• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1039-1049
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• 2015

The inflow estimation at large multipurpose dam reservoir is carried out by considering the water balance among the discharge, the storage change during unit time interval obtained from the observed water level near dam structure and area-volume curve. This method can be ideal for level pool reservoir but include potential errors when the inflow is influenced by the water level slope due to backwater effects from upstream flood inflows and strong wind induced by typhoon. In addition, the other uncertainties arisen from the storage reduction due to sedimentation after the dam construction and water level noise due to mechanical vibration transmitted from the electric power generator. These uncertainties impedes the accurate hydraulic inflow measurement requiring exquisite hydrometric data arrangement for reservoir waterbody. In this study, the distributed hydrologic model using UBC-3P boundary setting was applied and its feasibility was evaluated. Finally, the modeling performance has been verified since the calculated determination coefficient has been in between 0.96 to 0.99 after comparing with observed peak inflow and total inflow at Namgang dam reservoir.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.21-30
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• 2010

In this paper, the parallel distributed rainfall runoff model(K-DRUM) using MPI(Message Passing Interface) technique was developed to solve the problem of calculation time as it is one of the demerits of the distributed model for performing physical and complicated numerical calculations for large scale watersheds. The K-DRUM model which is based on GIS can simulate temporal and spatial distribution of surface flow and sub-surface flow during flood period, and input parameters of ASCII format as pre-process can be extracted using ArcView. The comparison studies were performed with various domain divisions in Namgang Dam watershed in case of typoon 'Ewiniar' at 2006. The numerical simulation using the cluster system was performed to check a parallelization effectiveness increasing the domain divisions from 1 to 25. As a result, the computer memory size reduced and the calculation time was decreased with increase of divided domains. And also, the tool was suggested in order to decreasing the discharge error on each domain connections. The result shows that the calculation and communication times in each domain have to repeats three times at each time steps in order to minimization of discharge error.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.306-306
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• 2011

대상유역의 합리적인 홍수량 산정을 위해서는 풍부한 홍수자료를 바탕으로 직접적인 빈도해석을 적용하는 것이 가장 적정한 방법으로 알려져 있다. 하지만 국내의 대부분 유역은 관측된 홍수 자료가 제한적이고, 미계측 유역이므로 빈도해석을 통한 홍수량의 산정은 현실적으로 불가능한 실정이다. 이에 국내에서는 홍수량 산정에 대한 대안으로 강우-유출관계의 선형성을 가정한 집중형 강우-유출모형을 적용하고 있다. 하지만 집중형 강우-유출모형은 경험적인 공식에 의해 결정되는 수문매개변수의 비합리성 및 유역분할, 유역 하도추적의 구축방식에 따라 상이한 홍수량이 산정되는 문제점이 지적되고 있다. 따라서 최근에는 경험적이고 개념적인 집중형 유출모형을 지양하고, 격자체계를 기반으로 하고 있는 분포형 강우-유출모형의 연구가 활발히 진행되고 있는 상황이다. 본 연구의 목적은 남강 유역에서의 분포형 강우-유출모형 적용성 검증에 있다. 따라서 남강 유역 내에 발생한 4개의 호우사상을 선정한 후 강우 레이더 영상인 CAPPI영상 및 C-Max영상을 이용하여 면적강우량을 산정하였다. C-Max 영상을 이용하여 산정된 면적강우량은 지점강우를 이용한 면적강우량과 비교해 130%이상 과대 산정되는 경향을 나타낸 반면, CAPPI 영상을 이용하여 산정된 면적강우량은 10%이하의 오차를 나타내었다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 CAPPI 영상을 분포형 유출 모형인 VfloTM에 입력하여 유출을 모의 하였다. 모의된 유출곡선과 관측된 유출곡선을 비교 검토한 결과 80%이상의 높은 상관성을 나타낸 반면 첨두유출량 오차는 30%이상의 오차를 나타내었다. 하지만 강우보정기법인 G/R보정 기법을 적용한 후에는 첨두유출량 오차가 10%미만으로 감소하는 것으로 나타났다. 따라서 남강 유역에 분포형 유출모형을 적용하기 위해서는 다양한 강우 사상에 대한 지속적인 연구가 수행되어야 할 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.49 no.7
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• pp.579-588
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• 2016

