• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.390-407
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• 2024

Kuflu cheese, a popular variety of traditional Turkish mold-ripened cheeses, is characterized by its semi-hard texture and blue-green color. It is important to elucidate the microbiota of Kuflu cheese produced from raw milk to standardize and sustain its sensory properties. This study aimed to examine the bacteria, yeasts, and filamentous mold communities in Kuflu cheese using high-throughput amplicon sequencing based on 16S and ITS2 regions. Lactococcus, Streptococcus, and Staphylococcus were the most dominant bacterial genera while Bifidobacterium genus was found to be remarkably high in some Kuflu cheese samples. Penicillium genus dominated the filamentous mold biota while the yeasts with the highest relative abundances were detected as Debaryomyces, Pichia, and Candida. The genera Virgibacillus and Paraliobacillus, which were not previously reported for mold-ripened cheeses, were detected at high relative abundances in some Kuflu cheese samples. None of the genera that include important food pathogens like Salmonella, Campylobacter, Listeria were detected in the samples. This is the first experiment in which the microbiota of Kuflu cheeses were evaluated with a metagenomic approach. This study provided an opportunity to evaluate Kuflu cheese, which was previously examined for fungal composition, in terms of both pathogenic and beneficial bacteria.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제28권4호
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• pp.584-591
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• 2015

This study characterized the fecal bacterial community structure and inter-individual variation in 30-week-old Duroc pigs, which are known for their excellent meat quality. Pyrosequencing of the V1-V3 hypervariable regions of the 16S rRNA genes generated 108,254 valid reads and 508 operational taxonomic units at a 95% identity cut-off (genus level). Bacterial diversity and species richness as measured by the Shannon diversity index were significantly greater than those reported previously using denaturation gradient gel electrophoresis; thus, this study provides substantial information related to both known bacteria and the untapped portion of unclassified bacteria in the population. The bacterial composition of Duroc pig fecal samples was investigated at the phylum, class, family, and genus levels. Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes predominated at the phylum level, while Clostridia and Bacteroidia were most abundant at the class level. This study also detected prominent inter-individual variation starting at the family level. Among the core microbiome, which was observed at the genus level, Prevotella was consistently dominant, as well as a bacterial phylotype related to Oscillibacter valericigenes, a valerate producer. This study found high bacterial diversity and compositional variation among individuals of the same breed line, as well as high abundance of unclassified bacterial phylotypes that may have important functions in the growth performance of Duroc pigs.

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 한국균학회 2016년도 춘계학술대회 및 임시총회
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• pp.33-33
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• 2016

Mycotoxins are toxic secondary metabolites produced by fungi. They can be present in where agricultural-based commodities are contaminated with toxigenic fungi. These mycotoxins cause various toxicoses in human and livestock when consumed. Small grains including corn, barley, rice or wheat are frequently contaminated with mycotoxins due to infection mainly by toxigenic Fusarium species and/or under environment favorable to fungal growth. One of the most well-known Fusarium toxin groups in cereals is trichothecenes consisting of many toxic compounds. Deoxynivalenol (DON), nivalenol (NIV), T-2 toxin, and various derivatives belong to this group. Zearalenone and fumonisin (FB) are also frequently produced by many species of the same genus. In order to monitor Korean cereals for contamination with Fusarium and other mycotoxigenic fungal species as well, barley, corn, maize, rice grains, and soybean were collected from fields at harvest or during storage for several years. The fungal colonies outgrown from the grain samples were identified based on morphological and molecular characteristics. Trichothecene chemotypes of Fusarium species or presence of FB biosynthetic gene were determined using respective diagnostic PCR to predict possible toxin production. Heavy grain contamination with fungi was detected in barley, rice and wheat. Predominant fungal genus of barley and wheat was Alternaria (up to 90%) while that of rice was Fusarium (~40%). Epicoccum also appeared frequently in barley, rice and wheat. While frequency of Fusarium species in barley and wheat was less than 20%, the genus mainly consisted of Fusarium graminearum species complex (FGSC) which known to be head blight pathogen and mycotoxin producer. Fusarium composition of rice was more diverse as FGSC, Fusarium incarnatum-equiseti species complex (FIESC), and Fusarium fujikuroi species complex (FFSC) appeared all at considerable frequencies. Prevalent fungal species of corn was FFSC (~50%), followed by FGSC (<30%). Most of FFSC isolates of corn tested appeared to be FB producer. In corn, Fusarium graminearum and DON chemotype dominate within FGSC, which was different from other cereals. Soybeans were contaminated with fungi less than other crops and Cercospora, Cladosporium, Alternaria, Fusarium etc. were detected at low frequencies (up to 14%). Other toxigenic species such as Aspergillus and Penicillium were irregularly detected at very low frequencies. Multi-year survey of small grains revealed dominant fungal species of Korea (barley, rice and wheat) is Fusarium asiaticum having NIV chemotype.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제44권4호
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• pp.229-240
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• 2020

