• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.38-41
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• 2005

An experiment was conducted on 3 male rumen fistulated adult buffaloes fed on wheaten straw and concentrate mixture in a Latin square design to study the impact of niacin supplementation on rumen metabolites. Three animals were fed wheaten straw+concentrate mixture (group I, control), wheaten straw+concentrate mixture+100 ppm niacin (group II), and wheaten straw +concentrate mixture+200 ppm niacin (group III). After 21 days feeding, rumen liquor was drawn for 3 consecutive days at different time intervals (0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 h) to study the various rumen metabolites i.e., rumen pH, ammonia-N, total-N, trichloroacetic acid precipitable-N, non-protein nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids, their fractions and number of protozoa. Mean pH values in strained rumen liquor (SRL) of animals in 3 groups were 6.64, 6.71 and 6.67, indicating no statistically significant difference. Results revealed a significant (p<0.01) increase in TVFA concentration among the supplemented groups (group II and III) in comparison to control group. Mean TVFA concentration (meq/dl) was 9.75, 10.97 and 11.44 in 3 groups respectively. The highest concentration of TVFA was observed at 4 h and minimum at 0 h in all the 3 groups. The percentage of acetic, propionic, butyric and isobutyric acid was statistically similar among the three groups. The mean ammonia-N concentration (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in group II (16.38) and group III (15.42) than group I (18.14). Ammonia-N concentration was higher (p<0.01) at 4 h as compared to all the time intervals. The mean total-N concentration (mg/dl SRL) was higher (p<0.01) in group II (74.16) and group III (75.47) as compared to group I (62.04). Total-N concentration was higher (p<0.01) at 4 h as compared to other time intervals and lowest value was recorded at 0 h.Concentration of TCA-ppt-N (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in control group as compared to niacin supplemented groups. Mean value of NPN (mg/dl SRL) was significantly (p<0.01) lower in group III (23.21) as compared to group I (25.71), whereas groups I and II, and groups II and III were similar to each other. Total protozoa number (${\times}10^4$/ml SRL) ranged from 18.06 to 27.41 in group I, 20.89 to 38.44 in group II and 27.61 to 39.45 in group III. The mean protozoa number was significantly (p<0.01) higher in SRL of group II (27.60) and III (30.59) as compared to group I (22.48). It can be concluded from the study that supplementation of niacin in the diet of buffaloes had improved the rumen fermentation by decreasing the concentration of ammonia-N and increasing protein synthesis.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.23 no.4
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• pp.491-500
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• 2010

Three experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of polyurethane coated urea on in vitro ruminal fermentation, ammonia release dynamics and lactating performance of Holstein dairy cows fed a steam-flaked corn-based diet. In Exp. 1, a dual-flow continuous culture was run to investigate the effect of polyurethane coated urea on nutrient digestibility, rumen fermentation parameters and microbial efficiency. Three treatment diets with isonitrogenous contents (13.0% CP) were prepared: i) feedgrade urea (FGU) diet; ii) polyurethane coated urea (PCU) diet; and iii) isolated soy protein (ISP) diet. Each of the diets consisted of 40% steam-flaked corn meal, 58.5% forages and 1.5% different sources of nitrogen. PCU and FGU diets had significantly lower digestibility of NDF and ADF (p<0.01) than the ISP diet. Nitrogen source had no significant effect (p = 0.62) on CP digestibility. The microbial efficiency (expressed as grams of microbial N/kg organic matter truly digested (OMTD)) in vitro of the PCU diet (13.0 g N/kg OMTD) was significantly higher than the FGU diet (11.3 g N/kg OMTD), but comparable with the ISP diet (14.7 g N/kg OMTD). Exp. 2, an in vitro ruminal fermentation experiment, was conducted to determine the ammonia release dynamics during an 8 h ruminal fermentation. Three treatment diets were based on steam-flaked corn diets commonly fed to lactating cows in China, in which FGU, PCU or soybean meal (SBM) was added to provide 10% of total dietary N. In vitro $NH_3-N$ concentrations were lower (p<0.05) for the PCU diet than the FGU diet, but similar to that for the SBM diet at all time points. In Exp. 3, a lactation trial was performed using 24 lactating Holstein cows to compare the lactating performance and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentrations when cows were fed PCU, FGU and SBM diets. Cows consuming the PCU diet had approximately 12.8% more (p = 0.02) dietary dry matter intake than those consuming the FGU diet. Cows fed the PCU diet had higher milk protein content (3.16% vs. 2.94%) and lower milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration (13.0 mg/dl vs. 14.4 mg/dl) than those fed the FGU diet. Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration was significantly lower for cows fed the PCU (16.7 mg/dl) and SBM (16.4 mg/dl) diets than the FGU (18.7 mg/dl) diet. Cows fed the PCU diet had less surplus ruminal N than those fed the FGU diet and produced a comparable lactation performance to the SBM diet, suggesting that polyurethane coated urea can partially substitute soybean meal in the dairy cow diet without impairing lactation performance.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.107-107
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• 2003