Changes in precipitation due to climate change is made to induce the local and intensive rainfall, it is increasing damage caused by inland inundation. Therefore, it requires a technique for predicting damage caused by flooding. In this study, in order to determine whether this flood inundated by any route when the levee was destroyed, Which can simulate the path of the flood inundation model was developed for the SIMOD (Simplified Inundation MODel). Multi Direction Method (MDM) for differential distributing the adjacent cells by using the slope and Flat-Water Assumption (FWA)-If more than one level higher in the cell adjacent to the cell level is the lowest altitude that increases the water level is equal to the adjacent cells- were applied For the evaluation of the model by setting the flooding scenarios were estimated hourly range from the target area. SIMOD model can significantly reduce simulation time because they use a simple input data of topography (DEM) and inflow flood. Since it is possible to predict results within minutes, if you can only identify inflow flood through the runoff model or levee collapse model. Therefore, it could be used to establish an evacuation plan due to flooding, such as EAP (Emergency Action Plan).

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.429-429
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• 2018

성덕댐은 기존 농업용 저수지였던 수락저수지를 다목적댐으로 재개발한 우리나라 최초의 사례로 2006년 11월에 착공하였다. 댐재개발 사업은 장랠 물 부족이 예상되나, 현재 마땅한 댐 개발적지가 부족하여 수자원 확보를 위해 기존의 댐을 재개발하는 것으로, 기 개발된 수자원의 활용도 제고 및 환경적으로 건전하고 지속 가능한 수자원을 개발하는 사업을 말한다. 기존의 수락저수지의 재원은 높이 19.0m, 길이 150.0m, 총 저수량 $806,000m^3$이었으며, 성덕다목적댐으로 재개발 되면서 증가된 주요재원은 높이 58.5m, 길이 274.0m, 총 저수량 $27,900,000m^3$이다. 성덕다목적댐 건설이 완료됨에 따라 기존의 농업용수($8,400m^3$/일) 공급뿐만 아니라 하천유지용수 $5,800m^3$/일 및 경북 청송, 영천, 경산지역에 생활용수와 공업용수를 $42,300m^3$/일를 공급할 수 있게 되었으며, 홍수조절용량 $4,200,000m^3$을 확보하여 유역의 홍수예방에도 기여할 수 있다. 댐의 운영기준을 수립하기 위해서는 적어도 20년 이상의 댐 유입량 자료가 필요하지만 성덕댐의 경우 댐 유입량 자료의 확보가 쉽지 않은 상황이다. 이에 K-water에서 개발하고 다양한 다목적 댐 유역에 적용한 경험이 있는 격자기반 강우-유출 모형인 K-DRUM(K-water Distributed Rainfall rUnoff Model)을 이용하여 성덕댐 유역의 장기유출모형을 구축하였다. 격자기반 수문모형의 장점은 공간적인 비균질성을 고려하여 물리적인 유출과정을 모형화할 수 있고, 이로 인해 신뢰성 있는 수문해석이 가능하기 때문이다. 성덕댐 유역의 K-DRUM 모형을 구축하기 위해서 토지이용도, 토양도(종류, 유효토심), 하천차수도, 유역도, 표고분포도 등을 수집하였으며, 격자는 60m의 정사각형 격자로 약 11,500개를 구성하여 적용하였다. 기상자료로는 안동, 의성, 영천 기상대의 강우자료와 안동 기상대의 기상자료를 활용하였다. 모형의 보정을 위해서는 2016년을 시단위로 모의하였으며 성덕댐 유입량와 비교하여 매개변수를 보정하였고, $R^2$는 0.72, NSE는 0.70, RMSE는 1.82로 신뢰도 높은 보정결과를 획득할 수 있었다. 보정된 매개변수를 성덕댐 유역의 장기유출에 적용하였으며, 1997년부터 2017년까지 총 21년 장기유출 모의를 수행하였으며, 모의결과는 댐 운영기준의 기초자료로 활용하였다.

