• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.60 no.5
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• pp.560-566
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• 2017

Objectvie : The global sagittal postural patterns as characterized by Roussouly classification have been previously described in various ethnicities, there were no studies investigated in Koreans. To analyze the distribution of the global sagittal postural patterns in Korean adults using Roussouly classification, the author prospectively studied. Methods : 252 asymptomatic Korean adults was recruited. Data was obtained by reviewing the films for each subject. Spinopelvic parameters were measured and sagittal postural patterns were then determined according to Roussouly classification. We compared the data across different ethnicities from our study and a previous study to further characterize Korean sagittal postures. Results : The subject included 151 males and 101 females, with mean age of $33.2{\pm}8.2years$. The average descriptive results were as below : thoracic kyphosis $28.6{\pm}7.7^{\circ}$, lumbar lordosis $48.3{\pm}10.2^{\circ}$, sacral slope $37.8{\pm}5.8^{\circ}$, pelvic incidence $45.1{\pm}7.5^{\circ}$, pelvic tilt $9.4{\pm}6.7^{\circ}$, spinosacral angle $130.1{\pm}5.4^{\circ}$, and sagittal vertical axis $16.25{\pm}22.5mm$. 125 subjects among 252 (49.6%) belonged to Roussouly type 3 (namely neutral). There were also 58 (23%), 33 (13.1%), and 36 (14.3) subjects in type 1, 2, and 4 (namely non-neutral), respectively. Conclusion : Enrolling 252 asymptomatic Korean adults, this prospective study found that 49.6% of asymptomatic Korean adults possessed a sagittal posture of Roussouly type 3. All radiologic parameters follows general concept of spinal sagittal balance pattern. Overall, this study might be a basis for further investigation of spinal sagittal balance.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.2787-2793
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• 2016

Background: Urinary bladder cancer is a common malignancy in the West and ranks as the $7^{th}$ most common cancer in our region of Kashmir, India. FGFR3 mutations are frequent in superficial urothelial carcinoma (UC) differing from the RAS gene mutational pattern. The aim of this study was to analyze the frequency and association of FGFR3 and RAS gene mutations in UC cases. Materials and Methods: Paired tumor and adjacent normal tissue specimens of 65 consecutive UC patients were examined. DNA preparations were evaluated for the occurrence of FGFR3 and RAS gene mutations by PCR-SCCP and DNA sequencing. Results: Somatic point mutations of FGFR3 were identified in 32.3% (21 of 65). The pattern and distribution were significantly associated with low grade/stage (p<0.05). The overall mutations in exon 1 and 2 in all the forms of RAS genes aggregated to 21.5% and showed no association with any clinic-pathological parameters. In total, 53.8% (35 of 65) of the tumors studied had mutations in either a RAS or FGFR3 gene, but these were totally mutually exclusive in and none of the samples showed both the mutational events in mutually exclusive RAS and FGFR3. Conclusions: We conclude that RAS and FGFR3 mutations in UC are mutually exclusive and non-overlapping events which reflect activation of oncogenic pathways through different elements.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Gas
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• v.7 no.4 s.21
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• pp.24-29
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• 2003

Numerical analysis was conducted to predict the damage of indoor gas explosion for the propagation of explosion flame. Indoor gas diffusion distribution due to gas leakage was obtained by diffusion equation that adopted initial conditions from reference. Enthalpy of each gas-mixture ratio and reduced mechanism was applied to calculate flame temperature, and laminar combustion velocities with the variant of each gas concentration from reference were applied to the gas mixture. Turbulent combustion velocity was modeled by coupling of turbulent energy and laminar combustion velocity in k-$\epsilon$ model. For the analysis of flame propagation cartesian and cylindrical coordinate were used to indoor position and flame propagation respectively. The study analyzes the cause of pressure rising with the variation of flame propagation by glass damage, and the result shows that indoor pressure rising with ignition position varies window dimension.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.18 no.9
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• pp.5-9
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• 2017