Background: Genus Quercus is a successful group that has occupied the largest area of forest around the world including South Korea. The acorns are an important food source for both wild animals and humans. Although the reproductive characteristics of this genus are highly variable, it had been rarely studied in South Korea. Therefore, in Seoraksan and Odaesan National Parks (i) we measured the acorn production of Quercus mongolica, an overwhelmingly dominant species in South Korea, for 3 years (2017-2019), (ii) evaluated the spatial-temporal variation of acorn production, and (iii) analyzed the effects of oak- and site-related variables on the acorn production. Results: The annual acorn production of Q. mongolica increased 36 times from 1.2 g m-2 in 2017 to 43.2 g m-2 in 2018, and decreased to 16.7 g m-2 in 2019, resulting in an annual coefficient of variation of 104%. The coefficient of spatial variation was high and reached a maximum of 142%, and the tree size was the greatest influencing factor. That is, with an increase in tree size, acorn production increased significantly (2018 F = 16.3, p < 0.001; 2019 F = 8.2, p < 0.01). Elevation and slope also significantly affected the production in 2019. However, since elevation and tree size showed a positive correlation (r = 0.517, p < 0.001), the increase in acorn production with increasing elevation was possibly due to the effect of tree size. The acorn production of Odaesan for 3 years was 2.2 times greater than that of Seoraksan. This was presumed that there are more distribution of thick oak trees and more favorable site conditions such as deep soil A-layer depth, high organic matter, and slower slopes. Conclusion: As reported for other species of the genus Quercus, the acorn production of Q. mongolica showed large spatial and annual variations. The temporal variability was presumed to be a weather-influenced masting, while the spatial variability was mainly caused by oak tree size.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제29권6호
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• pp.884-894
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• 2015

한국 태안군 정산포와 황도 갯벌에서 저서미세조류의 종조성과 생물량의 계절적 변화가 바지락 생장과 연관성이 있는지를 파악하기 위하여 2012년 2월부터 11월까지 계절별로 조사되었다. 연구기간 동안 저서미세조류는 총 122종이 관찰되었으며, 정산포에서 85종(계절별 30-45종), 황도에서는 92종(32-57종)이었다. 연평균 엽록소 a의 농도는 정산포에서 $79.75mg/m^2$였고 황도에서 $151.50mg/m^2$였다. 갯벌 퇴적물에서 서식하는 저서미세조류의 연평균 세포수는 정산포에서 $13,255cells/cm^2$이었고 황도에서 $15,943cells/cm^2$였다. 정산포에서 Cylindrotheca closterium, Gyrosigma sp.와 Navicula sp.가 우점하였고 황도에서는 Amphora sp.1., C. closterium, Detonula pumila, Navicula sp.와 Merismopedia sp.였다. 또한, 두 연구정점에서 최대의 세포수를 나타낸 종은 Paralia sulcata였다. 정산포 바지락의 소화기관에서는 계절별로 18-31종의 미세조류가 분류되었으며, 황도 바지락 소화기관에서는 19-25종의 미세조류가 동정되었고 P. sulcata는 모든 계절에 바지락 소화기관에서 확인되었다. 바지락의 연평균 비만도는 정산포에서 연평균 0.42로 황도의 0.57에 비해 0.15가 낮았다. 결과적으로 바지락의 먹이원인 저서미세조류의 풍도와 엽록소 a의 농도는 바지락 생장과 밀접한 관련이 있음을 확인하였다.

• Ocean and Polar Research
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.181-191
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• 2013

To investigate the occurrence of modern living planktonic foraminiferal species and their seasonal variations around Jeju Island, we conducted planktonic foraminiferal sampling at KIOST's regular sampling sites during 16 months. In total seven genus and 16 modern planktonic foraminiferal species were identified with six dominant species. Dominant species were Gloigerinoides sacculifer, Globigerinoides ruber, Globigerina bulloides, Noegloboquadrina dutertrei, Pulleniatina obliquiloculata, and Globorotalia inflata. Most of the species were characterized as being typical subtropical species and showed seasonal variations and/or intermittent occurrence from season to season. The occurrence of living foraminifera revealed a strong relationship with water temperature, but not with salinity. Species succession seems to occur along with water temperature changes. Some patch distribution and water temperature dependences appear to be significant since there is a high degree of variation in the occurrence patterns of species and standing stock. More detailed quantitative study is necessary to confirm the species diversity and seasonal variations of planktonic foraminifera and related ocean environmental changes.

