• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.31-37
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• 2021

The fundamental frequency, or f0, is an important acoustic measure in the prosody of human speech. The current study examined the f0 distribution of a corpus of spontaneous speech in order to provide normative data for Korean speakers. The corpus consists of 40 speakers talking freely about their daily activities and their personal views. Praat scripts were created to collect f0 values, and a majority of obvious errors were corrected manually by watching and listening to the f0 contour on a narrow-band spectrogram. Statistical analyses of the f0 distribution were conducted using R. The results showed that the f0 values of all the Korean speakers were right-skewed, with a pointy distribution. The speakers produced spontaneous speech within a frequency range of 274 Hz (from 65 Hz to 339 Hz), excluding statistical outliers. The mode of the total f0 data was 102 Hz. The female f0 range, with a bimodal distribution, appeared wider than that of the male group. Regression analyses based on age and f0 values yielded negligible R-squared values. As the mode of an individual speaker could be predicted from the median, either the median or mode could serve as a good reference for the individual f0 range. Finally, an analysis of the continuous f0 points of intonational phrases revealed that the initial and final segments of the phrases yielded several f0 measurement errors. From these results, we conclude that an examination of a spontaneous speech corpus can provide linguists with useful measures to generalize acoustic properties of f0 variability in a language by an individual or groups. Further studies would be desirable of the use of statistical measures to secure reliable f0 values of individual speakers.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.17-25
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• 2023

이 논문은 국립국어원에서 배포한 한국인 대화 음성 말뭉치에서 화자의 성대의 진동을 나타내는 fundamental frequency(f0)값을 측정해서 한국인이 일상 대화를 할 때 f0값의 기초적인 통계자료를 살펴보고, 나이와 f0값의 분포는 어떤 관계를 보이는지를 조사했다. 연구자료 수집과 분석은 Praat과 R을 이용했고, 개인별 억양구마다 상자도를 구하고 사분위값을 활용하여 극단값을 제거하는 방법으로 최종 f0값 자료를 구했다. 그 결과 전체 한국인들의 f0값의 평균값은 185 Hz이고 중앙값은 187 Hz로 나왔다. 자료의 분포모양을 나타내는 왜도는 0.11의 정적분포를 보였고, 첨도는 -0.09로 정상분포에 거의 가까운 모양을 보였다. 일상대화의 피치값의 변화범위로는 238 Hz로 나타났다. 남녀 간의 f0값의 차이는 남성의 중앙값 114 Hz의 거의 두 배에 해당하는 199 Hz가 여성의 중앙값으로 나타났고 t검증결과 유의미한 차이를 보였다. 분포모양을 나타내는 왜도는 남성이 1.24이었고, 여성은 그것의 반에 해당하는 0.58이었다. 첨도는 남녀집단 각각 5.21과 3.88로 나타나 남성의 값이 34% 정도 더 뾰족한 모양을 보였다. 연령대별로는 남녀집단을 합하여 볼 때, 나이가 들수록 f0값이 서서히 내려가는 경향을 보였다. 연령대별 f0중앙값과 나이 간의 회귀분석을 실행한 결과 기울기가 남성집단에서는 0.15, 여성집단에서는 -0.586으로 서로 반대되는 경향을 기록했다. 결론적으로, 대규모 참여자가 녹음한 대화 음성에서 한국인의 집단별 연령별 다양한 f0분포를 규명할 수 있지만, 나이와 f0관계는 더 정밀한 자료수집이 필요함을 알 수 있었다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.11-16
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• 2024

The fundamental frequency (f0), representing an acoustic measure of vocal fold vibration, serves as an indicator of the speaker's emotional state and language-specific pattern in daily conversations. This study aimed to examine the f0 distribution in an English corpus of spontaneous speech, establishing normative data for American speakers. The corpus involved 40 participants engaging in free discussions on daily activities and personal viewpoints. Using Praat, f0 values were collected filtering outliers after removing nonspeech sounds and interviewer voices. Statistical analyses were performed with R. Results indicated a median f0 value of 145 Hz for all the speakers. The f0 values for all speakers exhibited a right-skewed, pointy distribution within a frequency range of 216 Hz from 75 Hz to 339 Hz. The female f0 range was wider than that of males, with a median of 113 Hz for males and 181 Hz for females. This spontaneous speech corpus provides valuable insights for linguists into f0 variation among individuals or groups in a language. Further research is encouraged to develop analytical and statistical measures for establishing reliable f0 standards for the general population.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.1541-1565
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• 2020

Let f be a meromorphic function of finite order ρ with few poles in the sense S_λ(r, f) := O(r^λ+ε) + S(r, f), where λ < ρ and ε ∈ (0, ρ - λ), and let g(f) := Σ^k_j=1b_j(z)f^(k_j)(z + c_j) be a linear delay-differential polynomial of f with small meromorphic coefficients b_j in the sense S_λ(r, f). The zero distribution of fⁿ(g(f))^s - b₀ is considered in this paper, where b₀ is a small function in the sense S_λ(r, f).