On the flow of groundwater, the effect of consecutive column-wall in underground as a hydraulic barrier could be identified by conventional geotechnical methods ((1)visualiy identification of wall mass after underground excavating, (2)uniaxial compressive strength test for core of wall mass in underground, (3)in-situ permeability test in the hole after coring wall mass). However, for the cut off the leakage or infiltration of very high concentrated leachate from the waste landfill or the contaminated groundwater, the waterproof effect of consecutive column-wall in underground should be verified more objectively, by in-situ measuring of pH, temperature and salinity. and by evaluating of their consistency and similarity throughout analyzing the characteristics of basic components and their profiles through the series of chemical experiments. Furthermore, its waterproof effect could be verified additionally throughout deciding the similarity more simply by comparing the general distribution patterns including the difference of high and low peaks from the chromatograms using GC-MS for surrounding groundwater.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.37-45
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to quantify the settling velocities of cohesive sediments from Han estuary and to evaluate their local variation within Han estuary. This study also includes an estimation of their spatial variation, for which the settling velocities of cohesive sediments from Han estuary arecompared with those for sediments from other regions. At the same time, physical-chemical properties, such as grain size distribution, the percentage of organic contents, mineralogical composition etc are measured in this study in order to examine their correlation with settling velocities and their effect on settling velocities. Results from settling tests shaw that the settling velocities of Han estuary mud varies in the range of two orders of magnitude(from 0.01 to 1.5 mm/sec) over the corresponding concentration range of 0.1 to 80 g/L, and a feature of the settling velocity profile is quite different in quantity as compared to those of previous studies for muds from other regions. Particularly in the flocculated settling region, the settling velocity for Han estuary muds is shown to be larger than that of Saemankeum and Keum estuary sediments, while in the hindered settling region all three sediments are shown to have a similar settling velocity. However, local variability of the settling velocities within Han estuary is shown to be insignificant.

• Journal of Ocean Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.13-21
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• 2008

In this study a method to predict CHF(Critical heat flux) in vertical round tubes with axially non-uniform cosine heat flux distribution for water was examined. For this purpose a local condition hypothesis based CHF prediction correlation for uniform heat flux in vertical round tubes for water was developed from 9,366 CHF data points. The local correlation consisted of 4 local condition variables: the system pressure(P), tube diameter(D), mass flux of water(G), and 'true mass quality' of vapor($X_t$). The CHF data points used were collected from 13 different published sources having the following operation ranges: 1.01 ${\leq}$ P (pressure) ${\leq}$ 206.79 bar, 9.92${\leq}$ G (mass flux) ${\leq}$ 18,619.39 $kg/m^2s$, 0.00102 ${\leq}$ D(diameter) ${\leq}$ 0.04468 m, 0.0254${\leq}$ L (length) ${\leq}$ 4.966 m, 0.11 ${\leq}$ qc (CHF) ${\leq}$ 21.41 $MVW/m^2$, and -0.87 ${\leq}X_c$ (exit qualities) ${\leq}$ 1.58. The result of this work showed that a uniform CHF correlation can be easily extended to predict CHF in axially non-uniform heat flux heater. In addition, the location of the CHF in axially non-uniform tube can also be determined. The local uniform correlation predicted CHF in tubes with axially cosine heat flux profile within the root mean square error of 12.42% and average error of 1.06% for 297 CHF data points collected from 5 different published sources.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• v.52 no.4
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• pp.197-203
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• 2015

Nuclear power plant has increased continuously for power production in all over the world and the interest about nuclear accident and the dismantling of aging nuclear power plant has been a growing. The leaked radioactive source that is generated by radiation accidents must detect and remove to minimized the damage as soon as possible. Gamma-ray detection system that have been developed until now cannot provide the precise position of radioactive sources because they detect and imaging the position of radiation sources in just two dimensions. In this paper, stereo gamma ray detection system has developed and the algorithm for calculation of the distance has implemented to be able to measure the distribution of the leakage gamma ray source for the system. Stereo camera calibration for distance detection was conducted with the correction pattern and LED light and we carried out performance test of the system for the LED light source and a gamma ray source. In both experiments the results of the performance test, it was confirmed to have a 5% error. The results of this paper is used as a material for the development of gamma-ray imaging device.

