• Korean Journal of Animal Reproduction
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.245-250
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• 1996

This study was undertaken to illustrate the uterotonic effect of Leonurus sibiricus. It was dissolved in sterile water and several different dosages were administered both in vitro and in vivo study. Rat uterine tissue for in vitro bioassay was obtained from estrous rat. From the low to high dosages of Leonurus sibiricus were tried and each uterine contraction was recorded and integrated. Anesthetized estrous rat for in vivo study was cannulated into the jugular vein for infusion of the compound. Another cannula with a balloon tipped and water filled was inserted into the uterus to measure uterine activity. While the uterine tissue did not respond to low dosage of compound, high dosage of compound stimulated the tissue to contract less than 1 minute with low amplitude. In vivo rat uterus showed a certain, consistent pattern of contractions which was initial relaxation and followed by prolonged and increased amplitude of contractions. It also caused a short breathing stop which might be due to acute acidosis.

• Journal of Korea Technical Association of The Pulp and Paper Industry
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.66-74
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• 2015

DIP(deinked pulp) was bleached by FAS, $Na_2S_2O_4$ and $H_2O_2$, which are widely used in DIP bleaching process, in order to improve optical properties of DIP, and the bleaching efficiencies of DIP and environmental loads of waste water were compared, depending on bleaching chemical dosages. With the application of different bleaching chemicals, some positive improvements were shown in optical and physical properties of bleached pulp. However, the physical properties of bleached DIP and their characteristics of wastewater were remarkably different, depending on dosages and bleaching reagents. DIP chemicals with FAS and $Na_2S_2O_4$ have higher improvement in optical and physical properties than $H_2O_2$. Also, environmental loads such as pH, turbidity, SCODcr and cationic demand were decreased in reductive bleaching process. Despite of higher effectiveness of reductive bleaching process, there were some environmental problems caused by sulfur ions from FAS and $Na_2S_2O_4$. With the method of sulfur ion controls, it would be more effective than $H_2O_2$ bleaching process.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.470-479
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• 2016

In the advanced treatment of sewage using the submerged membrane-coupled sequencing batch reactor (SMSBR) with media, the effect of media on the filtration performance and removal efficiency were investigated. Dosages of the media in the SMSBR were 10% based on working volume of reactor. As a control system, SMSBR without media and PAC, SMSBR with PAC (10 g/L) only, and SMSBR with media and PAC were also operated. The experimental results showed that there was no big difference observed in the removal efficiencies of COD, T-N, and T-P irrespective of the dosages of the media and PAC. But transmembrane pressure (TMP) of SMSBR with media increased slowly during the operation time, while that of SMSBR without media increased rapidly. Using SMSBR with media, it was possible to operate without the membrane cleaning during the 91 days. Using SMSBR with media only, after 80 days the average removal efficiencies of COD, T-N, and T-P were 95.0, 69.3%, and 51.4%, respectively.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.931-940
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• 2010

The Raw water from Deer Creek (DC) reservoir and Little Cottonwood Creek (LCC) reservoir in the Utah, USA were collected for jar test experiments. This study examined the removal of arsenic and turbidity by means of coagulation and flocculation processes using of aluminum sulfate and ferric chloride as coagulants for 13 jar tests. The jar tests were performed to determine the optimal pH range, alum concentration, ferric chloride concentration and polymer concentration for arsenic and turbidity removal. The results showed that a comparison was made between alum and ferric chloride as coagulant. Removal efficiency of arsenic and turbidity for alum (16 mg/L) of up to 79.6% and 90.3% at pH 6.5 respectively were observed. Removal efficiency of arsenic and turbidity for ferric chloride (8 mg/L) of up to 59.5% at pH 8 and 90.6% at pH 8 respectively were observed. Optimum arsenic and turbidity removal for alum dosages were achieved with a 25 mg/L and 16 mg/L respectively. Optimum arsenic and turbidity removal for ferric chloride dosages were achieved with a 20 mg/Land 8 mg/L respectively. In terms of minimizing the arsenic and turbidity levels, the optimum pH ranges were 6.5 and 8for alum and ferric chloride respectively. When a dosage of 2 mg/L of potassium permanganate and 8 mg/L of ferric chloride were employed, potassium permanganate can improve arsenic removal, but not turbidity removal.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.110-120
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• 2013