• Journal of Wetlands Research
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.345-352
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• 2017

The average global temperature on Earth has increased by about $0.85^{\circ}C$ since 1880 due to the global warming. The temperature increase affects hydrologic phenomenon and so the world has been suffered from natural disasters such as floods and droughts. Therefore, especially, in the aspect of water deficit, we may require the accurate prediction of water demand considering the uncertainty of climate in order to establish water resources planning and to ensure safe water supply for the future. To do this, the study evaluated future water balance and water deficit under the climate change for Anseong river basin in Korea. The future rainfall was simulated using RCP 8.5 climate change scenario and the runoff was estimated through the SLURP model which is a semi-distributed rainfall-runoff model for the basin. Scenario and network for the water balance analysis in sub-basins of Anseong river basin were established through K-WEAP model. And the water demand for the future was estimated by the linear regression equation using amounts of water uses(domestic water use, industrial water use, and agricultural water use) calculated by historical data (1965 to 2011). As the result of water balance analysis, we confirmed that the domestic and industrial water uses will be increased in the future because of population growth, rapid urbanization, and climate change due to global warming. However, the agricultural water use will be gradually decreased. Totally, we had shown that the water deficit problem will be critical in the future in Anseong river basin. Therefore, as the case study, we suggested two alternatives of pumping station construction and restriction of water use for solving the water deficit problem in the basin.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.50-63
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• 2018

The rapid urbanization had led to a distortion of natural hydrological cycle system. The change in hydrological cycle structure is causing streamflow depletion, changing the existing use tendency of water resources. To manage such phenomena, a streamflow depletion impact assessment technology to forecast depletion is required. For performing such technology, it is indispensable to build GIS-based spatial data as fundamental data, but there is a shortage of related research. Therefore, this study was conducted to use the use of GIS-based time series spatial data for streamflow depletion assessment. For this study, GIS data over decades of changes on a national scale were constructed, targeting 6 streamflow depletion impact factors (weather, soil depth, forest density, road network, groundwater usage and landuse) and the data were used as the basic data for the operation of continuous hydrologic model. Focusing on these impact factors, the causes for streamflow depletion were analyzed depending on time series. Then, using distributed continuous hydrologic model based DrySAT, annual runoff of each streamflow depletion impact factor was measured and depletion assessment was conducted. As a result, the default value of annual runoff was measured at 977.9mm under the given weather condition without considering other factors. When considering the decrease in soil depth, the increase in forest density, road development, and groundwater usage, along with the change in land use and development, and annual runoff were measured at 1,003.5mm, 942.1mm, 961.9mm, 915.5mm, and 1003.7mm, respectively. The results showed that the major causes of the streaflow depletion were lowered soil depth to decrease the infiltration volume and surface runoff thereby decreasing streamflow; the increased forest density to decrease surface runoff; the increased road network to decrease the sub-surface flow; the increased groundwater use from undiscriminated development to decrease the baseflow; increased impervious areas to increase surface runoff. Also, each standard watershed depending on the grade of depletion was indicated, based on the definition of streamflow depletion and the range of grade. Considering the weather, the decrease in soil depth, the increase in forest density, road development, and groundwater usage, and the change in land use and development, the grade of depletion were 2.1, 2.2, 2.5, 2.3, 2.8, 2.2, respectively. Among the five streamflow depletion impact factors except rainfall condition, the change in groundwater usage showed the biggest influence on depletion, followed by the change in forest density, road construction, land use, and soil depth. In conclusion, it is anticipated that a national streamflow depletion assessment system to be develop in the future would provide customized depletion management and prevention plans based on the system assessment results regarding future data changes of the six streamflow depletion impact factors and the prospect of depletion progress.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.202-202
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• 2018

