• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.325-333
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• 2019

The present study was carried out to identify the distribution characteristics of heavy metals in ginseng and wood-cultivated ginseng reduction of dietary exposure. Samples of ginseng and wood-cultivated ginseng were collected from 14 and 5 regions across Korea, respectively. Lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (Ar) were detected by ICP-MS after microwave digestion, whereas aluminum (Al) was determined using ICP. Cultivated ginseng peels were 16.2% of whole root, while the peels and fine roots amounted to 21.8% and 16.8% of whole wood-cultivated ginseng, respectively. Taking into account the weight and concentration of the heavy metals by root part, their distribution ratios were calculated and compared. The cultivated ginseng peels contained 40.3% Pb, 25.9% Cd, 47.6% As, and 89.9% Al. Meanwhile, heavy metals consisting of 27.2% Pb, 28.2% Cd, 48.3% As, and 56.8% Al were distributed in the peels of the wood-cultivated ginseng. There was no significant difference between the peels and fine roots of the wood-cultivated ginseng with respect to the distribution proportion of heavy metals, except for Al. These results indicate that the level of dietary exposure to heavy metals could be reduced by peeling ginseng and wood-cultivated ginseng prior to consumption.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.5
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• pp.442-447
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• 1999

Introduction: Understanding the normal distribution of the tracheal diameter and crross- sectional area is one of the key elements in the management of various tracheal pathologies or tracheal reconstruction for the patients in growing age. However, data for Korean standard has been lacking. This study was designed to analyze retrospectively the distribution of tracheal diameter and cross-sectional area in young Koreans, which can afford fundamental data for the management of tracheal diseases. Material and Method: Of the patients who underwent computerized tomogram of the chest between May 1996 and August 1998, one hundred six young patients(age range: 0-20 years) were included. Patients with any conditions which might affect the tracheal cross-sectional area or diameter, such as tracheal disease, previous operation, mediastinal tumor, or obstructive lung disease were excluded from the study. Gender distribution was 69 males and 37 females. Tracheal diameters, anterior-posterior and transverse, were measured at the level of the thoracic inlet(level I) and the aortic arch(level II). Types of the trachea were divided into round, oval, or horseshoe shaped on cross-sectional view, and the dimension was calculated by using the equation of A=1/4$\pi$ab(A; area, $\pi$; 3.14, a; anterior-posterior diameter, b; transverse diameter). We analyzed the distribution of the diameter at each level and compared the cross-sectional area with respect to age and gender. A p-value lower than 0.05 wa considered significant. Result: The trachea of patients less than 5 years old were round in shape at both of level I and II, and no differences in cross-sectional area was observed between the levels(p=NS). As the age increased, the trachea become oval in shape at level I while it remained round in shape at level II(p=0.020). The tracheal diameter and cross-sectional area increased as the age increased with a linear correlation(r>0.9). In patients less than 5 years of age, female patients showed larger cross-sectional area than male patients (p=0.020), and it was reversed in patients older than 15 years of age(p=0.002). Conclusion: From the above results, we suggest chest computerized tomogram as a safe and reliable tool in measuring the tracheal diameter and cross-sectional area. We also provide the data as a standard for distribution of the tracheal diameter and cross-sectional area in young Korean population.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.176-179
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• 2008

Amylose contents and amylopectin chain architecture of sorghmn and waxy sorghum starches were determined and compared with those of other common cereal and tuber starches. Also, in vitro digestibility of sorghum starch was estimated using a novel methodology. The absolute amylose content of sorghum starch was similar to that of com and wheat starches. The side chain length distribution patterns for sorghum and waxy sorghum amylopectin were very similar to those of com and waxy com, respectively. The $k_{cat}/K_m$ values for sorghum and potato amylopectin did not show a significant difference. The kinetic parameters could be used as novel indicators for starch digestibility.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.70-72
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• 2018

We propose a microwave signal generation system for brain stimulation. The existing brain stimulation system uses a signal of several tens of kHz, and the magnetic field distribution is wide. Microwave is used to locally limit the distribution of the electromagnetic field and to change the action potential of the cell with less power. The switch modulates the microwave signal to obtain a pulse envelope. The action potential of the cell can be controlled to the excitation/inhibition state by adjusting the repetition frequency. These results are confirmed by measuring the cell potential of the mouse brain.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.17 no.9
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• pp.93-102
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• 2019

