%. Suppression of gene expression of IL-4 in spleen cells stimulated by Con A were significant with 90% or higher in all groups and that of IL-12p35 were also higher than 90% in all cases. Conclusions: From the results, it shows that YMJHT has anti-inflammatory effects through immune modulation. However, the difference between YMJHT-EtOH and YMJHT-DW was not that significant. Further studies are needed to find out effective extraction methods of herbal medicine.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.418-424
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• 2012

Repeated stress induces corticosterone release. However, it is not clear that stress results in further elevation of corticosterone levels, and the roles of released corticosterone to aggravate stress-related symptoms are also not clear. This study investigated whether neuronal modulation was induced in the amygdala after two kinds of stress, that is, such as electric shock and corticosterone injection. It was found that stress by electric shock decreased the expression of tyrosine hydoroxylase (TH) in the amygdala while the expression of pERK was increased. However, there is no difference in the expressions of TH and pERK in the frontal cortex compared with those of the control group. The level of corticosterone was significantly increased in the serum after stress. To determine the effect of corticosterone on the induction of anxiety and the expression of TH, the rats received corticosterone (20 mg or 40 mg/kg i.p.) for 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks, respectively. The spent time in open arms of the EPM (elevated plus maze) test was significantly decreased after 1 week, 2 weeks and 3 weeks. The time spent in open arms of the EPM test after repeated injections of corticosterone was significantly decreased in a dose-dependent manner. The expression of TH in the amygdala was reduced after following repeated corticosterone treatment for 2 weeks and 3 weeks. Collectively, this study suggests that corticosterone has a major role in the induction of anxiety and the modulation of TH expression, at least, in the amygdala.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.167-175
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• 2006

With the recent prevalence of helical CT and multi-slice CT, which deliver higher radiation dose than conventional CT due to overbeaming effect in X-ray exposure and interpolation technique in image reconstruction. Although multi-detector and helical CT scanner provide a variety of opportunities for patient dose reduction, the potential risk for high radiation levels in CT examination can't be overemphasized in spite of acquiring more diagnostic information. So much more concerns is necessary about dose characteristics of CT scanner, especially dose efficient design as well as dose modulation software, because dose efficiency built into the scanner's design is probably the most important aspect of successful low dose clinical performance. This study was conducted to evaluate z-axis geometric dose efficiency in single detector CT and each level multi-detector CT, as well as to compare z-axis dose efficiency with change of technical scan parameters such as focal spot size of tube, beam collimation, detector combination, scan mode, pitch size, slice width and interval. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. SDCT was most highest and 4 MDCT was most lowest in z-axis geometric dose efficiency among SDCT, 4, 8, 16, 64 slice MDCT made by GE manufacture. 2. Small focal spot was 0.67-13.62% higher than large focal spot in z-axis geometric dose efficiency at MDCT. 3. Large beam collimation was 3.13-51.52% higher than small beam collimation in z-axis geometric dose efficiency at MDCT. 4. Z-axis geometric dose efficiency was same at 4 slice MDCT in all condition and 8 slice MDCT of large beam collimation with change of detector combination, but was changed irregularly at 8 slice MDCT of small beam collimation and 16 slice MDCT in all condition with change of detector combination. 5. There was no significant difference for z-axis geometric dose efficiency between conventional scan and helical scan, and with change of pitch factor, as well as change of slice width or interval for image reconstruction. As a conclusion, for reduction of patient radiation dose delivered from CT examination we are particularly concerned with dose efficiency of equipment and have to select proper scanning parameters which increase z-axis geometric dose efficiency within the range of preserving optimum clinical information in MDCT examination.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.199-211
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• 2007

Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) are important inflammation enzyme and severe up-nitric oxide (NO) production by this enzyme has been intricated with pathogenesis of inflammation diseases as atopy dermatitis. The present study was designed in order to determine whether Sopungdojeok-san could inhibit atopy dermatitis through modulation of iNOS mRNA expression and NO production, We found that iNOS mRNA expression and NO production in RAW 264.7 macrophages stimulated with lipopolysaccharide dose-dependantly decreased by Sopungdojeok-san extract treatment (0.4 - 1.0 mg/ml). The distribution of iNOS positive reacted cell in atopy dermatitis elicited skin of mice were remarkably decreased by Sopungdojeok-san administration (2.5 ml/kg/day). The SOD ability of Sopungdojeok-san were dose-dependantly increased from 0.6 mg/ ml than butylated hydroxyanisole. These data likely indicate that Sopungdojeok-san may act as inflammatory regulator for atopy dermatitis may be possible to develop useful agent for chemopreventation of NO-intricate inflammatory diseases.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.213-218
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• 2009

1-bromopropane (1-BP) has been used in numerous purposes such as an intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, a solvent for fats, waxes, or resins and a substitute for chlorofluorocarbons that destroy the ozone layer. However, the studies related to the modulation of activities of hepatic cytochrome P450s (CYPs) are not reported yet. This study was the first study to investigate the potential effect for the activities of hepatic CYPs by the treatment of 1-BP in vivo. When 1-BP was treated to male ICR mice by dose-dependently at the dose levels of 200, 500 and 1,000 mg/kg of body weight once, the activity of CYP2E1 was selectively increased for 24 h. The inductive potency for the activity of CYP2E1 by 1-BP was equal to induction by acetone a well-known selective CYP2E1 inducer. The present results indicated that 1-BP would affect the metabolism of 1-BP itself and/or other xenobiotics.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.48 no.4
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• pp.241-246
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• 2004

