• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.6
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• pp.38-48
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the vegetation structure of community by the phytosociology method, floristic composition table on coast of South Korea. Form 2007 June until November, $2m{\times}2m$ quadrat was established in native Glehnia littoralis in order to record a dominants and coverage, and it drew the profile. It was found out that the mean temperature in the distributed areas for Glehnia littoralis population was $11^{\circ}C$ or more. The flora of the studied area in Glehnia lottoralis community of coastal dune was listed as 100 species. Glehnia lottoralis community of appearance species of Yeonggwanggun Duwori was many most by 44 species. Carex pumila, Carex Kobomugi, Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii, Ischaemum anthephehoroides and Vitex rotundifolia range all over the studied areas. And the vegetation of Glehnia littoralis community was classified into Vitex rotundifolia subcommunity, Ischaemun anthephephoroides subcommunity and Imperata cylindrica var. koenigii subcommunity. Native Glehnia littoralis was classified into preserve area, natural selection area and artificial destruction area. It must preserve native Glehnia littoralis of Goseong, Yeongdeok, Haenam it was ecological important area.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.1661-1665
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• 2003

A feeding trial was conducted for 60 days to study the utilization of fruits processing wastes as feed ingredient in the diet of Labeo rohita fingerlings. One hundred and sixty fingerlings (av. body weight, $1.65g{\pm}0.03$) were equally distributed in four experimental groups having 4 replicates each. Four different experimental diets were prepared by replacing wheat flour and rice bran with either orange (T2) (Cirtus qurantium), pineapple (T3) (Ananas spp. and Pseudananas spp.) or sweet lime (T4) (Citrus sinensis) wastes to the basal diet along with the control (T1, without any fruit wastes) keeping the CP level at around 40%. The water quality parameters like DO, $CO_2$, pH, total alkalinity, total hardness, ammonia and water temperature were recorded within the optimum range. The diet containing 25% pineapple wastes (T3) showed significantly higher growth in terms of SGR (1.50), FCR (2.09) and PER (1.19) than the other groups. However, growth of T4 and T2 groups were not significantly different than the control group (T1). Protease activity (17.17 unit/mg protein), protein digestibility (91.57%) and carbohydrate digestibility (41.62%) were not significantly different among the different groups. Survival of the fingerlings were not significantly different among the experimental groups. It concludes that waste of orange, pineapple and sweet lime can be used at 25% level as a substitute of wheat flour and rice bran in the diet of Labeo rohita.

• Journal of Korea Foresty Energy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.26-37
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• 2004

This study was to investigate the rational propagation of the Vitex rotundifolia, which is distributed as a community naturally at coastal area in Korea. The germination rate of ordinary temperature stored fruits was the highest with 67%. In the matter of the number of seedlings per fruit, 1 seed germinated fruit was the most with 40.3 % and the mean was 1.4 seedlings per fruit. The best rooting rate of both greenwood and hardwood cutting was 96.7% in the case of cuttings soaked in IBA 2500ppm for 1 minute on the Compost+Sand bed-soils. Generally the root development of cuttings was higher in the high IBA concentration with soaking in a moment than in the low IBA concentration with soaking in long time, and bed-soils mixed with sands and composts. And in the rooting rate, greenwood cutting was better about 10% than hardwood cutting of Vitex rotundifolia.

• Clean Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.17-25
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• 2000

Catalytic oxidation of volatile organic compounds(benzene, toluene, xylene) over transition metals/ALO-6 catalysts was investigated in a fixed bed flow reactor system at atmospheric pressure. The orders of catalytic activities for the complete oxidation of toluene were Cu>Mn>Fe>V>Mo>Co>Ni>Zn for 15% transition metals/ALO-6 catalyst system. Increasing the calcination temperature resulted in decreasing the specific surface areas of catalyst, subsequently the catalytic activity. The loading of Cu on ALO-6 had a great effect on the catalytic activity and 5% Cu/ALO-6 catalyst showed higher catalytic activity, which may be contributed to the uniformly distributed active sites. Benzene, toluene and xylene were completely oxidized to carbon dioxide over 5% Cu/ALO-6 catalyst at over $380^{\circ}C$ and 4.5 g-cat.hr./g-mole. The orders of the kinds of reactants for catalytic activity over 5% Cu/ALO-6 were toluene>xylene>benzene. As the concentration of reactant increased, the catalytic activity decreased due to self-poison of reactant.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.311-321
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• 2009