육상동물과 달리 어류에서는 성장에 따른 생리적인 변화, 특히 환경 스트레스에 민감한 항산화효소 등에 관한 전반적인 연구가 거의 이루어져 있지 않고 있다. 현재 고급 단백질원으로서의 어류에 대한 수요가 사회적으로 급증하고 있으며, 그중 많은 양의 수산물 생산을 양식에 의존하고 있는 상황이다. 따라서 양식종의 성장에 따른 생리적인 변화를 조사하여 이에 따른 영양관리, 질병관리 및 환경에 대한 스트레스의 분석이라는 측면에서 혈액성상의 농도 변화에 대한 다양한 연구가 진행되어져야 할 것으로 여겨진다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 양식 넙치(Paralichthys olivaceus)의 스트레스에 대한 생리학적 연구의 일환으로, 넙치의 성장에 따른 혈액성상 및 항산화효소의 변화를 조사함으로서 기초 생리학적 자료를 제공함과 동시에 건강한 어류에서의 혈액성상 및 항산화효소의 기준치를 설정하고자 실시하였다. 실험어는 초기 평균 전장의 18.5$\pm$0.4cm 초기 평균 중량 75.4$\pm$5.6g인 것을 사용하여 5개월 동안 실험 하였고, 실험 종료 시 평균 전장이 26.8$\pm$1.9cm 및 평균 중량이 220.0$\pm$37.1g 으로 각각 증가 하였다. 혈액 성상은 실험개시 후 30일 간격으로 넙치 미부의 혈관으로부터 주사기를 이용하여 혈액을 채취 한 후 헤마토크리트치, 적혈구 수, 헤모글로빈농도, 혈청중 총 콜레스테롤 및 혈당량을 각각 측정 하였으며, 간장내의 Catalase(CAT)및 Superoxide dismutase(SDD) 또한 조사하였다. 실험어의 헤마토크리트치는 성장에 따른 경향을 나타내지 않고 22%에서 32%까지의 범위를 나타내었다. 적혈구수는 성장에 따른 유의적인 차이는 없었으나 다소 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 이에 반해 헤모글로빈 농도는 성장에 따라 다소 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 혈당 또한 성장에 따른 뚜렷한 경향을 나타내지 않고 60(mg/dl) 에서 75(mg/dl)정도의 비율을 나타내었다. 혈청중 총 콜레스테롤 농도는 성장에 따른 유의적인 변화는 나타나지 않았으며, 평균 307.81$\pm$125.36(mg/dl)의 수치를 나타내었다. 한판 외부 환경으로부터 스트레스 작용에 의해 생성되는 것으로 알려진 CAT의 실험기간 중 혈중평균농도는 2837.29$\pm$1259.17(nmol/mg protein sec)를 나타내었으며, SOD의 혈중평균농도는 14.73$\pm$5.67(unit/mg protein min)의 범위로 유의적인 변화는 나타나지 않았으나, 성장에 따라 다소 감소하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.479-484
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• 2004

The study was conducted to assess the effect of milk production, parity, stage of lactation, season and individual milk components themselves on milk urea nitrogen (MUN) concentration and other milk components of 3,219 Holstein dairy cows in Korean dairy farms. The MUN concentrations in Korean dairy cows were estimated to 16.68$\pm$5.87 mg/dl. Milk yield was negatively correlated with fat and protein contents and somatic cell counts (SCC) in milk (p<0.01). The increasing MUN concentration has positive correlation with yield and fat content. By increasing somatic cell, milk yield was reduced and MUN level was increased. Cows in spring and winter produced more milk over 1.43 and 0.93 kg/day, respectively, than cows in summer (p<0.01). Milk urea nitrogen concentrations of milk produced in summer and fall were significantly lower (p<0.01) than those in spring and winter. Both MUN concentration and somatic cell counts were highest in winter. Milk yield was lower (p<0.01) in the first calving than other calving time and was tended to increase until the fifth parity and then decrease. Milk urea nitrogen and SCC were not related to parity of cows in this study. Milk yield and SCC were positively related to lactation period while MUN concentrations and milk fat and protein contents were negatively influenced by stage of lactation. In the present study, the relationship between MUN and reproduction of dairy cows was also investigated. Cow produced milk in high MUN concentrations (greater than 18 mg/dl) had more open days than cows in MUN concentrations less than 18 mg/dl. However, no significant difference between MUN concentration levels and frequency of artificial insemination was found in this study. It is suggested that although MUN values for nutritional management and measures of production or reproduction are used, non-nutritional factors should be considered.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.21-30
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• 1995

