• Mycobiology
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.76-86
• /
• 2019

Scab disease caused by Venturia nashicola is of agroeconomic importance in cultivation of Asian pear. However, little is known about the degree of genetic diversity in the populations of this pathogen. In this study, we collected 55 isolates from pear scab lesions in 13 major cultivation areas in Korea and examined the diversity using sequences of internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, ${\beta}$-tubulin (TUB2), and translation elongation factor-$1{\alpha}$ ($TEF-1{\alpha}$) genes as molecular markers. Despite a low level of overall sequence variation, we found three distinctive subgroups from phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS, TUB2, and $TEF-1{\alpha}$ sequences. Among the three subgroups, subgroup 1 (60% of isolates collected) was predominant compared to subgroup 2 (23.6%) or subgroup 3 (16.4%) and was distributed throughout Korea. To understand the genetic diversity among the subgroups, RAPD analysis was performed. The isolates yielded highly diverse amplicon patterns and none of the defined subgroups within the dendrogram were supported by bootstrap values greater than 30%. Moreover, there is no significant correlation between the geographical distribution and the subgroups defined by molecular phylogeny. Our data suggest a low level of genetic diversification among the populations of V. nashicola in Korea.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
• /
• v.40 no.3
• /
• pp.194-202
• /
• 2021

BACKGROUND: Towards achievement of sustainable agriculture, using microbial inoculants may present promising alternatives without adverse environmental effects; however, there are challenging issues that should be addressed in terms of effectiveness and ecology. Viability and stability of the bacterial inoculants would be one of the major issues in effectiveness of microbial pesticide uses, and the changes within the indigenous microbial communities by the inoculants would be an important factor influencing soil ecology. Here we investigated the stability of the introduced bacterial strains in the soils planted with barley and its effect on the diversity shifts of the rhizosphere soil bacteria. METHODS AND RESULTS: Two different types of bacterial strains of Bacillus thuringiensis and Shewanella oneidensis MR-1 were inoculated to the soils planted with barley. To monitor the stability of the inoculated bacterial strains, genes specific to the strains (XRE and mtrA) were quantified by qPCR. In addition, bacterial community analyses were performed using v3-v4 regions of 16S rRNA gene sequences from the barley rhizosphere soils, which were analyzed using Illumina MiSeq system and Mothur. Alpha- and beta-diversity analyses indicated that the inoculated rhizosphere soils were grouped apart from the uninoculated soil, and plant growth also may have affected the soil bacterial diversity. CONCLUSION: Regardless of the survival of the introduced non-native microbes, non-indigenous bacteria may influence the soil microbial community and diversity.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
• /
• v.12 no.4
• /
• pp.211-225
• /
• 2021

Purpose - This study deals with the Openness to Diversity(OD) of soldiers in the military organization for efficient unit operation of the military organization composed of various soldier. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of information and value OD on innovative behavior and the mediating effect of unit-members trust. Design/methodology/approach - The 269 samples of this study were surveyed on army soldiers. The Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA), the multiple regression, bootstraping analysis were hired in order to analyze the data. Findings - The results showed that the information & value OD were positive(+) effect on innovative behavior. Unit-members trust showed a mediation effect between OD and innovative behavior. Research implications or Originality - First, according to Defense Reform 2.0, the military is expected to be composed of more diverse classes in the future. There is a theoretical contribution that examine their perception of diversity within the military. Second, OD was confirmed as a variable predicting the innovative behavior of soldiers and unit-memeber trust mediate the relationship between OD and invative behavior.