• Advances in nano research
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.127-140
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• 2017

Metal nanoparticles have been intensively studied within the past decade. Nano-sized materials have been an important subject in basic and applied sciences. Zinc oxide nanoparticles have received considerable attention due to their unique antibacterial, antifungal, and UV filtering properties, high catalytic and photochemical activity. In this study, microbiological aspects of scale formation in PVC pipelines bacteria and fungi were isolated. In the emerging issue of increased multi-resistant properties in water borne pathogens, zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticle are being used increasingly as antimicrobial agents. Thus, the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) and minimum fungal concentration of ZnO nanoparticles towards pathogens microbe were examined in this study. The results obtained suggested that ZnO nanoparticles exhibit a good anti fungal activity than bactericidal effect towards all pathogens tested in in-vitro disc diffusion method (170 ppm, 100 ppm and 30 ppm). ZnO nanoparticles can be a potential antimicrobial agent due to its low cost of production and high effectiveness in antimicrobial properties, which may find wide applications in various industries to address safety issues. Stable ZnO nanoparticles were prepared and their shape and size distribution characterized by Dynamic light scattering (35.7 nm) and transmission electron microscopic TEM study for morphology identification (20 nm), UV-visible spectroscopy (230 nm), X-ray diffraction (FWHM of more intense peak corresponding to 101 planes located at $36.33^{\circ}$ using Scherrer's formula), FT-IR (Amines, Alcohols, Carbonyl and Nitrate ions), Zeta potential (-28.8). The antimicrobial activity of ZnO nanoparticles was investigated against Bacteria and Fungi present in drinking water PVC pipelines biofilm. In these tests, Muller Hinton agar plates were used and ZnO nanoparticles of various concentrations were supplemented in solid medium.

• Electronic Materials Letters
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• v.14 no.6
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• pp.700-711
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• 2018

CdS synthesized by the chemical bath method at $70^{\circ}C$, has been used as an electron transport layer in the planar structure of the perovskite solar cells. A two-step spin process produced a mixed halide perovskite of $CH_3NH_3PbI_{3-x}Cl_x$ and a mixture of $PbCl_2$ and $PbI_2$ was deposited on CdS, followed by a sub-sequential reaction with MAI ($CH_3NH_3I$). The added $PbCl_2$ to $PbI_2$ in the first spin-step affected the structure, orientation, and shape of lead halides, which varied depending on the content of Cl. A small amount of Cl enhanced the surface morphology and the preferred orientation of $PbI_2$, which led to large and uniform grains of perovskite thin films. In contrast, the high content of Cl produces a new phase PbICl in addition to $PbI_2$, which leads to the small and highly uniform grains of perovskites. An improved surface coverage of perovskite films with the large and uniform grains maximized the performance of perovskite solar cells at 0.1 molar ratio of $PbCl_2$ to $PbI_2$. The depth profiling of elements in both lead halide films and mixed halide perovskite films were measured by Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy, revealing the distribution of chlorine along with the thickness, and providing the basis for the mechanism for enhanced preferred orientation of lead halide and the microstructure of perovskites.

• Journal of Radiation Industry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2017

RI-Biomics is a fusion technology in radiation fields for evaluating in-vivo dynamics such as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (RI-ADME) of new drugs and materials using radioisotopes and quantitative evaluation of their efficacy. RI-Biomics information is being provided by RIBio-Info developed as information system for distributing its information and three requirements for improving RIBio-Info system have been derived through reviewing recent big data trends in this study. Three requirements are defined as resource, technology and manpower, and some reviews for applying big data in RIBio-In system are suggested. Fist, applicable external big data have to be obtained, second, some infrastructures for realizing applying big data to be expanded, and finally, data scientists able to analyze large scale of information to be trained. Therefore, an original technology driven to analyze for atypical and large scale of data can be created and this stated technology can contribute to obtain a basis to create a new value in RI-Biomics field.