• MALSORI
• /
• no.37
• /
• pp.73-85
• /
• 1999

The prosodic characteristics of Korean particles in read speech were examined in this paper based on K-ToBI labeling system in order to see whether they are prosodically weak form like functions words in English. Acoustic measurements and statistical analysis were done focusing on the distribution of particles over a variety of prosodic positions, prosodic positional effects on the phonetic realization of particles, and acoustic strength of particles compared to those of their surrounding syllables. The panicles were distributed rather equally over all 4 prosodic positions with the highest frequency at IP-medial/AP-final position and the lowest at IP-medial/AP-medial position except that topic marker 'Un/nUn' showed preference for IP-final/AP-final position. There was a significant prosodic positional effect on the duration and F0 of the particles. Duration was the longest at IP-final/AP-final position and interestingly, at IP-medial/AP-medial position while F0 was the highest at IP-final/AP-medial Position as expected. The comparison of the acoustic properties of the particles with those of neighbor syllables showed that duration was generally significantly longer and energy also showed larger values, if not significant, in particles suggesting that the particles in Korean are not prosodically weaker like function words in English.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.56 no.4
• /
• pp.1027-1039
• /
• 2019

The concept of jump concerns the distribution of $Tur{\acute{a}}n$ densities. A number ${\alpha}\;{\in}\;[0,1)$ is a jump for r if there exists a constant c > 0 such that if the $Tur{\acute{a}}n$ density of a family $\mathfrak{F}$ of r-uniform graphs is greater than ${\alpha}$, then the $Tur{\acute{a}}n$ density of $\mathfrak{F}$ is at least ${\alpha}+c$. To determine whether a number is a jump or non-jump has been a challenging problem in extremal hypergraph theory. In this paper, we give a way to generate non-jumps for hypergraphs. We show that if ${\alpha}$, ${\beta}$ are non-jumps for $r_1$, $r_2{\geq}2$ respectively, then $\frac{{\alpha}{\beta}(r_1+r_2)!r_1^{r_1}r_2^{r_2}}{r_1!r_2!(r_1+R_2)^{r_1+r_2}}$ is a non-jump for $r_1+r_2$. We also apply the Lagrangian method to determine the $Tur{\acute{a}}n$ density of the extension of the (r - 3)-fold enlargement of a 3-uniform matching.

• Infection and chemotherapy
• /
• v.50 no.4
• /
• pp.328-339
• /
• 2018

Background: Pneumococcal disease is a major cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, especially in patients with comorbidities and advanced age. This study evaluated trends in epidemiology of adult pneumococcal disease in Crete, Greece, by identifying serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance of consecutive Streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from adults during an 8-year time period (2009-2016) and the indirect effect of the infant pneumococcal higher-valent conjugate vaccines 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV10) and 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13). Materials and Methods: Antimicrobial susceptibility was performed by E-test and serotyping by Quellung reaction. Multidrug resistance (MDR) was defined as non-susceptibility to penicillin (PNSP) combined with resistance to ${\geq}2$ non-${\beta}$-lactam antimicrobials. Results: A total of 135 S. pneumoniae strains were isolated from adults during the study period. Twenty-one serotypes were identified with 17F, 15A, 3, 19A, and 11A, being the most common. The coverage rates of PCV10, and PCV13 were 17.8% and 37.8%, respectively. PCV13 serotypes decreased significantly from 68.4% in 2009 to 8.3% in 2016 (P = 0.002). The most important emerging non-PCV13 serotypes were 17F, 15A, and 11A, with 15A being strongly associated with antimicrobial resistance and MDR. Among all study isolates, penicillin-resistant and MDR strains represented 7.4% and 14.1%, respectively. Predominant PNSP serotypes were 19A (21.7%), 11A (17.4%), and 15A (17.4%). Erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and levofloxacin resistant rates were 30.4%, 15.6%, 16.3%, 16.3%, and 1.5%, respectively. Conclusion: Although pneumococcal disease continues to be a health burden in adults in Crete, our study reveals a herd protection effect of the infant pneumococcal higher-valent conjugate vaccination. Surveillance of changes in serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance among pneumococcal isolates are necessary to guide optimal prevention and treatment strategies.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.14
• /
• pp.5701-5707
• /
• 2014