Critically ill patients admitted in ICU and NCU were studied with respect to their nutritional status and support to them at initial period, and the effect of nutritional support after 3 weeks. The nutritional support was supplied to these patients with the enteral and parenteral nutrition. The results of biochemical test and status of nutritional support on 52(29 males, 23 females) critically ill patients were based on medical records and the anthropometry was measured on 28 patients. The subjects were in mild malnutrition. Their initial calorie intakes were 85% of BEE, 57% of total energy requirements and 49% of protein requirement were provided. Two groups, one group of serum albumin level more than 3.5g/dl and the other group of serum albumin level less than 3.5g/dl, were significant different in total calorie and protein intakes. After 3 weeks, inappropriate nutritional support in the group of normal nutrition results in significant decreasing of serum albumin level but, there were no changes in the group of malnutrition. Nutritional support is one of the mainstays in the management of these critically ill patients and is aimed at preventing malnutrition. Therefore, timely nutritional support is heavily required in cases of critically ill patients whether their initial nutritional status is normal or not.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.547-556
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• 1989

This survey was carried out to investigate the nutritional status of 102 rural pregnant women after the 2nd trimester and the effect of pregnant nutritional status on newborn infant's anthropometric measurements. 102 rural pregant women's age was distributed 20 to 34. Pregnant height and prepregnant weight were 157.7$\pm$3.2cm and 50.7$\pm$5.4kg, respectively, which were similar to Korean standard, and pregnant weight gain per week after the 2nd trimester was 0.35$\pm$0.13kg, which was showed normal weight gain. Pregnant blood pressure were 112.6$\pm$12.7mmHg (systolic pressure) and 71.8$\pm$10.6(diastolic pressure), and energy and protein intake were 83.8$\pm$34.3% and 72.2$\pm$24.2% of RDA, respectively. Hemoglobin and blood protein level of 17 pregnant women who selected among total pregnant women were 11.8$\pm$1.0g / dl, 6.5$\pm$0.9g / dl, respectively. Height, weight, and head circumference of 17 newborn infants who delivered from 17 pregnant women were 50.1$\pm$1.9cm, 3.4$\pm$0.6kg, and 31.4$\pm$1.2cm, respectively, which were similar to Korean standard. Infant height, weight, and head circumference at birth were significantly correlated with pregnant higher than dietary intakes and weight gain per week during midpregnancy.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 1984

The effect of methionine supplementation to the isolated soyprotein(ISP) diet on the growth, body metabolism and composition of the Albino male rats was studied. Three levels(0.3,0.6 and 0.9%) of methionine were supplemented to the ISP diet with the constant levels of energy and protein of 3,600 kcal/kg and 20%, respectively. The body weight and weight gain of the growing rats were significantly increased by 0.3% methionine supplementation to the ISP diet compared to the ISP diet(P< 0.05).The effects of methionine supplementation to the ISP diet tended to be larger with increasing of the level of methionine supplementation, 0.6 and 0.9%, were statistically insignificant. Food and gross energy intake of growing rats fed the ISP diet or the ISP supplemented with methionine diet were lower than those fed the casein diet(P< 0.05). FER and PER of all the methionine supplemented diets were higher than those of the ISP or casein diet (P< 0.05) without significant differences among the supplementation levels of methionine to the diets. The weight gain of adult rats fed 0.9% methionine supplemented ISP diet were higher than those of the other treatments with significant difference. The effects of methionine supplementation to the ISP diet on the protein digestibility, BV, NPU, N-balance, N-retention, and body and liver compositions were not significant.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.1-21
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• 1973

