• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.26 no.12
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• pp.1002-1008
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• 2003

Ferulic acid (3-methoxy, 4-hydroxy cinnamic acid) is a flavoid component possessing antioxidant property. The compound is currently under development as a new drug candidate for the treatment of the dementia. The objective of this preformulation study was to determine the physicochemical properties of ferulic acid. The n-octanol to water partition coefficients of ferulic acid were 0.375 and 0.489 at the pHs of 3 and 10, respectively. Accelerated stability study for ferulic acid indicated that the t 90 value for the drug was estimated to be 459 days at $25^{\circ}C$. Ferulic acid was also found to be unstable under the relative humidity of more than 76%, probably because of the hygroscopic nature of the drug. In order to study compatibility of ferulic acid with typical excipients, potential change in differential scanning calorimetry spectrum was studied in 1: 1 binary mixtures of ferulic acid and typical pharmaceutical excipients (e.g., Aerosil, Avicel, CMC, Eudragit, lactose, PEG, PVP, starch and talc). Avicel, CMC, PVP and starch were found to be incompatible with ferulic acid, indicating the addition of these excipients may complicate the manufacturing of the formulation for the drug. Particle size distribution of ferulic acid powder was in the size range of 10-190 $\mu$m with the mean particle size of 61 $\mu$m. The flowability of ferulic acid was apparently inadequate, indicating the granulation may be necessary for the processing of the drug to solid dosage forms. Two polymorphic forms were obtained by recrystallization from various solvents used in formulation. New polymorphic form of ferulic acid, Form II, was obtained by recrystallization from 1,4-dioxane. The equilibrium solubility for Form I was approximately twice of that for Form II. The dissolution rate of Form II was higher than that of Form I in the early phase (<6 min). Therefore, these physicochemical information has to be taken in the consideration for the formulation of ferulic acid.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.1
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• pp.29-35
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• 2015

Sasa borealis (Hack.) Makino & Shibata is widely distributed in South Korea. With amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) markers, we analyzed the genetic diversity of S. borealis to predict and measure the phytogeographical factors of these populations. Relatively high levels of genetic diversity (PPL = 37.2%, h = 0.143, I = 0.205) and genetic differentiation ($G_{ST}$ = 0.324, ${\theta}^B$ = 0.395) were confirmed in populations of S. borealis. Moreover, an analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed that the rate of differentiation among the populations was 47.7%. The results showed that genetic diversity is inversely proportional to the latitude of the S. borealis populations, indicating that the distribution of S. borealis may have extended from lower to higher latitudes. This method of investigating the correlation between genetic diversity and latitude presents critical information for estimating changes in distributions and plant conservation due to climate change.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.12 no.11
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• pp.233-239
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• 2014

Ultra high-resolution content, the file size is very large, therefore existing encoding techniques, it is not possible to transmit via the network. Efficient use of the network encoder HEVC corporation can be transferred. Compression requires a lot of time because it requires a distributed transcoding system. Distributed transcoding system is a distributed data store, and then encoded using a large number of nodes. The disadvantage of distributed transcoding system for distributed information is exposed or vulnerable to attack by internal managers. In this paper, when the super high definition content transcoding, distributed transcoding system does not guarantee the confidentiality of the problem to solve. We are using SNA, HEVC encoded content data encrypted using the secret distributing scheme was. Consequently, secure shared transcoding is possible, the internal administrator could prevent the attack.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.365-377
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• 2011

This study aims at classifying and interpreting on the second forest vegetation located in Mt. Duryun affiliated to the ecotone in southern part of Korea, and foreseeing vegetation change based on component species and dominant species on canopy. The second forest vegetation is classified into 3 community units as Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community, Dendropanax morbiferus-Quercus acuta community and Chamaecyparis obtusa plantation. This research is also expatiated on the relationship between the distribution of communities and the environmental conditions. Quercus serrata-Quercus variabilis community will be succession horizontally and gradually from the part where Quercus variabilis is dominated relatively at first to the other part in the community, according to the component species of deciduous broad-leaved forest in the warm-temperate zone and evergreen broad-leaved forest as Camellietea japonicae.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.233-250
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• 2018