Three categories (freshwater, amphidromous, and marine fishes) of Taiwanese fishes are analyzed on the basis of zoogeographic elements, viz. China element, Indo-China element, Indo-West Pacific element, Indo-Pacific element, North-Pacific element, Japan-Oregon element, and circumtropical element. Freshwater fishes, which include the China and Indo-China elements, are distributed on part of the boundary area between the Palaearctic and Oriental regions of Wallace (1876). Diadromous fishes include the North-Pacific, Indo-China and Indo-West Pacific elements. Taiwanese salmon, a landlocked (initially diadromous) species that became established in Taiwan between 0.5 my B.P. and the early Pleistocene, is recognized as a distinct taxon included within the Oncorhynchus masou complex, which comprises here three species and two subspecies, viz. Oncorhynchus masou masou (Sancheoneo, Songeo, Sakura-masu or Yamame), O. masou ishikawae (Satsuki-masu or Amago), O. sp. (Biwa-masu), and O. formosanus (Taiwanese salmon), based on molecular, morphological and biological studies. Marine fishes are discussed under the following headings, brackish-water fishes (fishes of brackish waters and seas adjacent to continental coastlines, North Pacific and Indo-West Pacific elements; fishes of brackish waters and seas primarily around islands, Indo-West Pacific element), reef fishes (fishes of inshore reefs along continental coastlines from 0 to ca.100 m depth, Indo-West Pacific element; fishes of inshore reefs primarily around islands from 0 to ca.100 m depth, Indo-West Pacific element; fishes of offshore reefs along continental shelf edges from ca.150 to 300 m depth, circumtropical and Indo-Pacific elements; fishes of offshore reefs primarily around islands from ca.150 to 300 m depth, Indo-Pacific element), demersal fishes (fishes on continental shelves shallower than ca.150 m depth, Indo-West Pacific and Japan-Oregon elements; fishes on edges and upper continental slopes from ca.150 m to 500 m depth, Indo-West Pacific, Indo-Pacific, and circumtropical elements; fishes on lower continental slopes to abyssal plains from ca.500 m to 6,000 m depth, circumtropical element and rarely Indo-Pacific element), pelagic fishes (epipelagic fishes from 0 to ca.150 m depth, Indo-West Pacific, Indo-Pacific or circumtropical elements; meso- and bathypelagic fishes from ca.150 to 3,000 m depth, circumtropical element). The distribution of Taiwanese marine fishes are influenced by the Kuroshio Current, low-salinity and low-temperature waters from mainland China, and sea-bottom topography.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.245-254
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• 2020

The interaction between the frozen soil and building structures deteriorates with the increasing temperature. A nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) stratification test was conducted with respect to the unfrozen water content on the interface and a shear test was conducted on the frozen soil-structure interface to explore the shear characteristics of the frozen soil-structure interface and its failure mechanism during the thawing process. The test results showed that the unfrozen water at the interface during the thawing process can be clearly distributed in three stages, i.e., freezing, phase transition, and thawing, and that the shear strength of the interface decreases as the unfrozen water content increases. The internal friction angle and cohesive force display a change law of "as one falls, the other rises," and the minimum internal friction angle and maximum cohesive force can be observed at -1℃. In addition, the change characteristics of the interface strength parameters during the freezing process were compared, and the differences between the interface shear characteristics and failure mechanisms during the frozen soil-structure interface freezing-thawing process were discussed. The shear strength parameters of the interface was subjected to different changes during the freezing-thawing process because of the different interaction mechanisms of the molecular structures of ice and water in case of the ice-water phase transition of the test sample during the freezing-thawing process.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.155-167
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• 2015