The muscle of abalone, Notohaliotis discus (REEVE), and top-shell, Turbo cornutus Solander, were examined for protein composition. Then paramyosins which are known as one of the important structural protein of the muscle fibrils were isolated from the both muscle and their physico-chemical properties such as solubility, salting-out behaviour, intrinsic viscosity, ATPase activity, etc. involving amino acid composition and N-terminal amino acid residues were investigated to elucidate phylogenie characteristics more intensively from the viewpoint of comparative biochemistry. The analysis of protein composition resulted in the following estimations: abalone muscle; water-soluble protein of 22 %, salt-soluble protein, 34%, alkali-soluble protein, 20%, and stroma protein, 24%, and top-shell muscle; water-soluble protein of 16%, salt-soluble protein, 30%, alkali-soluble protein, 29%, and stroma protein, 25%, respectively. It is demonstrated in sedimentation analysis that paramyosin and myosin-actomyosin account for approximately 65% and 35% of the salt-soluble protein of abalone, and that the composition of both sediments in top-shell was approximately 70% and 30%, respectively. The ultracentrifugally homogenous paramyosins isolated essentially according to Bailey's ethanol-dried method from both of the muscle showed a $S^{\circ}_{20,w}$ of 3. 14s for abalone and a $S^{\circ}_{20,w}$ of 3.50s for top-shell. The both paramyosins were commonly rich in arginine, aspartic acid, and glutamic acid, while scarcely contained proline and tryptophan, in rough accord with the other paramyosins thus far reported. It is clear that these gastropod paramyosins showed of having the characteristic N-terminal amino acid residues such as N-aspartic acid, N-valine, N-serine, and N-threonine in common. The abalone paramyosin completely salted in with KCl beyond $0.35{\mu}$ and the top-shell paramyosin beyond $0.30{\mu}$. The abalone paramyosin was salted-out between 18% and 30% saturation of ammonium sulphate and the top-shell paramyosin between 22% and 29% saturation. The intrinsic viscosities at abalone and top-shell paramyosins at $25^{\circ}C$ were estimated respectively to be 3.1 dl/g and 2.6 dl/g showing somewhat higher than the values for some other paramyosins from lamellibranchs. In regard with the ATPase activity, the para myosin specimens did not exhibit any significant activity over through the pH conditions of 5 to 9.5. irrespective of the presence of $Ca^{++}$ or $Mg^{++}$. So was the case with the abalone paramyosin prepared by a slightly modified Bailey's wet-extraction method.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.5-13
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• 1985

The purpose of this study was to provide the proper nutritional management, and help to improve the health of girl students in a rural area. The nutritional survey, and blood sampling was conducted for five days, from April 26 to 30, 1983. The subjects of this survey were 110 students of girl's high school in Cheongyang area. The results were summerized as follows; 1) The daily food intake was 842.3g and that of animal foods was 34.4g. The average intake of calorie, protein, Ca, Fe, thiamin, riboflavin and niacin except Vit. A and Vit. C was below the RDA. Total calorie intake was l,802kcal. The ratio of carbohydrate, protein and fat was 81:11:8. 2) The extent of malnutrition was explained in terms of the amount of calorie, protein, Ca, Fe, and Vit. C. The predicted percentage of deficiency was 47.3% in calorie, 46.4% in protein, 61.8% in Ca, 48.2% in Fe, and 15.5% in Vit C of total subjects. 3) The mean values of Hgb, Hct and MCHC were 13.15g/dl, 39.57% and 33.2%, thus, the anemic prevalences were 10.9%, 2% and 78.2% respectively. The mean values of SI.TIBCand TS were $109.86{\mu}g$/61, $317.11{\mu}g/dl$ and 34.59%. 4) The correlation between the economic levels and nutrients intake was significant. Correlation between weight and nutrients intake was also significant but nutrients intake was not significantly correlated to blood contents.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.341-349
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of regular treadmill running on GLUT4 protein of skeletal muscle in STZ-diabetic rats. I used 19 male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 140 to 160 grams. Rats were randomly assigned into normal, diabetes(DM) and DE(DE) groups. The exercise was loaded with treadmill running for 5 days per week during 4 weeks. All experimental procedures were carried out following overnight fasting 48 hours after last exercise. Gain(gm) in body weight in DM rats(822.4) was lowered compared to normal rats(1092.8), and decreased by exercise. Plasma glucose concentration(mg/dl) in DM rats was 1433.1 which is higher than that of normal group of 1036.4. The concentration of DE group was lower than that of DM rats. Plasma insulin concentration(${\mu}U/ml$) of DM and DE rats was significantly lowerd compared to normal rats. There was no difference of plasma concentrations of FFA and HDL cholesterol among noraml, DM and DE groups. Plasma triglyceride concentration(mg/dl) was significantly highered in DM group compared to those of DM group, the concentration of DE group was lower. Glycogen concentration(mg/gm wet weight) of the plantaris muscle in DM and DE groups was significantly reduced compared to normal group. Glucose transporter 4(GLUT4) protein of soleus was analyzed by Western blot. In DM group, the GLUT4 protein level was markdly decreased compared to normal group, but the level was recovered to the level of normal group by 4 weeks treadmill running. In conclusion, the insulin resistance induced by STZ administration was partially improved by 4 weeks physical training in rats.