• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.126-133
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• 2019

Objectives: In this study, a nine-stage cascade impactor was used to collect dust, and the concentration of $PM_{2.1}$ & $PM_{10}$ and alveolar deposition ratio were investigated. Methods: This study was conducted at Kunsan National University from May to June 2016. A nine-stage Cascade Impactor was used to analyze the concentrations of fine and ultrafine dust and to estimate the alveolar deposition rate by particle size of atmospheric dust particles. The pore size of each stage of the collector used in this study gradually increased from F to 0, with the F-stage as the last stage. Results: The mass fraction of PM showed a bimodal distribution divided into $PM_{2.1}$ & $PM_{10}$ based on $2.1-3.1{\mu}m$. The average mass fraction of particulate matter in the range of $2.1-3.1{\mu}m$ was 44%, and the area occupied by $PM_{2.1}$ was similar. Therefore, the Gunsan area is considered to be a region where there are similar effects from anthropogenic and natural sources. Conclusion: Dust collecting efficiency increased with the stage of collecting fine dust, and the efficiency of collection was very low at the stage of collecting ultra-fine dust. The seasonal overall efficiency of the Cascade Impactor was 44% in spring and 37.4% in summer, and the average overall efficiency was 40.7%. The alveolar deposition rate of $PM_{2.1}/PM_{10}$ during the sampling period was estimated to be about 75% deposited in the alveoli.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.116-122
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• 2019

The aim of this study is to evaluate the anti-inflammatory effect of Hataedock treatment using Coptidis Rhizome and Glycyrrhiza Uralensis (CG) mixed extract in allergic rhinitis induced NC/Nga mice. We divided NC/Nga mice into 3 groups as follows; allergic rhinitis-induced group after CG Hataedock treatment (CGT, n=10), no treatment group (Ctrl), allergic rhinitis elicited group (ARE). To induce allergic rhinitis, NC/Nga mice of 3 weeks age were sensitized on 7, 8 and 9week by Ovalbumin (OVA) antigen in intranasal space. Hataedock using CG extract was administered on week 3 in allergic rhinitis-induced group (CGT) after Hataedock treatment. To identify distribution of Interlukin (IL)-4, Cluster of differentiation 40 (CD40), high-affinity IgE receptor ($Fc{\varepsilon}RI$), substance P, Matrix metallopeptidase 9 (MMP-9), Nuclear $factor-{\kappa}B$ ($NF-{\kappa}B$) p65, Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and Cycloxygenase-2 (COX-2), we used histological examination. CGT significantly inhibited IL-4 and CD40 response compared with ARE. The reduction of Th2 cytokine expression decreased inflammatory mediators such as $Fc{\varepsilon}RI$, substance P, MMP-9, $NF-{\kappa}B$ p65, iNOS and COX-2. Such immunological improvement induced reduction of respiratory epithelial damage and mucin secretion in goblet cell. These results indicate that Hataedock treatment suppresses allergic rhinitis through modulating of Th2 responses and diminishing various inflammatory mediators in nasal mucosal tissue. It might have potential applications for prevention and treatment of allergic rhinitis.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.52 no.1
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• pp.81-90
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• 2019

In this study, the effects of fracture tensor component and first invariant on block hydraulic behaviors are evaluated in the 2-D DFN(discrete fracture network) systems. A series of regression analysis is performed between connected fracture tensor components and block hydraulic conductivities estimated at every $30^{\circ}$ hydraulic gradient directions for a total of 36 DFN systems having various joint density and size distribution. The directional block hydraulic conductivity seems to have strong relation with the fracture tensor component estimated in direction perpendicular to it. It is found that an equivalent continuum approach could be acceptable for the 2-D DFN systems under condition that the first invariant of fracture tensor is more than 2.0~2.5. The first invariant of fracture tensor seems highly correlated with average block hydraulic conductivity and can be used to evaluate hydraulic characteristics of the 2-D DFN systems. Also, a possibility of upscaling using the first invariant of fracture tensor for the DFN system is addressed through this study.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.133-144
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• 2019