This study examined images typical to this city and explored ways to develop cultural products using these images. Researchers reviewed literature about fashion cultural products and related previous research, and then conducted a closed-ended survey to analyze universal fashion preferences. For the examination material, such a way was used as information data base and network review inside and outside the country, dissertation screen, and published media including separate volumes. The following are considering points in the developing process. First, the study identified design, color, price, practicality and quality as factors that should be taken into consideration when using the image of Gangneung. In particular, it determined that the image needs to reflect a modern sensibility while maximizing its representation of local culture. Second, Gangneung's symbolic image should incorporate the sea, Gyeongpo, and coffee. In other words, the sea, Gyeongpo, and coffee should receive top symbolic priority. Third, from a development perspective, the most appropriate items for displaying the image include t-shirts, keychains, umbrellas, or other accessories, since these items are easily available in terms of price. In sum, this study highlighted the necessity of reconsidering Gangneung's currents ymbolic image, suggesting that a new image should be developed. Developing a typical fashion cultural product image will enrich Gangneung's cultural industry and the distribution of newly designed products will improve the localeconomy.

• Journal of KIISE
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.213-219
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• 2015

Simulation is used these days to verify the hypothesis or the new technology. In particular, National Defense Modeling & Simulation (M&S) is used to predict wartime situation and conduct the military training. National Defense M&S can be divided into three parts, live simulation, virtual simulation, and constructive simulation. Live simulation is based on the real environment, which allows more realistic sumulation; however, it has decreased budget efficiency, but reduced depictions of reality. In contrast, virtual and constructive simulations which are based on the virtual environment, have increased budget efficiency, but reduced depictions of reality. Thus, if the three parts of the M&S are combined to make the L-V-C combined environment, the disadvantages of each simulation can be complemented to increases the quality of the simulation. In this paper, a method of interworking heterogeneous simulation middeware for L-V-C combined environment is proposed, and the test results of interworking between Data Distribution Service (DDS) and High Level Architecture (HLA) are shown.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.180-187
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• 2001

The structure of current guides is largely illogical and without any rational use of color ordering. The shade guides are generally made of plastic (rather than the actual composite material) and do not accurately depict the true shade. translucency. or opacity of the composite resin after polymerization. To solve this problem, information based on evaluations of natural teeth and material that use the same method and experimental conditions is necessary. The present investigation measured the color of natural maxillary anterior teeth in vivo and compared the results with those of composite resins. 269 Korean subjects were selected for this study. Intact central incisor. lateral incisor. and canine were selected. The clinical crowns were free of caries or restorations. The middle site of the coronal portion on the labial surface of the tooth was measured by Chroma Meter. The five light activated. resin-based materials (Amelogen, Denfil, Elitefil, Spectrum, Z100) were used in this study. Resin composite was condensed into plastic mold with a diameter of 8mm and a thickness of 4mm. pressed between glass plates to flatten the surfaces. and polymerized using a Visilux II visible light activation unit. The surfaces were polished sequentially on wet sandpaper. Color measurements of each specimen were accomplished by Chroma Meter. A computer program that compares each tooth color with each composite resin color was written and the minimum CIELAB color difference ($\Delta$E$^*$) between tooth and each material was calculated. Under the conditions of this study: 1. Teeth tend to become darker with advancing age. 2. Canines were darker. more yellow. and less green than incisors. 3. The teeth from the women were lighter. more green. and less yellow than the male teeth. 4. In general. composite resins were lighter. more green. and less yellow than teeth. Deficiencies were noted in Hues in YR range. 5. Mean color differences between the five composite resin products and teeth were detectable to the naked eye($\Delta$E$^*$>1.0). 6. In comparing the mean $\Delta$E$^*$ values of materials. Spectrum showed the least followed by Z100, Elitefil, Amelogen, Denfil in increasing order.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.191-203
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• 2010