• Culinary science and hospitality research
• /
• v.23 no.5
• /
• pp.140-150
• /
• 2017

The purpose of the study was to provide useful implications for management of dessert cafe by discovering selection attributes for product satisfaction and long-term orientation. Using SPSS 22.0 and AMOS 220 Version, the collected data from customers of dessert cafe in Seoul and metropolitan areas were analyzed for frequency analysis, exploratory factor analysis, confirmatory factor analysis, reliability analysis, and covariance structure analysis. As results of hypothesis verification, firstly, service standard and product diversity had a significant effect on product satisfaction of dessert cafe. Secondly, tastes and nutrients influenced positively long-term orientation of dessert cafe. Meanwhile, service standard, mood, and product diversity did not have a significant effect on long-term orientation. Thirdly, product satisfaction affected positively long-term orientation. The results of the study provided useful implications for management of dessert cafe.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.1-10
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate factors and variables which have significant effects on landscape satisfaction of urban pedestrian road in Bun-dang new town and to suggest basic information for urban pedestrian road design. These works consist of two phase. First, we tested the Hye-Cheon college students' degree of landscape satisfaction for 37 spots of urban pedestrian road and then selected 10 sports slide by the Sturges' formula. Second, we analysed factors and variables on landscape satisfaction of urban pedestrian road using the semantic differential scale method and then processed using descriptive analysis, factor analysis and multiple linear regression analysis. The major findings of this study can be summarized as follows; 1) The difference of landscape adjectives between the highest score of landscape satisfaction slide and the lowest score landscape satisfaction slide were diversity of vegetation, plenty of the shade of a tree, naturalness and cleanness. 2) Diversity of vegetation, width of road, freedom of danger and diversity of environment can be significant variables of major effects on landscape satisfaction of urban pedestrian road by using the multiple linear regression analysis. 3) Factors covering the landscape satisfaction of urban pedestrian road have been found to be Environment of urban pedestrian road and Constitution of urban pedestrian road. By using the Varimaxs' rotation factor analysis for the number of factors' cumulative percentage has been obtained as 64%. 4) Environment of urban pedestrian road and Constitution of urban pedestrian road can be significant factors of major effects on landscape satisfaction of urban pedestrian road by using the multiple linear regression analysis. In conclusion, the landscape satisfaction factors and variables of urban pedestrian road need to be considered in plan or design the urban pedestrian road.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
• /
• v.23 no.3
• /
• pp.323-336
• /
• 2021

This study investigated the cognitive process of fashion design images through eye activity tracking. Differences in the cognitive process and gaze activity according to image elements were confirmed. The results of the study are as follows. First, a difference was found between groups in the gaze time for each section according to the model and design. Although model diversity is an important factor leading the interest of observers, the simplicity of the model was deemed more effective for observing the design. Second, the examination of the differences by segments regarding the gaze weight of the image area showed differences for each group. When a similar type of model is repeated, the proportion of face recognition decreases, and the proportion of design recognition time increases. Conversely, when the model diversity is high, the same amount of time is devoted to recognizing the model's face in all the processes. Additionally, there was a difference in the gaze activity in recognizing the same design according to the type of model. These results enabled the confirmation of the importance of the model as an image recognition factor in fashion design. In the fashion industry, it is important to find a cognitive factor that attracts and retains consumers' attention. If the design recognition effect is further maximized by finding service points to be utilized, the brand's sustainability is expected to be enhanced even in the rapidly changing fashion industry.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.40 no.1
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 2016

Background: In order to evaluate the effect of pH, known as a critical factor for shaping the biogeographical microbial patterns in the studies by others, on the bacterial diversity, we selected two sites in a similar geographical location (site 1; north latitude 35.3, longitude 127.8, site 2; north latitude 35.2, longitude 129.2) and compared their soil bacterial diversity between them. The mountain soil at site 1 (Jiri National Park) represented naturally acidic but almost pollution free (pH 5.2) and that at site 2 was neutral but exposed to the pollutants due to the suburban location of a big city (pH 7.7). Methods: Metagenomic DNAs from soil bacteria were extracted and amplified by PCR with 27F/518R primers and pyrosequenced using Roche 454 GS FLX Titanium. Results: Bacterial phyla retrieved from the soil at site 1 were more diverse than those at site 2, and their bacterial compositions were quite different: Almost half of the phyla at site 1 were Proteobacteria (49 %), and the remaining phyla were attributed to 10 other phyla. By contrast, in the soil at site 2, four main phyla (Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Proteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria) composed 94 %; the remainder was attributed to two other phyla. Furthermore, when bacterial composition was examined on the order level, only two Burkholderiales and Rhizobiales were found at both sites. So depending on pH, the bacterial community in soil at site 1 differed from that at site 2, and although the acidic soil of site 1 represented a non-optimal pH for bacterial growth, the bacterial diversity, evenness, and richness at this site were higher than those found in the neutral pH soil at site 2. Conclusions: These results and the indices regarding diversity, richness, and evenness examined in this study indicate that pH alone might not play a main role for bacterial diversity in soil.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
• /
• v.4 no.5
• /
• pp.819-835
• /
• 2010