• 환경생물
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.95-115
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• 1999

본 조사는 임하댐을 대상으로 상.중.하로 구별하여 호수내에 16개 정점, 유입하천에 3개의 정점등 모두 19개의 정점을 선정하여 1996년 8월 5일과 9월 10일에 식물플랑크톤의 군집구성, 현존량, 우점종 그리고 각 지수를 조사하였다. 본 조사에서 동정된 식물플랑크톤은 6강 13목 6아목 25과 66속 143종 27변종 1품종으로 모두 171종류였다. 현존량 변화에서 표층은 $47.350{\times}10^3 ~184.65{\times}10^3 individuals/ml, 중층은 1.08{\times}10^3~54.33{\tiems}10^3 individuals/ml, 하층은 0.69{\times}10^3~115.85{\times}10^3$ individuals/ml였다. 1992년에서 1994년의 조사에서 우점하였던 종은 거의 사라지고, Oocystis lacustris, Elakatothrix gelatinosa, Aulacoseira ambigua, Synedra acus 등의 종이 우점종으로 조사되었다.

• 대한환경공학회지
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• 제32권3호
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• pp.227-233
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• 2010

각종 오염지역의 오염토양의 시료를 채취해 DGGE를 이용한 미생물군집구조를 서로 비교함으로써 어떤 요인이 영향을 많이 미치는지를 알아보았다. 미생물군집의 유사도 비교에서 TPH 오염 말고는 대부분의 오염정도가 심하지 않아서 오염 특성보다는 토양시료가 채취된 지역에 따라 더 유사함을 보여주었고 TPH 오염도가 가장 높았던 시료에서만 지역적 특성을 넘어 유사도 차이를 보여 주었다. 이와 같이 오염요인이 너무 크지 않은 경우에는 미생물군집구조가 지역특성 즉 여러 다른 환경요인에 의해 더 크게 영향을 받는 것을 이 연구를 통해 알 수가 있었다. 모든 오염토양의 우점종(배양성 세균) 조사에서 firmicutes와 high GC Gram+에 속하는 세균들이 주로 발견되었고 유류오염이 심한 토양에서 이미 보고된 Arthrobacter, Bacillus, Methylobacterium, Clavibacter, Streptomyces, Nocardia와 아직 보고되지 않은 Leifsonia가 발견되었다.

• 한국습지학회지
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• 제2권2호
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• pp.133-146
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• 2000

밀양댐 상 하류 7개지점에 대하여 2000년 6월5일부터 6월6일까지 수서곤충을 조사하였으며 결과는 다음과 같다. 수서 곤충류의 총분류군은 7목 25과 49속 67종이었다. 총 출현종수 67종 중 하루살이류 29종, 날도래류 22종, 강도래류 7종, 파리류 6종이었으며, 기타 뱀잠자리목, 잠자리목, 딱정벌레목이 각 각 1종씩 출현하였다. 출현한 개체수비율은 하루살이류가 71%, 파리류 11.9%, 날도래류 11.2%, 강도래류 5.1%, 딱정벌레류 4.6%로 나타나, 하루살이류가 가장 높은 점유율을 보였다. 전체 분류군에서의 제1우점종은 Epeorus latifolium이었고 제 2우점종은 Epeorus aesculus였으며 우점도지수는 0.36였다. 우점종은 전지점 하루살이류였고, 우점도지수는 제6지점이 0.55로 가장 높게 나타났고 제3지점이 0.13로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 종다양도지수는 제3지점이 4.25로 가장 높게 나타났고, 제7지 점이 3.11로 가장 낮게 나타났다. 종다양도지수에 근거한 오수생물계열로 볼 때, 전지점이 Oligosaprobic으로 나타났으며, 전체적으로 극히 양호한 수환경상태를 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제31권8호
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• pp.1373-1380
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• 2018

Objective: This study was designed to investigate the effects of temperature and storage time on the evolution of bacterial communities in swine manure. Methods: Manure was stored at $-20^{\circ}C$, $4^{\circ}C$, $20^{\circ}C$, or $37^{\circ}C$ and sampled at 7-day intervals over 28 days of storage, for a total of 5 time points. To assess the bacterial species present, 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences were analyzed using pyrosequencing. Results: After normalization, 113,934 sequence reads were obtained, with an average length of $466.6{\pm}4.4bp$. The diversity indices of the communities reduced as temperature and storage time increased, and the slopes of rarefaction curves decreased from the second week in samples stored at $-20^{\circ}C$ and $4^{\circ}C$. These results indicate that the richness of the bacterial community in the manure reduced as temperature and storage time increased. Firmicutes were the dominant phylum in all samples examined, ranging from 89.3% to 98.8% of total reads, followed by Actinobacteria, which accounted for 0.6% to 7.9%. A change in community composition was observed in samples stored at $37^{\circ}C$ during the first 7 days, indicating that temperature plays an important role in determining the microbiota of swine manure. Clostridium, Turicibacter, Streptococcus, and Lactobacillus within Firmicutes, and Corynebacterium within Actinobacteria were the most dominant genera in fresh manure and all stored samples. Conclusion: Based on our findings, we propose Clostridium as an indicator genus of swine manure decomposition in an anaerobic environment. The proportions of dominant genera changed in samples stored at $20^{\circ}C$ and $37^{\circ}C$ during the fourth week. Based on these results, it was concluded that the microbial communities of swine manure change rapidly as storage time and temperature increase.