• 무역상무연구
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• 제16권
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• pp.183-203
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• 2001

To accomplish international electronic commerce via the Internet, the most serious dilemma is the international payment system. The BBL is a secure and effective electronic commerce framework for the replacement of traditional paper documents by electronic messages via the Internet providing significant benefits in terms of cost savings, improved logistics and reduced errors in documentation. The most important legal obstacles in the BBL are how to secure authenticity, non-repudiation and message integrity as well as the status of negotiability equivalent to paper B/L. These kinds of functions may be carried out through the electronic title registry of the Bolero International Limited. The technical structure is supported contractually by the Bolero Rulebook. And other documents except B/L can be made out without any legal or technical problems. What are the handicaps of the BBL in its practical use at this time? I can summarize the current and expected problems as follows: First, the fee to join Bolero Association Limited is burdensome to sellers, buyers and trade related organizations all over the world. Second, the liability in errors or defaults in operating central data registry of Bolero International Limited is limited to U.S.$100,000. The amount is not sufficient to the many bulk cargo owners to cover the damages. Third, businessmen are used to traditional paper documents; therefore it takes much time for them to change their customs and practices. So the BBL and traditional papers would be used simultaneously for the time being. Finally, it is very important to incorporate the Rulebook, a multilateral contract binding on all users signed, in each domestic law, which will accomplish the uniform law basis.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.46-55
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe performance and education needs related to neurologic assessment by neurologic ward nurses. Methods: The study was conducted with a cross-sectional descriptive design. Participants, 297 neurologic ward nurses working in ten major hospitals in Seoul and Gyeonggi were surveyed from September 7 to October 1, 2015. Results: The mean score for performance of neurologic assessments was 3.04 points. Performances performed with high quality were orientation exam, mental status documentation, and muscle strength of extremities in that order. Performances performed with low quality were assessment of accessory nerves, hypoglossal nerves, and cerebellum function in that order. There were significant differences according to whether there was ward education programs on neurologic assessment and teaching experiences within a year. These variables significantly affected the quality of neurologic assessment performance. The need for neurologic assessment training was 3.14 points. Conclusion: Amount of performance and demand for education on neurologic assessment, which are required in the clinical setting, were significantly high. To perform neurologic assessments with high quality, development of education program for neurologic assessment and continuous education courses are required at either the department or neurological nursing organization level.

• 한국인구학
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.19-29
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• 1989

It is well known that vital statistics is of great importance as basic data for establishing various range of national policies. Especially, vital statistics is important among demographic information for monitoring and evaluating the population policy, for constructing life table, for making population projection, and for studying various aspects of the society. In principle, the production of vital statistics is based on the registration system. It is, however, still observed that there are some limitations in utilizing fully the registration system due to the inherent problems such as problems in its coverage, accuracies and timeliness. Thus, as an alternative, many countries conduct survey on vital statistics in order to supplement the registration system and obtain in-depth data. Korea is no exception in this aspect. The National Bureau of Statistics carries out the so-called Continuous Demographic Survey. This is a kind of multi-round retrospective survey, covering 32, 000 households and having reference period of one month. The survey has also characteristics of multi-subject sample. Thus, surveys on economic activity status of population, house-hold income & expenditure, and social indicators are together conducted with the same sample. It is, however, found that the survey itself tends to have some quality problems. Especially, the quality problems connected with field data collection are summarized as coverage error, non-response error and response error. Although it is inevitable not to be free from these errors, we should make all our efforts to reduce the errors. The probable schemes pointed out in this paper are as follows : 1) the strengthening formal quality control activities, 2) the review of the survey method, i. e., the combining interview method with mail-sending and mail-back method or pick-up method, 3) well documentation for various cases found in every stage of data collection, and 4) the strengthening the analytical activities. It is, also, emphasized that sincerity of planners and interviewers is the most important factor among other things.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.417-423
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• 2007