Objectives : The object of this study was to observe the pharmacological effects of Yookmijihwang-tang-gamibang (Liuweidihuang-tang-jiaweifang, YGB) consisted of 17 types of herbs has been traditionally used in Korean medicine for treating various disorders in clinics, aqueous extracts on the genetically obese and type II diabetic C57BL/6JHam-ob/ob(ob/ob) mice. Methods :Three different dosages of YGB were orally administered, once a day for 28 days to ob/ob mice with ob/ob control and C57BL/6JJms normoglycemic intact mice. Four weeks after treatments of YGB: the changes on the body weight, food consumption, blood glucose levels, leptin and adiponectin contents were observed for monitoring the antiobese and antidiabetic effects of YGB. The effects were compared to those of CLA(conjugated linoleic acid) which improve type II diabetes and inhibit related obesity. Results : After end of 28 days of continuous treatments, ob/ob control showed increases of adipocyte hypertrophy, vasodilated atrophic glomerulus which were detected with marked hyperplasia of pancreatic islets, insulin and glucagon producing cells. These obese and related type II diabetes induced in ob/ob mice were markedly and significantly inhibited by 28 days of continuous treatment of three dosages of YGB. The YGB 50mg/kg showed similar favorable effects on the diabetes and related diabetic complications as compared with CLA 750mg/kg in ob/ob mice of the present study. Conclusions : The results obtained in this study suggest that over 25mg/kg of YGB extracts favorably retarded the obese and type II diabetes in genetically obese and type II diabetic ob/ob mice.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.832-844
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• 2009

Objectives : This study was to observe the nephroprotective effects of the traditional prescription, Taeksa-san(TSS). TSS has generally been used for treating various renal diseases, including renal failure. Methods : Three different dosages of TSS extract were orally administered once a day for 28 days, At the 23rd day after TSS extract treatment, cisplatin was also treated. Then, 5 days after cisplatin treatment, all the rats (6 groups of 8 rats each) were sacrificed. Changes in the body weight, kidney weight, serum BUN and creatinine levels were observed with changes on the kidney MDA and GSH contents. The results were compared with captopril 100mg/kg, of which the effects on cisplatin-induced acute renal failures are already confirmed. Results : Dramatic decrease of body weight, increase of kidney weight, increase of serum BUN and creatinine levels were detected in the cisplatin control as compared with the intact control. In addition, marked increase of kidney MDA contents and decrease of kidney GSH contents were also detected in the cisplatin control as compared with the intact control. This means that cisplatin-induced ARF is induced by oxidative stress and related lipid peroxidation in the present study. However, these ARFs and inhibition of antioxidant effects induced by cisplatin were dose-dependently reduced by treatment with all three different dosages of TSS extracts. Conclusion : This study suggests that TSS extracts show favorable effects on cisplatin-induced rat ARF.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.620-630
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• 2010

Purpose : The object of this study was to observe the nephroprotective effects of Manjeonmoktong-san(MJMTS), which has traditionally been used as Korean medicine for treating various renal diseases, on cisplatin-induced rat acute renal failure. Methods : At first, three different dosages of MJMTS extract were orally administered once a day for 28 days. On the 23rd day after MJMTS extract treatment, cisplatin was treated. Then, 5 days after cisplatin treatment, all the rats (6 groups of 8 rats each) were checked in the present study. The changes to the body weight, kidney weight, serum BUN and creatinine levels were observed with changes on the kidney MDA and GSH contents. The results were compared with captopril 100mg/kg in which the effects on cisplatin-induced acute renal failures were already confirmed. Results : It showed dramatical decrease on the body weight, increase of serum BUN and creatinine levels were detected in cisplatin control as compared with intact control. In addition marked increase of kidney MDA contests and decrease of kidney GSH contents were also detected in cisplatin control as compared with intact control. it means that cisplatin induced ARF are induced by oxiidative stress and related lipid peroxidation in the present study. However, these ARFs and inhibition of antioxidant effects induced by cisplatin were dose-dependently reduced by treatment of all three different dosages of MJMTS extracts. Conclusion : This study suggests that MJMTS extracts have favorable effects on the cisplatin-induced rat ARF.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.91-95
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• 1998