Background: Salivary gland tumours, which account for approximately 3% of head-neck cancers, are a heterogeneous group and thus it is difficult to identify their epidemiological characteristics. The aim of this study is to determine demographic features and histopathologic distribution of parotid neoplasms in a large sample from Turkey. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted retrospectively on 136 parotidectomy materials from operations between May 2009-May 2013. Age, gender, tumor diameter, histopathological diagnosis and surgical margin status were recorded. Results: The benign cases were 112 (82.4%), while the malignancies were 24 (17.6%). The accuracy rate of FNAC was 91%. There were 46 (33.8%) male and 90 (66.2%) female patients. Female/male ratio (M/F=0.5) was two, the Warthin (WT) tumor being more apparent in males (p<0.05). Pleomorphic adenoma (PA) was detected most frequently among benign pathologies at 61.6% (69/112), while the Warthin Tumor (WT) was detected as the second most frequent tumor at 20.5% (23/112). Mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC) and carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma (Ca ex PA) were detected at equal frequency at 20.8% (5/24) among malign tumors. These were followed by acinic cell carcinoma at 16.7% (4/24). While the surgical margin was positive in ten patients with malignant tumors (41.7%), all of the benign tumors were negative (p<0.01). No significant difference was detected in the age-gender of patients, tumor size and distribution of sites among benign and malignant groups (p>0.05). Conclusions: Pleomorphic adenoma is the most frequently reported benign tumor almost in all global literature. Yet, the distribution of malignant tumors displays geographical differences. Based on these data, we believe that our findings will provide a significant contribution to future epidemiological studies. We think that it will be beneficial to generate awareness on parotid tumors and ensure a fight against smoking as with all head-neck cancers.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.33 no.2 s.90
• /
• pp.162-175
• /
• 2000

The present study was carried out to clarify the distribution of rotifera with salinity variation during the period from February 1998 to July 1999. Rotifera consists of 27 genera and 88 species, from the maximum occurrence of 39 species in November, 1998 to the minimum of 21 species March, 1998. With 32 dominant species, Keratella cochlearis cochlearis, K. cochlearis f. tecta, Ascomorpha saltans saltans and Asplanchna (s. str.) priodonta priodonta occurred predominantly. Distribution of Rotifera related to salinity showed that 36 species occurred in the freshwater zone, 3 species in the mixo-oligohaline zone ($0.5{\sim}5.0%_o$) and mixo-mesohaline zone ($5.1{\sim}28.0%_o$) respectively, on the other hand 2 species (Asplanhna (s. str.) priodonta priodonta, Synchaeta oblonga) in all zones. Average abundance by salinity ranged from $1,273\;ind./m^3$ ($25.0{\sim}28.0%_o$ to $16,259\;ind./m^3$ ($15.1{\sim}20.0%_o$. The percentage composition calculated effect by stepwise multiple regression of the pearson correlation coefficient value of environmental factors and Rotifera abundance (station $1{\sim}4$) revealed that it was 74.32% in BOD, 72.15% in COD, 69.77% in conductivity, 65.87% in $Cl^-$ and 58.27% in chlorophyll a. Also, (Station $5{\sim}12$) revealed 9.11% in $Cl^-$, 7.67% in TP and 6.20% in chlorophyll a.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.18-24
• /
• 2004

Ni-Zn ferrite powder was synthesized from metal nitrates, Fe(N $O_3$)$_3$$.$9 $H_2$O, Ni(N $O_3$)$_2$$.$6 $H_2$O, Zn(N $O_3$)$_2$$.$6 $H_2$O by wet direct process to make high permeability material. The composition of the ferrite powder is (N $i_{0.284}$F $e_{0.053}$Z $n_{0.663}$)F $e_2$ $O_4$. Ni-Zn ferrite powder is compounded by precipitating metal nitrates with NaOH in vessel at 90$^{\circ}C$ synthetic temperature for 8 hours. Calcination temperature and sintering temperature were 700$^{\circ}C$ and 1150$^{\circ}C$-1250$^{\circ}C$ respectively for 2 hours. The same compound powder was extracted from metal oxide by wet ballmilling. We compared the properties of powder and the electromagnetic characteristics of the sintered cores obtained from the two different processes. Wet direct process produces smaller particle size with narrower distribution and higher purified ferrite which cores has high permeability and high magnetization.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
• /
• v.27 no.5
• /
• pp.291-300
• /
• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the relationship of occurrence and distribution of Eupatorium rugosum by forest types and soil characteristics in Mt. Namsan in Seoul, Korea. E. rugosum is designated as a harmful non-indigenous plant in ecosystem by the Natural Environment Conservation Act in Korea. E. rugosum grew along roadside and in valleys with some favorable light conditions. E. rugosum occurred in aggregations under Pinus densiflora and Robinia pseudoacacia communities. And it was sparse in forests of Quercus mongolica and P. koraiensis. The representative herb layer species were Oplismenus undulatifolius, and Parthenocissus tricuspidata in the E. rugosum communities. There was a significantly negative correlation between the coverage of E. rugosum and the coverage of tree layer. However, the result of ANOVA of E. rugosum coverage by dominant species of tree layers did not show a significant difference (p>0.05). The level of soil moisture content, organic content, and pH, was slightly higher in communities with E. rugosum than without, but it was statistically non-significant difference. However, it was found that the coverage of E. rugosum was very significantly negative correlated with the depth of top soil profile (litter and fermentation layer, p<0.05).

