• Journal of the Korean Institute of Telematics and Electronics
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• v.25 no.9
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• pp.1115-1124
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• 1988

A two-dimensional systolic array for fast Fourier transform, which has a regular and recursive VLSI architecture is presented. The array is constructed with identical processing elements (PE) in mesh type, and due to its modularity, it can be expanded to an arbitrary size. A processing element consists of two data routing units, a butterfly arithmetic unit and a simple control unit. The array computes FFT through three procedures` I/O pipelining, data shuffling and butterfly arithmetic. By utilizing parallelism, pipelining and local communication geometry during data movement, the two-dimensional systolic array eliminates global and irregular commutation problems, which have been a limiting factor in VLSI implementation of FFT processor. The systolic array executes a half butterfly arithmetic based on a distributed arithmetic that can carry out multiplication with only adders. Also, the systolic array provides 100% PE activity, i.e., none of the PEs are idle at any time. A chip for half butterfly arithmetic, which consists of two BLC adders and registers, has been fabricated using a 3-um single metal P-well CMOS technology. With the half butterfly arithmetic execution time of about 500 ns which has been obtained b critical path delay simulation, totla FFT execution time for 1024 points is estimated about 16.6 us at clock frequency of 20MHz. A one-PE chip expnsible to anly size of array is being fabricated using a 2-um, double metal, P-well CMOS process. The chip was layouted using standard cell library and macrocell of BLC adder with the aid of auto-routing software. It consists of around 6000 transistors and 68 I/O pads on 3.4x2.8mm\ulcornerarea. A built-i self-testing circuit, BILBO (Built-In Logic Block Observation), was employed at the expense of 3% hardware overhead.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 2010

This paper suggests new route plan cost calculation and cost-effective route plan algorithm and architecture for the new city traffic information system when it is operated nationwide. New algorithm and architecture estimates cost with traffic speeds which is supported for all different lanes, stratifies logical layer which process different levels' traffic information with diverse traffic patterns and provides different traffic information in the few levels. Also suggested new algorithm supports drivers' customized traffic information through both-way communications and plans routes effectively based on the distance between drivers' start position and destination and different levels which start and end position located. It proposes additional research items and requirement for integration between different cities' traffic information system which the national police agency invested and led.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2013

The recent trend in the war fields on the globe may be characterized by the network-centric warfare, which would, in turn, make the concept of weapon systems be changed. To this end, the concept of system of systems (SoS) has been introduced in literature. An SoS is a collection of multiple systems, each of which is an independent system and can be interoperable with each other. Thus, in defense domain each SoS is a big weapon system as a whole operated in actual environment and each element of it is also an independent smaller weapon system, but they should be interoperable via network among each other. The safety results studied for each elementary system alone may not be fully applicable to the whole SoS. As such, the objective of this paper is to study how to make the SoS safety requirements be distributed down over the interoperable elementary systems. Since handling the interoperability requires a technique of systems architecture, a standard method called the DoD Architectural Framework (DoDAF) has been used here to derive a solution. Using DoDAF, the safety requirements were first analyzed in the operability environment. The results were then studied to be included in an integrated model of both the systems design and safety processes. A further study of present paper would facilitate ensuring safety in the development of SoS weapon systems in practice.

• Journal of Korean Society for Geospatial Information Science
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.19-27
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• 2016

Advance in Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is intensely influenced to increase importance of Software on global ICT industries. The trend of technological development has been transformed from hardware-oriented environment to software-oriented environment. This industrial transformation brought novel trend to Software market. Open Source Software (OSS) has been widely distributed for private uses. At the same time, many governmental offices are planning to expand the use of OSS. In this paper, we analyze the strength and weaknesses of OSSs for both Web and WAS servers based on 4 types of testing environments which are created by the combination of 5 selected OSSs. We anticipated to learn the optimal system architecture design for the next generation of V-World through this research.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.27 no.5
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• pp.181-190
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• 2000