본 논문에서는 분포형 강우-유출 모형인 GRM(Grid based Rainfall-runoff Model)(최윤석, 김경탁, 2017)을 이용해서 낙동강 유역을 대상으로 대유역 홍수해석시스템을 구축하고, 유출해석을 위한 실행시간을 평가하였다. 유출모형은 낙동강의 주요 지류와 본류를 소유역으로 구분하여 모형을 구축하고, 각 소유역의 유출해석 결과를 실시간으로 연계할 수 있도록 하여 낙동강 전체 유역의 유출모형을 구축하였다. 이와 같이 하나의 대유역을 다수의 소유역시스템으로 분할하여 모형을 구축할 경우, 유출해석시스템 구성이 복잡해지는 단점이 있으나, 소유역별로 각기 다른 자료를 이용하여 다양한 해상도로 유출해석을 할 수 있으므로, 소유역별 특성에 맞는 유출모형 구축이 가능한 장점이 있다. 또한 각 소유역시스템은 별도의 프로세스로 계산이 진행되므로, 대유역을 고해상도로 해석하는 경우에도 계산시간을 단축할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 낙동강 유역을 20개(본류 구간 3개, 1차 지류 13개, 댐상류 4개)의 소유역으로 분할하여 계산 시간을 검토하였으며, 최종적으로 21개(본류 구간 3개, 1차 지류 13개, 댐상류 5개)의 소유역으로 분할하여 유출해석시스템을 구축하였다. 댐 상류 유역은 댐하류와 유량전달이 없이 독립적으로 모의되고, 댐과 연결된 하류 유역은 관측 방류량을 상류단 하천의 경계조건으로 적용한다. 지류 유역은 본류 구간과 연결되고, 지류의 계산 유량은 본류와의 연결지점에 유량조건으로 실시간으로 입력된다. 이때 본류와 지류의 유량 연계는 데이터베이스를 매개로 하였다. 유출해석시스템의 성능을 평가하기 위해서 Microsoft 클라우드 서비스인 Azure를 이용하였다. 낙동강 유역을 20개 소유역으로 구성한 경우에서의 유출해석시스템의 속도 평가 결과 Azure virtual machine instance DS15 v2(OS : Windows Server 2012 R2, CPU : 2.4 GHz Intel $Xeon^{(R)}$ E5-2673 v3 20 cores)에서 1.5분이 소요 되었다. 계산시간 평가시 GRM은 'IsParallel=false' 옵션을 적용하였으며, 모의 기간은 24시간을 기준으로 하였다. 연구결과 분포형 모형을 이용한 대유역 유출해석시스템 구축이 가능했으며, 계산시간도 충분히 단축할 수 있었다. 또한 추가적인 CPU와 병렬계산을 적용할 경우, 계산시간은 더 단축될 수 있으며, 이러한 기법들은 분포형 모형을 이용한 대유역 유출해석시스템 구축시 유용하게 활용될 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.887-898
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• 2007

A physically based semi-distributed model, SWAT was applied to the Chungju Dam upstream watershed in order to investigate the spatial and temporal characteristics of watershed sediment yields. For this, general features of the SWAT and sediment simulation algorithm within the model were described briefly, and watershed sediment modeling system was constructed after calibration and validation of parameters related to the runoff and sediment. With this modeling system, temporal and spatial variation of soil loss and sediment yields according to watershed scales, land uses, and reaches was analyzed. Sediment yield rates with drainage areas resulted in $0.5{\sim}0.6ton/ha/yr$ excluding some upstream sub-watersheds and showed around 0.51 ton/ha/yr above the areas of $1,000km^2$. Annual average soil loss according to land use represented the higher values in upland areas, but relatively lower in paddy and forest areas which were similar to the previous results from other researchers. Among the upstream reaches, Pyeongchanggang and Jucheongang showed higher sediment yields which was thought to be caused by larger area and higher fraction of upland than other upstream sub-areas. Monthly sediment yields at the main outlet showed same trend with seasonal rainfall distribution, that is, approximately 62% of annual yield was generated during July to August and the amount was about 208 ton/yr. From the results, we could obtain the uniform value of sediment yield rate and could roughly evaluate the effect of soil loss with land uses, and also could analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of sediment yields from each reach and monthly variation for the Chungju Dam upstream watershed.