Serological surveillance programs in animal populations are becoming increasingly important to estimate prevalence of a specific disease and subsequently to document disease-free status in a region or a country. For these purposes, the programs need to be based on both theoretical and economical aspects from the designing phase. From Aujeszky's disease (AD)-eradication program point of view, group of animals (aggregates, herds) not individual animal is the more important sampling unit of concern. In this study the authors therefore attempted to compute an appropriate sample size tailored to a current surveillance program against AD, assuming that the goal of this program is either herd-level prevalence estimation or documentation of AD-freedom. For prevalence estimation, assuming a finite population with imperfect sensitivity (Se) and specificity (Sp) of ELISA kit for AD diagnosis, the number of herds present, expected herd prevalence, and desired accuracy for a certain level of confidence, sample size was estimated at herd-level in the first stage and individual animal-level in the second stage. A two-stage sampling design was used to calculate a sample size to indicate AD-freedom. In this instance, the computation was based on the possible detection of a predetermined prevalence at a certain herd-level Se and Sp. This study indicated that the sample size varied with predetermined confidence, tolerance, Se and Sp at herd- and animal-level, and within- and among-herd prevalence. In general, smaller sample size was required to estimate AD prevalence than to document of AD-freedom. Compared to individual-based samples, two-stage sampling strategy requires a larger sample size to show disease-freedom. Statistical considerations including herd-level test characteristics when designing surveillance program also are further discussed.

• 한국수학교육학회지시리즈A:수학교육
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• 제43권4호
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• pp.321-335
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• 2004

This study looked into the procedures of and the status on the implementation of the new 7th national curriculum at the elementary school level. It examined the processes taken by the local boards of education in due course of facilitating the schools with the new curriculum implementation. More specifically the study examined, 1) the degree to which the particular innovation(i.e., student-centered, flexible and autonomous school-based curriculum, etc.) is being implemented as planned; and 2) how it is being implemented. It conducted a situation-oriented analysis in cooperation with three local boards of education. Classroom observations, teacher interviews, questionnaires for teachers and supervisors were utilized and the three major criteria of interpreting the result were the three core concepts of the 7th national curriculum, that is, the degree of '(1) reorganization, (2)student-centeredness and (3)diversification/ specialization' of the curriculum. Detailed documentation on the processes of the local bureaus of education and on the classroom practices are made in order to provide schools and policy makers with relevant and practical suggestions for further improvement of curriculum implementation. Ultimately, The greater the awareness of the intention of the new curriculum on the part of both the staff at the local school boards and teachers, the greater the degree of implementation. And the higher the quality of planning to meet problems, the greater the degree of implementation. Continuous efforts are needed to involve teachers in the process of curriculum implementation. The greater the active support of the teachers, the greater the degree of implementation.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.33-49
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• 2011

The process of physical therapy uses a problem-solving approach to enhance a patients's functioning status. The International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health(ICF) is the common concept for the functioning in the world. Physical therapists require the ability to identify problems, formulate hypothesis, and plan intervention strategies through clinical reasoning. In the clinical process, physical therapists need to use standard and common languages in speech and in documentation. The purpose of this study was to suggest the process of making strategy for efficient intervention, examining and evaluating the functional problem of the person with stroke using ICF tools. For the first step in this process model, therapists could list the information relating to functional problems used by the ICF Core set and then could identify the interaction among the problems using the ICF assessment sheet. For the next step, therapist is needed to make the hypothesis and hypothesis testing, and then set a primary functional goals and therapeutic goals in detail after prioritizing the problems to be managed based on the problem list. Finally, after setting the identified problems as the purpose of intervention through the hypothesis testing, therapist could do some intervention after making a plan to solve these problems, and find out the outcomes using the ICF evaluation display. This report illustrates how to apply the process based on ICF concept into physical therapy practice. Making a decision for the most efficient intervention requires that therapists use the clinical reasoning process based on ICF concept.

• 임상간호연구
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.197-208
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• 2018

Purpose: This study aimed to investigate the current statistics of professional medical support staffs(PMSSs) working in general hospitals with less than 500 beds. Methods: This study was conducted on 35 general hospitals with less than 500 beds from September 11th to October 27th, 2017. Results: Four hundred fifty one PMSSs were currently providing medical support. The number of clinical nurse experts was the highest among the roles, followed by Physician Assistants(PA) and Advanced Practice Nurses. The mean job satisfaction score was 3.07 out of 5. In the case of PA group, most of the delegated prescriptions were performed, however the delegated roles were not much documented in written format. The paucity of documentation requires a development of a committee for PMSSs, including a development of selection criteria and a scope of practice in each institution. Conclusion: The results of this study suggested the composition of a committee for PMSSs in the medical institutions and renaming the specified titles of PMSSs.