• 수산해양기술연구
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• 제46권4호
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• pp.458-465
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• 2010

Hundreds of Steller sea lions, Eumetopias jubatus, migrate from Sakhalin and the northern Kuril Islands to Hokkaido every winter. During this migration, they may use their roaring sounds to navigate and to maintain their groups. We recorded the roars of wild Steller sea lions that had landed on reefs on the west coast of Hokkaido, and those of captive sea lions, while making video recordings. A total of 300 roars of wild sea lions and 870 roars of captive sea lions were sampled. The fundamental frequency ($F_0$), formant frequency ($F_1$), pulse repetition rate (PRR), and duration of syllables (T) were analyzed using a sonagraph. $F_0$, $F_1$, and PRR of the roars emitted by captive sea lions increased in the order male, female, and juvenile. By contrast, the $F_1$ of wild males was lower than that of females, while the $F_0$ and PRR of wild males and females did not differ statistically. Moreover, the $F_0$ and $F_1$ frequencies for captive sea lions were higher than those of wild sea lions, while PRR in captive sea lions was lower than in wild sea lions. Since there was a linear relationship between body length and the $F_0$ and $F_1$ frequencies in captive sea lions, the body length distribution of wild sea lions could be estimated from the $F_0$ and $F_1$ frequency distribution using a regression equation. These results roughly agree with the body length distribution derived from photographic geometry. As the volume of the oral cavity and the length of the vocal cords are generally proportional to body length, sampled roars can provide useful information about a population, such as the body length distribution and sex ratio.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.443-454
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• 2010

In this paper, we investigate the zeros distribution and Borel direction for the solutions of linear homogeneous differential equation $f^{(n)}+A_{n-2}(z)f^{(n-2)}+{\cdots}+A_1(z)f'+A_0(z)f=0(n{\geq}2)$ in an angular domain. Especially, we establish a relation between a cluster ray of zeros and Borel direction.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.848-858
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• 2016

국내 삼계탕 제조업체에서의 스팀식 레토르트기내 위치별 $F_0$ 분포를 조사하고 이에 따라 시료를 3가지 $F_0$값(10~20, 20~30, 및 >30) 수준으로 구분하여, 처리구별 품질 차이를 확인하였다. $F_0$값의 수준이 높아질수록 삼계탕 가슴부위육의 육수에서의 무기질 함량, 육의 $L^*$과 $b^*$ 값, 죽과 육에서의 소화율 및 육수의 탁도는 증가하는 경향을 보였고, 육에서의 유리 아미노산 함량과 가슴살과 뼈의 경도는 오히려 유의적으로 낮아지는 경향을 보였다. 전자코로 측정된 육수와 가슴살의 향기 패턴은 시료에 따라 큰 차이를 나타냈다. 관능학적 평가 결과 높은 $F_0$값으로 처리할수록 색, 이취, 조직감 및 향미 등 모든 지표 값이 낮아지는 경향이 확인되었는데, 특히 T3 시료의 색과 조직감은 T1과 T2시료에서보다 확실히 열등하게 평가되었다. 따라서 삼계탕의 품질 열화를 줄이기 위해서는 가능한 한 최소한의 $F_0$값 처리가 요구되며, 이를 위해서는 레토르트기의 우수한 성능과 효율성이 보장되고 이와 관련한 각 공장에 적합한 살균기술의 표준화가 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국식품저장유통학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.491-499
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• 2014

본 연구는 레토르트 삼계탕을 멸균 조건을 달리하여 실온 저장하면서 물리화학적 또는 관능학적 변화를 관찰하고 적정 가열 처리 조건을 파악하기 위해 실시하였다. $F_0$값을 4, 7과 10으로 각각 달리하여 레토르트 삼계탕을 제조한 후 $25^{\circ}C$에서 12개월 동안 저장하며 물리화학적 품질 변화를 비교하였다. 저장기간 중 삼계탕의 pH는 저장기간에 따라 감소하는 경향을 나타낸 반면, VBN, 카보닐, TBARS, 점도, 경도 값과 산소 농도 비율은 $F_0$값 수준이 높아질수록 증가하는 경향을 보였다. 관능검사 결과 F10 처리구의 12개월 후 조직감 항목을 제외한 모든 시료들에서 상품성 한계치인 5.0 이상으로 평가되었다. 종합적으로 $F_0$값 수준이 높을수록 제조 직후 및 저장 과정 중 레토르트 삼계탕의 품질열화 정도가 심하다는 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서 삼계탕의 저장 중 품질 저하를 줄이고 안전성을 보장하는 적정 멸균 조건으로 제품을 생산하기 위한 기술개발이 필요할 것으로 사료된다.

• 품질경영학회지
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.11-21
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• 1997

The mean residual life(MRL) function gives the expected remaining life of a item at age t. In particular F is said to be an increasing intially then decreasing MRL(IDMRL) distribution if there exists a turing point $t^*\ge0$ such that m(s)$\le$ m(t) for 0$$\le s$\le$ t $t^*$, m(s)$\ge$ m(t) for $t^*\le$ s$\le$ t. If the preceding inequality is reversed, F is said to be a decreasing initially then increasing MRL(DIMRL) distribution. Hawkins, et al.(1992) proposed test of H0 : F is exponential versus$H_1$: F is IDMRL, and $H_0$ versus $H_1$' : F is DIMRL when turning point is unknown. Their test is based on a complete random sample $X_1$, …, $X_n$ from F. In this paper, we generalized Hawkins-Kochar-Loader test to random censored data.

• 대한음성학회지:말소리
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• 제52호
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• pp.1-14
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• 2004

In this study, we investigated acoustic characteristics of imitated utterances by a professional voice imitator, focusing on prosodic properties such as vowel formants and f0 distribution. To see the patterns of a voice imitation by a professional voice imitator, we compared the imitator's voice data with target speakers' voice data. The professional imitator, Mr. Bae produced utterances imitating the former President Kim's, the comedian Choi's, and the singer Bae's voices. Auditorily, the imitator was judged to imitate all the target speakers' voices successfully. However, acoustic examination showed that the imitator was better at imitating the singer Bae's voice in that the imitator's and the singer Bae's voices are more alike with respect to vowel formants and f0 distribution. We infer this is because the imitator's normal voice is very similar to the singer Bae's voice. On the other hand, the imitator's voice data showed that the patterns of vowel formants and f0 distribution found in the imitator's imitation voices of the other two target speakers were different from those of target speakers' voices.