• Journal of Korean Dental Science
• /
• v.4 no.2
• /
• pp.46-51
• /
• 2011

Purpose: For aesthetic reasons, composite resin brackets are widely used. However, related studies are rare. This pilot study sought to compare the stress distributions in two commercially available composite resin brackets with metal slot. Materials and Methods: Two commercially available resin brackets -- full-metal slot resin bracket (fSRB) and partial-metal slot resin bracket (pSRB) with straight wire appliance dimension of $0.022{\times}0.028$ in -- were selected. In each bracket, 3-dimensional finite element models were constructed, and stress level was evaluated using finite element analysis. By loading the tipping force and torsion moment, which are similar to those applied by the stainless steel rectangular wire ($0.019{\times}0.025$ -in), stress distributions were calculated, and von Mises stress values were obtained. Results: In pSRB and fSRB, the stress value of the torque moment was much higher than that of the tipping force. The pSRB showed higher stress value than fSRB in both tipping force and torque moment because of the difference in size and configuration of the metal frame inserted into the slot. More stress was also found to be concentrated on the slot area than the wing area in fSRB. Conclusion: The slot form of fSRB was found to be more resistant to the stress of tipping and torque than the slot form of pSRB. In addition, the slot areas -- rather than the wing areas -- of the bracket showed breakage susceptibility. Therefore, resistance to the torque moment on the slot area should be considered in bracket design.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.251-261
• /
• 2013

Hwagae area, which is situated in the southeastern part of the Jirisan province, Yeongnam massif, Korea, is mainly composed of Precambrian Jirisan metamorphic rock complex (JMRC). Lithofacies distribution of the Precambrian constituent rocks mainly shows NS-trending tight fold and EW-trending open fold. This paper researched deformational phased structural characteristics of JMRC based on the geometric and kinematic features and the forming sequence of multi-deformed rock structures, and suggests that the geological structure of this area was formed through at least three phases of ductile deformation. (1) Most of structural elements related to the $D_1$ deformation were recognized as $S_{0-1-2}$ composite foliation which was transposed by the $D_2$ deformation. (2) The $D_2$ deformation occurred under the EW-directed tectonic compression, and formed the NS-trending $F_2$ fold and $D_2$ ductile shear zone which is (sub)parallel to the axial plane of $F_2$ fold. (3) The $D_3$ deformation occurred under the NS-directed tectonic compression, and partially reoriented the pre-$D_3$ structural elements into ENE or WNW direction. It indicates that the distribution of Precambrian lithofacies showing NS and EW-trending folds in the Hwagae area is closely associated with the $D_2$ and $D_3$ deformations, respectively.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society for Energy Engineering kosee Conference
• /
• 1993.05a
• /
• pp.64-69
• /
• 1993

The solar energy collection of a passive solar system depends on the finish of collecting surfaces. In this study, the test models of T.W system with different wall surface finishes were constructed, and the temperature distribution through the models was monitored. At the same time, a computer program based on F.D.M was developed in order to simulate various surface finishes. The difference of indoor temperature between the model with white color finish ($\alpha$=0.25) and the one with black color finish ($\alpha$=0.95) was about 1$0^{\circ}C$. For the wall with selective coating, the indoor temperature was 4-5$^{\circ}C$ higher than that of red brick wall, and 3-4$^{\circ}C$ higher than that of wall with black paint.