• 한국기록관리학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.97-114
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• 2017

본 연구는 공공기관의 업무수행에 수반되어야 하는 투명성이 정보공개제도와 얼마나 연관이 있는지, 그리고 시기별 기관 유형별로 어떻게 변화했는지 분석해 보았다. 문헌연구를 통하여 정보공개제도의 의의와 투명성의 정의를 살펴본 후, 이와 관련된 통계자료를 분석하고, 2003년~2013년까지 통계 데이터를 토대로 정보공개와 투명성에 대한 연관성 분석을 하였다. 정보공개제도와 공공기관의 투명성을 제고하기 위해서는 공공기관의 업무과정을 제대로 기록화하고, 수요자가 원하는 정보를 제공하고, 이에 대한 평가를 측정하는 투명성 진단 평가시스템을 제도화하는 방안이 반드시 필요하다. 본 연구의 결과는 정보공개제도와 투명성의 관계에 대해 이해하고, 정보공개제도와 공공기관의 투명성을 높이기 위한 기초자료로 활용될 수 있을 것이다.

• Safety and Health at Work
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.418-424
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• 2020

Background: According to the previous studies, the work-related accident rate decreased in Korea after the introduction of occupational health and safety management system (OHSMS), but there were several disasters in Korea such as subway worker's death at Guui station in 2016 and the Taean thermal power plant accident in 2018, which escalated the social demand for safety. In 2018, OHSMS became an international standard, as ISO45001 was announced. Methods: A survey was conducted to research the implementation status of OHSMS and changes in people's perception, and the results were compared with those of a past survey. Results: Enhanced social demand and various stakeholders' (not only buyer) needs, and social responsibility are perceived as the motivation for the introduction of OHSMS rather than legal compliance or customer demand. In the questionnaire about problems with the implementation of OHSMS, the factors with higher response rate in 2018 than 2004 were "excessive cost" and "complicated documentation management." In the questionnaire about how to promote OHSMS in organizations, most people answered "reduction of workers' compensation insurance rate" in 2004, but most people answered "exemption from health and safety supervision" in 2018. Conclusion: For the effective implementation of ISO45001, emphasis is placed on social demand, training to recognize health and safety as a part of management, and the reduction of certification and consulting costs to promote the introduction of OHSMS. Incentives such as insurance premium cuts and exemptions from health and safety supervision are needed.

• 한국기록관리학회지
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.1-21
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• 2024

본 연구는 처분동결제도가 마련되어 있음에도 불구하고, 본래의 취지대로 작동하지 않고 있는 현황과 문제점을 분석하여, 재난상황에 처분동결제도를 실효성 있게 활용할 수 있는 방안을 모색하는 데 목적이 있다. 이를 위해 선행연구를 분석하고, 이론연구로 재난기록의 개념 및 특성, 처분동결제도의 정의 및 의의, 재난기록을 위한 처분동결제도의 필요성을 논하였다. 사례연구로서 미국, 호주, 우리나라의 처분동결명령 고시와 공문을 목적, 수신 대상, 처분동결기록 유형, 지속 기간, 관련 근거, 처분일자, 벌칙 조항, 명령 주체 등으로 분석하였다. 이론연구와 사례연구를 심화하기 위하여, 처분동결제도의 필요성, 문제점, 개선점을 중심으로 전문가 면담연구를 수행하였다. 면담연구를 통해, 재난기록을 위한 처분동결제도의 필요성을 확인하고, 현행 제도가 가지고 있는 다양한 문제점과 개선점을 논하였다. 결론에 갈음하여, 본 연구는 재난기록 처분동결명령 주체의 확대, 처분동결 대상 재난상황에 대한 규정 마련, 특별재난지역 선포 시 처분동결명령의 발동, 처분동결명령에 대한 답변 의무 기간 지정, 처분동결제도에 대한 인식 제고 등 다섯가지 개선방안을 제안하였다.