• Journal of Korean Society on Water Environment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.914-925
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• 2011

The variation of streamflow is regarded as one of the most influential factors on the fluctuation of water quality in the stream. The characteristics of the variation should be taken into account in the plans for the management of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs). This study analysed and characterized spatial distribution and temporal variation of streamflow at each unit watershed in Guem-river basin. For the analysis of the distribution of streamflow, the type and the extent of the distribution were investigated for the unit watershed. For the analysis of the variation, short and long term changes of streamflow were examined. The result showed that most of the distributions were not log-normalized and the extent of variation tends to be greater at the unit watershed placed on the tributaries in the basin. A kind of margin could be granted to the unit watershed involving high variations so as to establish the water quality goal and load allotment more reasonably and effectively in view of whole waterbody.

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-19
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• 2021

Heavy tailed distributions are useful for modeling actuarial and financial risk management problems. Actuaries often search for finding distributions that provide the best fit to heavy tailed data sets. In the present work, we introduce a new class of heavy tailed distributions of a special sub-model of the proposed family, called a new extended alpha power transformed Weibull distribution, useful for modeling heavy tailed data sets. Mathematical properties along with certain characterizations of the proposed distribution are presented. Maximum likelihood estimates of the model parameters are obtained. A simulation study is provided to evaluate the performance of the maximum likelihood estimators. Actuarial measures such as Value at Risk and Tail Value at Risk are also calculated. Further, a simulation study based on the actuarial measures is done. Finally, an application of the proposed model to a heavy tailed data set is presented. The proposed distribution is compared with some well-known (i) two-parameter models, (ii) three-parameter models and (iii) four-parameter models.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.33 no.3
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• pp.162-167
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• 2021

Purpose: A hyperextended knee is described as knee pain associated with an impaired knee extensor mechanism. Additionally, a hyperextended knee may involve reduced position sense of the knee joint that decreases the individual's ability to control end-range knee extension movement. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of visual biofeedback information for plantar pressure distribution on knee joint angle and lower extremity muscle activities in participants with hyperextended knees. Methods: Twenty-three participants with hyperextended knees were recruited for the study. Surface electromyography signals were recorded for the biceps femoris, rectus femoris, gastrocnemius, and tibialis anterior muscle activities. The plantar pressure distribution was displayed and measured using a pressure distribution measuring plate. Knee joint angle kinematic parameters were recorded using a motion analysis system. The visual biofeedback condition was the point at which the difference between the forefoot and backfoot plantar foot pressure on the monitor was minimized. The Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used to determine the significance between the visual biofeedback condition and the preferred condition. Results: The knee joint angle was significantly decreased in the visual biofeedback condition compared to that in the preferred condition (p<0.05). The rectus femoris and gastrocnemius muscle activities were significantly different between the visual biofeedback and preferred conditions (p<0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study showed that visual biofeedback of information about plantar pressure distribution is effective for correcting hyperextended knees.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.63-72
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• 2022

To elucidate the neurochemical characteristics of the midbrain periaqueductal gray (PAG), the distribution patterns of several neuroanatomical markers within the PAG were compared. Immunohistochemical staining for the intracellular calcium binding proteins including calbindin, calretinin, and parvalbumin and histochemical staining for cytochrome oxidase, acetylcholinesterase, and NADPH-diaphorase were performed in. Each chemical substance were localized in the specific subregions within PAG. Calbindin- immunoreactivity were selectively distributed in the dorsolateral PAG, the ventral half of lateral PAG, the ventralateral PAG, and supraoculomotor cap (Su3C) nucleus. Distribution of calretinin-immunoreactivity were generally similar with that of clabindin, but showed relatively low subregional selectivity. Parvalbumin-immunoreactivity was very poor within the PAG. High reactivity of cytochrome oxidase were found in the dorsomedial PAG and the lateral half of lateral PAG, in which calbindin- and calretinin-immunoreactive perikarya were scarcely observed. Acetylcholinesterase distribution was similar with that of cytochrome oxidase, and the difference was in the additional marking of of Su3C with acetylcholinesterase. Results of the present study provides data for the further subdivisions of the territory of the PAG compared to the presently accepted subregions within the PAG.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.48 no.5
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• pp.266-271
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• 2022

Background: The selection of distributions of input parameters is an important component in probabilistic exposure assessment. Goodness-of-fit (GOF) methods are used to determine the distribution of exposure factors. However, there are no clear guidelines for choosing an appropriate GOF method. Objectives: The outcomes of probabilistic consumer exposure assessment were compared by using five different GOF methods for the selection of input distributions: chi-squared test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test (K-S), Anderson-Darling test (A-D), Akaike information criterion (AIC) and Bayesian information criterion (BIC). Methods: Individual exposures were estimated based on product usage factor combinations from 10,000 respondents. The distribution of individual exposure was considered as the true value of population exposures. Results: Among the five GOF methods, probabilistic exposure distributions using the A-D and K-S methods were similar to individual exposure estimations. Comparing the 95th percentiles of the probabilistic distributions and the individual estimations for 10 CPs, there were 0.73 to 1.92 times differences for the A-D method, and 0.73 to 1.60 times differences (excluding tire-shine spray) for the K-S method. Conclusions: There were significant differences in exposure assessment results among the selection of the GOF methods. Therefore, the GOF methods for probabilistic consumer exposure assessment should be carefully selected.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.11
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• pp.121-129
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• 2022