The purpose of this paper is to promote the usage of facade greenery in order to improve the quality of life in cities and to improve their ecological worth. It is necessary to find out what people think about facade greenery, what problems they think, they might encounter and to promote the use of facade greenery. The survey was grouped according to three housing types; family house, tenement house and apartment. We distributed questionnaires individually to 140 people in each of the three housing types. All 420 people answered. The major questions in the questionnaire relate to the following issues: opinions about facade greenery, opinions regarding reasons to install facade greenery and expected problems, favourite plants, and to provide an analysis of the current usage of facade greenery. The results of this study show that most people like facade greenery and revealed that there was a significant difference in the kinds of responses from the three types of housing. The most important factor to affect respondents' positive preference for facade greenery is that it provides opportunities to experience nature near the housing and the improvement of the aesthetic appeal of facades for those living in apartment housing. Negative responses were based on the inhabitation of insects, and the difficulties in maintaining facade greenery. The favourite plants are parthenocissus and climbing rose. Generally people were lacking in an understanding of the ecological value of facade greenery. Most of the respondents indicated a liking for facade greenery and so the situation is now suitable to promote it.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Rural Architecture
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.9-17
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• 2020

The ratio of the deterioration housing in rural area was 29.6%, but it was 18.3% in urban area based on a 2018 survey. In consideration of the point, this study aims to analyze the actual condition of indoor air quality in rural houses to provide basic data for improving the indoor air environment. It was investigated 15housings of Hongseong-gun, Chungchengnam-do. To investigate the correlation between indoor air quality and housing type, both the field survey of housing type and precision diagnosis of concentration of indoor air pollutants such as HCHO, TVOC, Fine dust(PM-10, PM-2.5), CO₂, Radon. The results of this study are as follows. First, according to the average value of each element of rural old housing, the construction year was distributed in 1939~2004, and 12households(80%) living in houses older than 30years have passed for about 46years. As for the housing area, more than 12houses(80%) of 60㎡ or more and 3 houses (20%) of less than 60㎡ were often living in relatively small-scale housing. Second, as a result of measuring indoor air pollutants in rural houses, substances exceeding the standard values were found in HCHO, TVOC, CO₂. Third, in the case of Fine dust and Radon, none of such factors were exceeded the standard. Fourth, there was no significant difference in indoor air quality depending on housing type in rural houses. This paper is expected to contribute to the regional development projects and effective implementation of rural policies.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.73-81
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to derive policy suggestions and new orientations for biotope mapping in Korea from a review of case studies on the classification of biotope typesin Germany. This study was conducted in the following manner: First, the related literature and data on biotopes in Germany was collected. Second, the representative examples at the provincial government level and urban and residential areas were selected. Finally, the characteristics of biotope types, biotope classification systems, and biotope classification criteria were reviewed. The results of reviewing the case examples in Germany are as follows: First, the biotope types at the provincial government level were composed of patterns which existed mostly in natural areas and the corresponding areas of their conditions. Those in urban and residential areas were made up of patterns which were distributed in urban areas and their peripheries. Second, the biotope classification systems at the provincial government level consisted of three steps:large, medium and small. Those in urban and residential areas were made up of two steps: medium and small. However, it is strongly recommended to introduce the biotope classification system composed of three steps. Third, the biotope classification criteria at the provincial government level considered ecological factors and anthropogenic factors except land use forms. Those in urban and residential areas reflected mostly anthropogenic factors and ecological factors. In conclusion, this study suggests that future biotope surveys and mapping in Korea should be investigated not only in urban areas but also in natural and semi-natural areas. In addition, a specified biotope type classification system should be established in Korea.