"Bonchogyeongjipju(本草經集注)" is a pharmacological classic published in the Southern and Northern Dynasties(南北朝時代, 420-589 A.D.) in China by Dohonggyeong(陶弘景, 456-536 A.D.). In "Bonchogyeongjipju(本草經集注)", Dohonggyeong(陶弘景) edited "Sinnongbonchogyeong(神農本草經)", the earliest classical text about material medica containing notes for 365 drugs, by adding another 365 drugs and further information from "Myeong-uibyeollok(名醫別錄)" and writing extended commentaries on them. His commentaries include changes in the geographical distribution, identification of varieties and other various special characteristics. The original text had gradually disappeared after other pharmacological classics were published such as "Sinsuboncho(新修本草)", in Dang Dynasty(唐代), "Gyeongsajeungryubigeupboncho(經史證類備急本草)" in Song Dynasty(宋代). All of these books were based on "Bonchogyeongjipju(本草經集注)", so the original text can be seen indirectly through these later sources. In the early 1900's, a transcribed manuscript of the preface "Bonchogyeongjipju(本草經集注)" was found almost wholly preserved except the first three lines, in the Makgo(莫高) cave of Donhwang(敦煌). Broken strips of transcribed "Bonchogyeongjipju(本草經集注)" have also been excavated in Turfan[吐魯番], which shows its original form written in red and black ink. Mayanagi Makoto[眞柳誠] researched on Donhwang(敦煌) and Turfan[吐魯番] editions, ascertained their existence and explained their bibliographical and historical facts. Sangjigyun(尙志鈞) restored "Bonchogyeongjipju(本草經集注)" based on other related sources such as Donhwang(敦煌) and Turfan[吐魯番] editions. " Bonchogyeongjipju(本草經集注)" can be said as the locus classicus(典範) of herbal medicine, that is most of the following materia medica was based on it. It makes it possible to pass down "Sinnongbonchogyeong(神農本草經)" to posterity and provide a foundation for herbal medical development.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.557-568
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• 2014

This paper presents the results of an analysis of wind characteristics and atmosphere dispersion modeling that are based on computational simulation and part of a preliminary study evaluating environmental radiation monitoring system (ERMS) positions within the Barakah nuclear power plant (BNPP). The return period of extreme wind speed was estimated using the Weibull distribution over the life time of the BNPP. In the annual meteorological modeling, the winds from the north and west accounted for more than 90 % of the wind directions. Seasonal effects were not represented. However, a discrepancy in the tendency between daytime and nighttime was observed. Six variations of cesium-137 ($^{137}Cs$) dispersion test were simulated under severe accident condition. The $^{137}Cs$ dispersion was strongly influenced by the direction and speed of the main wind. A virtual receptor was set and calculated for observation of the $^{137}Cs$ movement and accumulation. The results of the surface roughness effect demonstrated that the deposition of $^{137}Cs$ was affected by surface condition. The results of these studies offer useful information for developing environmental radiation monitoring systems (ERMSs) for the BNPP and can be used to assess the environmental effects of new nuclear power plant.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.869-874
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• 2014

It was discovered in a Korean PWR that an extensive number of very short and shallow cracks in the SG tubes were undetectable by eddy current in-service-inspection because of the masking effect of sludge deposits. Axial stress corrosion cracks at the outside diameter of the steam generator tubes near the line contacts with the tube support plates are the major concern among the six identical Korean nuclear power plants having CE-type steam generators with Alloy 600 high temperature mill annealed tubes, HU3&4 and HB3~6. The tubes in HB3&4 have a less susceptible microstructure so that the onset of ODSCC was substantially delayed compared to HU3&4 whose tubes are most susceptible to ODSCC among the six units. The numbers of cracks detected by the eddy current inspection jumped drastically after the steam generators of HB4 were chemically cleaned. The purpose of the chemical cleaning was to mitigate stress corrosion cracking by removing the heavy sludge deposit, since a corrosive environment is formed in the occluded region under the sludge deposit. SGCC also enhances the detection capability of the eddy current inspection at the same time. Measurement of the size of each crack using the motorized rotating pancake coil probe indicated that the cracks in HB4 were shorter and substantially shallower than the cracks in HU3&4. It is believed that the cracks were shorter and shallower because the microstructure of the tubes in HB4 is less susceptible to ODSCC. It was readily understood from the size distribution of the cracks and the quantitative information available on the probability of detection that most cracks in HB4 had been undetected until the steam generators were chemically cleaned.