We develop forecast models of daily probabilities of major flares (M- and X-class) based on empirical relationships between photospheric magnetic parameters and daily flaring rates from May 2010 to April 2018. In this study, we consider ten magnetic parameters characterizing size, distribution, and non-potentiality of vector magnetic fields from Solar Dynamics Observatory (SDO)/Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager (HMI) and Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellites (GOES) X-ray flare data. The magnetic parameters are classified into three types: the total unsigned parameters, the total signed parameters, and the mean parameters. We divide the data into two sets chronologically: 70% for training and 30% for testing. The empirical relationships between the parameters and flaring rates are used to predict flare occurrence probabilities for a given magnetic parameter value. Major results of this study are as follows. First, major flare occurrence rates are well correlated with ten parameters having correlation coefficients above 0.85. Second, logarithmic values of flaring rates are well approximated by linear equations. Third, using total unsigned and signed parameters achieved better performance for predicting flares than the mean parameters in terms of verification measures of probabilistic and converted binary forecasts. We conclude that the total quantity of non-potentiality of magnetic fields is crucial for flare forecasting among the magnetic parameters considered in this study. When this model is applied for operational use, it can be used using the data of 21:00 TAI with a slight underestimation of 2-6.3%.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.5
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• pp.1417-1427
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• 2019

In this study, we evaluated the performance of a commercial pixelated cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector for spectroscopy and identified its feasibility as a Compton camera for radiation monitoring in a nuclear power plant. The detection system consisted of a $20mm{\times}20mm{\times}5mm$ CZT crystal with $8{\times}8$ pixelated anodes and a common cathode, in addition to an application specific integrated circuit. The performance of the various radioisotopes $^{57}Co$, $^{133}Ba$, $^{22}Na$, and $^{137}Cs$ was evaluated. In general, the amplitude of the induced signal in a CZT crystal depends on the interaction position and material non-uniformity. To minimize this dependency, a drift time correction was applied. The depth of each interaction was calculated by the drift time and the positional dependency of the signal amplitude was corrected based on the depth information. After the correction, the Compton regions of each spectrum were reduced, and energy resolutions of 122 keV, 356 keV, 511 keV, and 662 keV peaks were improved from 13.59%, 9.56%, 6.08%, and 5%-4.61%, 2.94%, 2.08%, and 2.2%, respectively. For the Compton imaging, simulations and experiments using one $^{137}Cs$ source with various angular positions and two $^{137}Cs$ sources were performed. Individual and multiple sources of $^{133}Ba$, $^{22}Na$, and $^{137}Cs$ were also measured. The images were successfully reconstructed by weighted list-mode maximum likelihood expectation maximization method. The angular resolutions and intrinsic efficiency of the $^{137}Cs$ experiments were approximately $7^{\circ}-9^{\circ}$ and $5{\times}10^{-4}-7{\times}10^{-4}$, respectively. The distortions of the source distribution were proportional to the offset angle.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.661-670
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• 2019

In this study, we constructed a model of an area where the production and production amount of wild vegetables which are designated as short term income forest products for the whole country are self-sufficient for the representative Eastern Braken fern(Pteridium aquilinum)and Edible aster(Aster scaber). The difference between the existing cultivation site and the model result was examined, and the distribution of the cultivable area was simulated according to the near future climate change by the 2050s. The degree of agreement between the cultivated area and the actual native area was very low at 14.5% for Eastern Braken fern and 12.9% for Edible aster. Using the Maxent model, which has already been proven by many research examples, the cultivation maps through the model can guarantee statistical accuracy by considering many variables. To analyze future location changes, the RCP 4.5 scenario and the RCP 8.5 scenario were applie Edible aster d to predict potential future cultivable areas and compare them to the present. There was no decrease in the cultivable area due to climate change nationwide. However, in the RCP 8.5 scenario for Eastern Braken fern and the RCP 4.5 scenario for Edible aster, declining areas such as Gangwon-do, Jeollabuk-do and Gyeongsangbuk-do showed prominence according to the scenarios. The result of this study suggests that various models can be used for the production of short-term forest productivity maps and it will be used as a climate change impact assessment data for competitive forest products considering the influence of future climate change.