• Journal of the Society of Naval Architects of Korea
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.58-66
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• 2014

Numerical simulations for the flows containing free surface remain difficult problems because the drastic differences of physical properties of water and air, The difference of densities makes the solution instable in particular. For the stabilities of the solutions, the most typical methods to simulate free surface flows, such as Volume Of Fluid(VOF) and Level-Set(LS) methods, impose transient zones where the physical prosperities are continuously distributed. The thickness of the transient zone is the source of the numerical errors. The other side, marker-density method does not use such a transient zone. In the traditional marker-density method, however, the air velocities of free surface cells are extrapolated from the water velocity, and the pressures on the free surface are extrapolated from the air pressures for the stability of the solution. In this study, the marker-density method is modified for the decrease of such numerical errors. That is, the pressure on the free surface is determined to coincide with the pressure gradient terms of the governing equations, and the velocity of free surface cells are calculated with the governing equations. Two-dimensional steady spilling breakers behind of a submersed hydrofoil and three-dimensional spilling breaker near a wedge shaped ship model are simulated using INHAWAVE-II including the modified marker-density(MMD) method. The results are compared with the results of Fluent V6.3 including VOF method and several published research results.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.10 no.3 s.35
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• pp.201-208
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• 2005

Event notification service is a event-based messaging middleware service needed for various vertical domains, such as, business applications, distributed system management, and web service integration. In this paper, we investigate the architecture of an event notification service that includes a subject-based event dissemination service and a flexible message communication service. The event dissemination service is in charge of transferring events asynchronously but speedy according to the subjects of events and their environmental knowledge. It also includes content-based message filtering. The message communication service provides a common communication infrastructure supporting variety types of messages and variety of protocols. Depending on application domains and situation, we can re-configurate the communication infrastructure in order to optimize the efficiency and usability. This paper shows the performance analysis of our event notification service with various types of message formats and protocols.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.67-94
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• 1995

A total of 394 plant species in 74 families planted in home gardens, public building gardens, campuses of elementaiy, middle, and high schools, and universities, recreation areas, city parks, loeal and national ways, and highways from 1.21 local areal in Korea were surveyed- A comparison of the surveyed species to nation-widei.y growing species in those areas were studied. the results obtained were as follows : 1. The ratio of evergreen to deciduous plant species was 38.1:61,9 and that of tree:scrub:vine was 54:40.9:5.1. 2. The ratio of evergreen to deciduous plant species was 27.5:72.5 among total 276 land-scape plant species surveyed in Seoul and Kyongki-do province. The ratios were 32:68 in Kwangwon-do, 36.1:63.9 ill Chungchongbuk-do, 37:61 iii Chungchongnanl-do, 36.4:63.6 in Kyungsangbuk-do, 39.2:60.8 고 Kyungsangaaal-do, 35.7:64.5 in Jollabuk-do, 40.6:59.4 in Jollanam-do, and 43.1 :56.9 in Cheju-do. This results tell that more evergreen species are growing in the southern than in northern region in Korea. 3. Plants with 100% frequency in national planting were 8 species inclubing Forsythia koreana 91-99% were 6 species including Taxus cuspidata, 81-90% were 13 species including Magnolia liilflora, 71-80% were 10 speces including Buxus microphylla val, koreana, 61-70% were 13 species including Thuja occiduntakus, 51-60% were 15 species including Pius thunbergii, 41-50% were 15 species including Kerria japonica, 31-40% were 17 species including Cryptomeria japonica, 21-30% were 28 species including Viturnum awabuki, and below 20% were 267 species including Koelreuteria paniculata. 4 Uppermost north latitude of planting distribution of major temperature species was sum- marized as follows: Although it has been reported that Cryptomeria japonica is possible to grow in areas around -47, the result from this study shows that Cryptomeria japonica grows normally in Choonchun Seoul, Samchuck, and Kwangryeung, etc. , and is possible to grow normally in the areas with approximately -6$^{\circ}C$ in an average temperature in January, where are -2$^{\circ}C$ colder than the reported temperature, but locally warm Phyllostachys bambusoides is distributed to Mt. Kumkang and Mt. Sulak, and also planted in Seoul, Kwangryeung, and Chunchon.