Mercury is a widespread metal and consequently there are large populations that currently exposed to low levels of mercury. Endotoxin is a component of the gram-negative bacteria and promotes inflammatory responses. The present study was designed to determine the impact of mercury on lymphocytes phenotype populations and endotoxin-induced inflammatory cytokine expressions in immune organ, spleen and thymus. Male BALB/c mice were exposed continuously to 0, 0.3, 1.5, 7.5, or 37.5 ppm of mercuric chloride in drinking water for 14 days and at the end of the treatment period, lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.5 mg/kg) was injected intraperitoneally 2 h prior to euthanasia. The dose-range of mercury used did not cause hepatotoxicity. Mercury at 7.5 and 37.5 ppm dose-dependently decreased CD3$^{+}$ T lymphocytes in spleen; both CD4$^{+}$ and CD8$^{+}$ single positive lymphocyte populations were decreased. Exposure to 7.5 and 37.5 ppm of mercury decreased the CD8$^{+}$ T lymphocyte population in the thymus, whereas double positive CD4$^{+}$ / CD8$^{+}$ and CD4$^{+}$ thymocytes were not altered. Mercury altered LPS-induced inflammatory cytokine gene expressions such as, tumor necrosis factor $\alpha$, interferon ${\gamma}$, and interleukin-12 in spleen and thymus. Results indicated that decreases in T lymphocyte populations in immune organs and altered cytokine gene expression may contribute to the immune-modulative effects of inorganic mercury.ganic mercury.

• IMMUNE NETWORK
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.66-69
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• 2012

The immunological death induction by EY-6 on the human tumor cell lines was screened. Human colon carcinoma (HCT15, HCT116), gastric carcinoma (MKN74, SNU668), and myeloma (KMS20, KMS26, KMS34) cells were died by EY-6 treatment with dose-dependent manner. CRT expression, a typical marker for the immunological death, was increased on the EY-6-treated colorectal and gastric cancer cells. Interestingly, the effects on the myeloma cell lines were complicated showing cell line dependent differential modulation. Cytokine secretion from the EY-6 treated tumor cells were dose and cell-dependent. IFN-${\gamma}$ and IL-12 secretion was increased in the treated cells (200% to over 1000% of non-treated control), except HCT116, SNU668 and KMS26 cells which their secretion was declined by EY-6. Data suggest the potential of EY-6 as a new type of immuno-chemotherapeutics inducing tumor-specific cell death. Further studies are planned to confirm the efficacy of EY-6 including in vivo study.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.79-82
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• 1997

Image-based three dimensional radiation treatment planning(3D RTP) has a potential of generating superior treatment plans. Advances in computer technology and software developments quickly make 3D RTP a feasible choice for routine clinical use. However, it has become clear that an evaluation of a 3D plan is more difficult than a 2D plan. A number of tools have been developed to facilitate the evaluation of 3D RTP both qualitatively and quantitatively. For example, beam's eye view(BEV) is one of the most powerful and time-saving method as a qualitative tools. Dose-volume histogram(DVH) has been proven to be one of the most valuable methods for a quantitative tools. But it has a limitation to evaluate several different plans for biological effects of the tissue and critical organ. Therefore, there is a strong interest in developing quantitative models which would predict the likely biological response of irradiated organs and tissues, such as tumor control probability(TCP) and normal tissue complication probability(NTCP). DVH and NTCP of hepatoma were evaluated for three dimensional conformal radiotherapy(3D CRT). Also, 3D RTP was analysed as a dose optimization based on beam arrangement and beam modulation.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.503-513
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• 2022

Objectives: The antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory effects of Mahwangyounpae-tang (MHYPT) aqueous extracts were observed in appropriate animal models of various respiratory disorders. Methods: MHYPT aqueous extracts were orally administered once a day for 11 days at dose levels of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg. The effect of MHYPT was determined by comparing its antitussive effect with theobromine (TB), its expectorant effect with ambroxol (AM), and its anti-inflammatory effect with dexamethasone (DEXA). Results: MHYPT aqueous extracts (400 mg/kg) showed favorable antitussive effects comparable to those of TB (50 mg/kg) in the NH₄OH-exposure coughing mouse model and expectorant effects comparable to those of AM (250 mg/kg) in the phenol red-secretion mouse model, but MHYPT (400 mg/kg) showed less anti-inflammatory activity compared to DEXA (1 mg/kg) in the xylene-induced acute inflammatory mouse ear model under the experimental conditions used. Conclusion: MHYPT aqueous extracts administered at dosage levels of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg induced dose-dependent and favorable antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory activities that occurred by simultaneous modulation of the activity of mast cells and respiratory mucous production under the experimental conditions used in this study.