• Journal of the Korea Convergence Society
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.133-140
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• 2019

The Korean Film Council which manages the Film Development Fund carried out a number of projects to support film production, distribution, and film policies. Also, this organization participated in promoting advanced film technology and foreign film location by constituting an incentive support. The projects consist of support for the operation of Namyangju filming studio and the film information system as well. It is necessary to scrutinize the projects regarding support for film production, which is the largest and most important among the whole projects, for continuous development of the Korean film industry. this study reviwed the fundraising status, budget, and support projects of the Center for National Film/Video Center CNC which operates the film fund in France analyzed film production support policy of the CNC. Through this, we verified necessity of stable financing and funding of the Korean Film Development Fund, support for creation of film music and support for overseas filming, and prepared activation plans for film co-production.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.8
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• pp.3917-3941
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• 2019

The recent interest in artificial intelligence and machine learning has partly contributed to an interest in the use of such approaches for hyperspectral remote sensing (HRS) imagery classification, as evidenced by the increasing number of deep framework with deep convolutional neural networks (CNN) structures proposed in the literature. In these approaches, the assumption of obtaining high quality deep features by using CNN is not always easy and efficient because of the complex data distribution and the limited sample size. In this paper, conventional handcrafted learning-based multi features based on expert knowledge are introduced as the input of a special designed CNN to improve the pixel description and classification performance of HRS imagery. The introduction of these handcrafted features can reduce the complexity of the original HRS data and reduce the sample requirements by eliminating redundant information and improving the starting point of deep feature training. It also provides some concise and effective features that are not readily available from direct training with CNN. Evaluations using three public HRS datasets demonstrate the utility of our proposed method in HRS classification.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.367-374
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• 2019

This study concluded the results of a research on the features of cement based permeation grout, based on some important grout parameters, such as the rheological properties (yield stress and viscosity), coefficient of permeability to grout ($k_G$) and the inject ability of cement grout (N and $N_c$ assessment), which govern the performance of cement based permeation grouting in porous media. Due to the limited knowledge of these important grout parameters and other influencing factors (filtration pressure, rate and time of injection and the grout volume) used in the field work, the application of cement based permeation grouting is still largely a trial and error process in the current practice, especially in the local construction industry. It is seen possible to use simple formulas in order to select the injection parameters and to evaluate their inter-relationship, as well as to optimize injection spacing and times with respect to injection source dimensions and in-situ permeability. The validity of spherical and cylindrical flow model was not verified by any past research works covered in the literature review. Therefore, a theoretical investigation including grout flow models and significant grout parameters for the design of permeation grouting was conducted in this study. This two grout flow models were applied for three grout mixes prepared for w/c=0.75, w/c=1.00 and w/c=1.25 in this study. The relations between injection times, radius, pump pressure and flow rate for both flow models were investigated and the results were presented. Furthermore, in order to investigate these two flow model, some rheological properties of the grout mixes, particle size distribution of the cement used in this study and some geotechnical properties of the sand used in this work were defined and presented.

• Metals and materials international
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• v.24 no.6
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• pp.1376-1385
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• 2018

Ultrasonic melt treatment (UST) was applied to an A390 hypereutectic Al-Si alloy in a temperature range of $750-800^{\circ}C$ and its influence on the solidification structure and the consequent increase in strength was investigated. UST at such a high temperature, which is about $100^{\circ}C$ above the liquidus temperature, had little effect on the grain refinement but enhanced the homogeneity of the microstructure with the uniform distribution of constituent phases (e.g. primary Si, ${\alpha}-Al$ and intermetallics) significantly refined. With the microstructural homogeneity, quantitative analysis confirmed that UST was found to suppress the formation of Cu-bearing phases, i.e., $Q-Al_5Cu_2Mg_8Si_6$, $Al_2Cu$ phases that form in the final stage of solidification while notably increasing the average Cu contents in the matrix from 1.29 to 2.06 wt%. A tensile test exhibits an increase in the yield strength of the as-cast alloy from 185 to 208 MPa, which is mainly associated with the solute increment within the matrix. The important role of UST in the microstructure evolution during solidification is discussed and the mechanism covering the microstructure-strengthening interrelationship of the ultrasonically treated A390 alloy is proposed.