Purpose - Capturing the shifting consumer behavior perspective on online transportation network performance in Indonesia, this study aims to empirically examine the impact of electronic customer relationship management (e-CRM) and e-service quality on customer e-satisfaction and e-loyalty. Research design, data, and methodology - A quantitative approach was applied, and then we determined the respondents who met the predetermined criterion by using purposive sampling method. In total, 167 online transportation customer in Indonesia participated in this electronic questionnaire survey. To tested the collected data, Partial Least Square (PLS) - (SEM) analytical tools were employed. Results and Findings - There are five hypotheses proposed in this study and state that only one hypothesis is rejected, The dominant relationship between variables in the hypothesis is shown in the variable relationship of e-service quality on e-satisfaction. CRM, Service Quality, Satisfaction and Loyalty implemented comprehensively in cyberspace provides a clear picture for academics but also for practitioners who are struggling in the service industry that specifically appoints online transportation business. The findings of this research provide both managerial and theoretical implications to maintain customer e-loyalty in online transportation network business environment in Indonesia.

• The Pure and Applied Mathematics
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.137-155
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• 2020

Redundancy is commonly employed to improve system reliability. In most situations, components in the standby configurations are assumed statistically similar but independent. In many realistic models, all parts in standby are not treated as identical as they have different failure possibilities. The operational structure of the system has subsystem-1 with five identical components working under 2-out-of-5: G; policy, and the subsystem-2 has two units and functioning under 1-out-of-2: G; policy. Failure rates of units of subsystems are constant and assumed to follow an exponential distribution. Computed results give a new aspect to the scientific community to adopt multi-dimension repair in the form of the copula.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.233-239
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• 2013

This paper proposes an accurate approach for predicting transferred power from a noise source to integrated circuits based on the characteristics of the power transfer network. A power delivery trace on a package and a printed circuit board are designed to transmit power from an external source to integrated circuits. The power is demonstrated between an injection terminal on the edge of the printed circuit board and integrated circuits, and the power transfer function of the power distribution network is derived. A two-tier calibration is applied to the test, and scattering parameters of the network are measured for the calculation of the power transfer function. After testing to obtain the indispensable parameters, the real received and tolerable power of the integrated circuits can be easily achieved. Our proposed estimation method is an enhancement of the existing the International Electrotechnical Commission standard for precise prediction of the electromagnetic immunity of integrated circuits.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.35-48
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• 1989

1795 patients who visited orthodontic department from 1979 to 1987, were surveyed on the yearly tendency of patient distribution and state of Angle's classification. The results were as follows; 1. There was increased visiting rate of patient per year and higher visiting rate in female than in male. 2. 8-15 age group was 70.3% in total visiting patients and over 20 age group was 10.8%, under 7 age group was 7.3%. 3. Class I malocclusion was 26.3%, Class II div 1 was 31.0%, Class II div 2 was 1.6% and Class III was 41.1% in total visiting patient. 4. There was increased tendency to be received preventive treatment than fixed treatment and increased extracting rate per year in fixed treatment. 5. There was increased tendency for the number of the patient to be received orthognathic surgery.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.418-422
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• 1998

Aim of this work is to prepare poly(DL-lactide-co-glycolide) (PLGA) nanoparticles by dialysis method without surfactant and to investigate drug loading capacity and drug release. The size of PLGA nanoparticles was 269.9 $\pm$118.7 nm in intensity average and the morphology of PLGA nanoparticies was spherical shape from the observation of SEM and TEM. In the effect of drug loading contents on the particle size distribution, PLGA nanoparticles were monomodal pattern with narrow size distribution in the empty and lower drug loading nanoparticles whereas bi- or trimodal pattern was showed in the higher drug loading ones. Release of clonazepam from PLGA nanoparticles with higher drug loading contents was slower than that with lower loading contents.

• Human Ecology Research
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• v.53 no.6
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• pp.619-628
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• 2015

Baby boomers who have rebuilt the Korean economy over the last half a century are now transitioning into a silver generation who are over 65 years of age. New silver consumers are qualitatively and quantitatively different from the previous generation and are considered to be 'the single most consumption-leading generation.' The number of new silver consumers using department stores and traditional markets has increased. SPSS ver. 21.0 was used with the methods of frequency analysis, t-test, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), device master record test, and regression analysis. This research studies consumer satisfaction of new silver consumers on department stores and traditional markets among retailing. The improvement of the parking environment is the most urgent issue for traditional markets because the long-term assessments of parking areas indicate that it is necessary to provide improved convenience for consumers. Salesman satisfaction has improved and consumer satisfaction ranks salesman satisfaction high for traditional markets; however, price satisfaction is low and the distribution system should be improved to supply products at a lower price. Salesman and price satisfaction should be improved at depart stores. Traditional markets should also promote consumer satisfaction through consistent management to make consumers trust information in regards to quality control and production and distribution; in addition, department stores should increase consumer satisfaction by maintaining store systems such as product diversification and display, cleanness, and atmosphere.