In this paper, two selection relaying schemes are proposed and compared with each other in terms of packet error rate (PER) and diversity order. Moreover, the comparison is performed over two different fading environments including fast and slow fading environments in which the diversity order is considered as the important factor to reach the decision which scheme is suitable for each fading environment. Numerical results validate the analytical results and indicate significant differences on the PER performance of two schemes over two fading environments.

• Advances in Computational Design
• /
• v.1 no.3
• /
• pp.275-296
• /
• 2016

This article presents an adaptive directional differential evolution (ADDE) algorithm and its application in solving discrete sizing truss optimization problems. The algorithm is featured by a new self-adaptation approach and a simple directional strategy. In the adaptation approach, the mutation operator is adjusted in accordance with the change of population diversity, which can well balance between global exploration and local exploitation as well as locate the promising solutions. The directional strategy is based on the order relation between two difference solutions chosen for mutation and can bias the search direction for increasing the possibility of finding improved solutions. In addition, a new scaling factor is introduced as a vector of uniform random variables to maintain the diversity without crossover operation. Numerical results show that the optimal solutions of ADDE are as good as or better than those from some modern metaheuristics in the literature, while ADDE often uses fewer structural analyses.

• Journal of Distribution Science
• /
• v.17 no.9
• /
• pp.117-125
• /
• 2019

Purpose - We investigate how to increase consumer incentives to buy public offering funds, resulting in activating the public offering fund market. In particular, this study aims to find ways to expand diversity and to improve efficiency of public offering fund. The public fund market of Korea has been stagnant in recent years. However, the public offering fund market plays a very significant role in terms of consumer welfare. Since only a few wealthy investors can participate in the private equity market, the stagnation in the public offering fund market usually reduces the opportunity of consumer's buying funds thus ultimately affecting their future wealth. Research design, data, and methodology - To attain our purpose, the 'factor-based portfolio strategy' has been considered. It is an alternative portfolio strategy, which composites the advantages of the passive management and active management. For our empirical anaylsis, we used global stock distribution market data over the period of 1991 and 2016. Then we constructed portfolios based on firm-size, firm-value, and momentum. Finally, a regression model was set, then hypotheses were tested, analyzing the performances. Results - First, among the 15 factor-based portfolios of global, Europe, Asia-Pacific(ex Japan), US and Japan, in eight portfolios, positive excess returns are observed at 5% significance level. Further, there is another portfolio with positive excess return at 10% significance level. Second, most of the portfolios with significant excess performance show positive relationship with the market portfolio. However, the firm-value based portfolio in Asia-Pacific region shows no relationship, and the firm-value based portfolio in US shows negative relationship. Third, we confirmed that the two firm-value factor portfolios in Asia-Pacific region and US, not having positive relationship with market portfolio, provide significant excess returns. Conclusions - In this paper, we provide empirical evidences supporting that the factor-based portfolios expand the diversity of funds and improve the efficiency of investment performance. However, there is no guarantee that the efficiency will continue in the future. In addition, various constraints and costs must be considered. Nevertheless, our novel findings in the advanced financial market such as US and Asia-Pacific are very interesting and offers important implications.