Background: Quality of postoperative care may be improved by management of postoperative pain. Epidural anesthesia and analgesia have several advantages over general anesthesia and parenteral analgesics in managing the postoperative pain. We retrospectively reviewed records of obstetrical patients who underwent the cesarean sections under epidural anesthesia to evaluate perioperative analgesic use, side effects, and complications. Methods: All patients received epidural anesthesia consisting of 0.25% bupivacaine, 2% lidocaine and 100 ${\mu}g$ fentanyl, followed by epidural analgesia with 0.1% bupivacaine and 12.5 ${\mu}g$/ml fentanyl at rate of 2 ml/hr for 48 hours. Patients' records were reviewed for: medications administered for pain relief, incidence of nausea and vomiting and pruritus, and presence of respiratory or cardiovascular depression. Results: Over 18 months, 1,054 patients' records were reviewed. Average age was 27.8 years (18~43 years). 768 patients (72.9%) received no additional drugs for the pain relief. Intramuscular analgesics, ketoprofens, were one time administered to 247 patients (23.4%), 39 patients (3.7%) received two more dosages. The time of administration was $8.3{\pm}4.3$ hours postoperatively. Antiemetics, for example, low-dose droperidol, were administerd one time for 160 patients (15.2%), 5 patients (0.5%) received two or more administrations. The medication was administered $5.1{\pm}4.2$ hours postoperatively. Drugs for relief of pruritus, low-dose naloxone, were administered one time for 108 patients (10.2%), 10 patients (0.9%) received 2 or more dosages. The time of administration was $6.3{\pm}4.2$ hours postoperatively. None of the patients experienced cardiovascular nor respiratory (<8 breath/min) depression. Conclusions: Postoperative continuous epidural analgesia in combination with bupivacaine and fentanyl is an effective method of providing postoperative analgesia with low incidence of side effects.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.12 no.1_2
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• pp.7-13
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• 1978

The present study was undertaken to investigate effects of ethanol extracts of acorn (QAEE) on arterial blood Pressure and respiration, to find out the mechanism of depressor activity of QAEE,. add to determine lethal dosages of QAEE in rabbits and dogs. The results obtained were as follows: 1) After administration of 20 mg/Kg, 30 mg/kg, and 40 mg/kg of QAEE into rabbits the maximum depressor responses observed were respectively $16.3{\pm}1.4\;mmHg$, $28.7{\pm}2.0\;mmHg$ and $45.6{\pm}3.1\;mmHg$, while mean depressor responses following administration of 40mg/kg, 60mg/kg and 80mg/kg of QAEE into dogs were $32.2{\pm}1.6\;mmHg$, $39.5{\pm}1.5\;mmHg$, and $47.0{\pm}1.6\;mmHg$ respectively 2) Genenally depressor responses increased in proportion to dosage of QAEE administered whereas at same dosage of QAEE depressor responses were greater in rabbit than in dog. 3) It is suggested that depressor activity of QAEE resides mostly in its activity to activate vagus nerves and partly in Its activity to block beta-rceptors. 4) The lethal dosages of QAEE were 50 mg/kg to 60mg/kg for rabbi hue 90mg/kg to 100 mg/kg for dogs. 5) After QAEE administration respiratory rates were generally increased in the rabbit and the dog.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.266-272
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• 2007

The present study evaluated the effect of various dosages of soybean isoflavone extract on body weight changes, glucose tolerance and liver function in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. One group of normal rats (normal control) was fed an AIN-76-based experimental diet and four groups of diabetic rats were fed the same diet supplemented with four different levels of soybean isoflavone extract for seven weeks. The daily dosages of pure isoflavone for four diabetic groups were set to be 0 mg (diabetic control), 0.5 mg (ISO-I), 3.0 mg (ISO-II) and 30.0 mg (ISO-III) per kilogram of body weight, respectively. The daily consumption of isoflavone at the level of 3.0mg per kilogram of body weight resulted in the suppression of body weight loss and increased the survival rate of diabetic animals one and half times compared to that of the diabetic control group. Blood glucose levels in a fasting state and after the oral administration of glucose were significantly lower in the ISO-II group during the oral glucose tolerance test. The ISO-II group showed a tendency to elongate the gastrointestinal transit time. The activity of serum aminotransferases, indicator of liver function, was not negatively affected by any intake level of isoflavone. The present study demonstrated that the soybean isoflavone extract may be beneficial to diabetic animals by improving their glucose tolerance and suppressing weight loss without incurring hepatotoxicity at the daily dosage of 3.0 mg per kg of body weight.