Purpose: Artificial intelligence is widely used, particularly in the popular neural network theory called Deep learning. The improvement of computing speed and capability expedited the progress of Deep learning applications. The application of Deep learning in education has various effects and possibilities in creating and managing educational content and services that can replace human cognitive activity. Among Deep learning, Deep fake technology is used to combine and synchronize human faces with voices. This paper will show how to develop e-Learning content videos using those technologies and open-source tools. Research design, data, and methodology: This paper proposes 4 step development process, which is presented step by step on the Google Collab environment with source codes. This technology can produce various video styles. The advantage of this technology is that the characters of the video can be extended to any historical figures, celebrities, or even movie heroes producing immersive videos. Results: Prototypes for each case are also designed, developed, presented, and shared on YouTube for each specific case development. Conclusions: The method and process of creating e-learning video contents from the image, video, and audio files using Deep fake open-source technology was successfully implemented.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.83-95
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aims to explore an ability to time market-wide investor sentiment of mutual fund managers in an emerging market. Research design, data, and methodology: Based on data of Thai mutual fund market over the period of 2000-2019, our sample includes 283 equity funds, consisting of 204 bank-related funds and 79 nonbank-related funds. We perform our regression analyses at the aggregate and portfolio levels. Results: Under the non-normal distribution of return, we find different behaviors between the best- and worst-performing funds in an ability to time market-wide investor sentiment in Thailand, which is dissimilar to the findings in the U.S. Bottom fund managers act as sentiment hedgers, who decrease (increase) an exposure of investment portfolios when the investor sentiment is high (low). Oppositely, top fund managers are likely to chase investor sentiment. Conclusion: We find that only the worst-performing fund managers, especially for bank-related funds are able to time the market-wide investor sentiment. An advantage of gaining information from their bank's clients is a key success. A competition in the mutual fund industry, an ability to predict fundamentals, and financial literacy are possible reasons to explain the main findings found in this study.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.20 no.9
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• pp.47-59
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• 2022

Purpose: This study aims to analyze a triangulation model: 1) the effect of entrepreneurship education (EE) on entrepreneurship knowledge (EK) and entrepreneurship mindset (EM) and 2) the effect of EK on EM. Entrepreneurship education is a medium and pedagogical tool to cultivate EK and EM with the purpose enhancing of students who will be interested in entrepreneurial activities. Knowledge of adequate entrepreneurship is a stimulus strategic tool to develop the entrepreneurial mindset of students. Research design, data, and methodology: There were 278 respondents from Business and Non-Business both Indonesian and Malaysian students. The research design was quantitative and evaluated three hypotheses by PLS-SEM using WarpPLS v.7 software. Statistic descriptive for respondent used SPSS IBM v.26. Results: The results showed that the three hypotheses had supported with a significant level of p-value < 0.001. It's meant EE enhanced both EK and EM. Furthermore, increasing EM was not only by EE, but also EM could be increased through EK. Conclusions: The novelty of this research contributes to filling the knowledge gap in the development of pedagogy in the pursuit of entrepreneurship using a triangulation model of the relationship among EE, EK, and EM.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.242-252
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• 2023

In this study, we aimed to determine the seasonal distribution and biomass of fish in Samcheok marine ranching area (MRA) of Republic of Korea using the scientific echosounder. Fish trap and gillnets were used to identify fish species in the survey area, and dB-difference method was used to estimation the spatio-temporal distribution and density of fish. The results showed that the dominant species in Samcheok marine ranching area were Chelidonichthys spinosus, Sebastes inermis, Hexagrammos otakii and Tribolodon hakonensis. The spatio-temporal distribution of fish showed that fish had a relatively higher distribution at night than during the day. In addition, the density of fish by season was highest at night in July at 34.22 g/m² and lowest in April at 0.42 g/m².

• ALGAE
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.23-38
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• 2023

Accurately identifying species is the basis of all biological studies. There has been much confusion in the identification of Grateloupiacean species, which have finely pinnate gross morphology similar to Grateloupia filicina (the type species of the family). The objective of this study was to comprehensively investigate species identification and distribution of G. filicina-like species in the Northwest Pacific, based on the rbcL sequences. A total of 118 specimens from 78 sites in Korea and Japan were collected from 2001 to 2021 and analyzed for their rbcL sequences. Additional 341 sequences downloaded from the GenBank were included in our comprehensive dataset. Based on these sequences, we documented the nomenclatural history and geographical distribution of the species, and commented on the application of species name. G. asiatica was the most abundant G. filicina-like species in the Northwest Pacific, and its high degree of morphological variation caused many misidentifications. In particular, G. dalianensis, G. serra, and G. variata require reconsideration of their conspecificity with G. asiatica using more specimens from China. By contrast, G. oligoclora was presumed to be a heterotypic synonym of G. subpectinata. The occurrence of G. acuminata, G. ramosissima, and G. livida in Korea resulted from misidentifications with other species.