A dynamical seasonal prediction system for boreal winter utilizing cryospheric information was developed. Using the Community Atmospheric Model, version3, (CAM3) as a modeling system, newly developed snow depth initialization method and sea ice concentration treatment were implemented to the seasonal prediction system. Daily snow depth analysis field was scaled in order to prevent climate drift problem before initializing model's snow fields and distributed to the model snow-depth layers. To maximize predictability gain from land surface, we applied one-month-long training procedure to the prediction system, which adjusts soil moisture and soil temperature to the imposed snow depth. The sea ice concentration over the Arctic region for prediction period was prescribed with an anomaly-persistent method that considers seasonality of sea ice. Ensemble hindcast experiments starting at 1st of November for the period 1999~2000 were performed and the predictability gain from the imposed cryospheric informations were tested. Large potential predictability gain from the snow information was obtained over large part of high-latitude and of mid-latitude land as a result of strengthened land-atmosphere interaction in the modeling system. Large-scale atmospheric circulation responses associated with the sea ice concentration anomalies were main contributor to the predictability gain.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.44 no.4
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• pp.495-503
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• 2017

Genotyping-by-sequencing (GBS) is an outstanding technology for genotyping and single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) discovery compared to next generation sequencing (NGS) because it can save time when analyzing large-scale samples and carries a low cost per sample. Recently, studies using GBS have been conducted on major crops and, to a greater extent, on fruit crops. However, many researchers have some problems due to low GBS efficiency resulting from low quality GBS libraries. To overcome this limitation, we developed an efficient GBS library construction method that regulates important conditions such as restriction enzymes (RE) digestion and a PCR procedure for grapevine. For RE digestion, DNA samples are digested with ApeKI (3.6U) at $75^{\circ}C$ for 5 hours and adapters are ligated to the ends of gDNA products. To produce suitable PCR fragments for sequencing, we modified the PCR amplification conditions; temperature cycling consisted of $72^{\circ}C$ (5 min), $98^{\circ}C$ (30 s), followed by 16 cycles of $98^{\circ}C$ (30 s), $65^{\circ}C$ (30 s), $72^{\circ}C$ (20 s) with a final extension step. As a result, we had obtained optimal library construct sizes (200 to 400 bp) for GBS analysis. Furthermore, it not only increased the mapping efficiency by approximately 10.17% compared to the previous method, but also produced mapped reads which were distributed equally on the19 chromosomes in the grape genome. Therefore, we suggest that this system can be used for various fruit crops and is expected to increase the efficiency of various genomic analysis performed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.61-71
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• 2015

The objectives of this study are to construct an ecoregion map and to extract ecological factors from each ecoregion to adapt FLR (Forest Landscape Restoration) of North Korea. An ecological map was constructed by PCA(Principal Component Analysis) and MGC(Multivatiate Geographical Clustering). An ANOVA test verified the differences among ecoregions, and post-hoc pair wise comparisons were performed to determine similarities between them. Factor analysis was conducted to extract ecoregional characteristics. Ecoregions were distributed into clusters reflecting differences of south and north and of east and west of their ecological factors. About 12% of land area in North Korea shared similar ecological factors with South Korea, but the remaining 88% was found to be ecologically different. The ANOVA test showed a p-value of 0.000, indicating significant differences between the regions. Post-hoc pair wise comparisons indicated statistically significant similarities in annual mean temperature between ecoregion D and G, precipitation seasonality between ecoregion H and O, and precipitation of the warmest quarter between ecoregion K and O. Because ecoregion A and N showed same in their soil water contents, they were assumed that the dense of forest cover in the Southern ecoregion A is similar to that in the Northern ecoregion N of Korean peninsular. Based on the results of this study, it is necessary to accommodate quantitative and spatial based planning, when South Korea aids forest restoration projects in North Korea. In addition, it is recommended for both South and North Korea to share on Forest Landscape Restoration methodologies with each other.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.153-159
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• 2010

Magnetic properties of basic rocks samples distributed in the seaside area of Ulleung island were investigated by means of X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (XRF), M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer spectroscopy and SQUID magnetometer. We found that samples were typical basic rock which had the total amount of iron compounds varies from 10.6 wt% to 14.5 wt% depending on the different regions by XRF. The M$\ddot{o}$ssbauer spectra and magnetic hysteresis behaviors of the samples show ferromagnetic properties due to hematite. Also, temperature dependences of magnetization at applied magnetic field of 1 T for samples show magnetic transitions at 41 K~60 K.