• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.300-310
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• 2006

Genomic DNA isolated from three geographical gizzard-shad (Konosirus punctatus) populations in Seocheon (SC), Busan (BS) and Gochang (GC) collected in the West Sea and the southern sea, respectively, off the Korean Peninsula, were PCR-amplified repeatedly. Eight selected decamer and 20-mer primers generated a total of 713 loci in the SC population, 791 in the BS population, and 732 in the GC population, with a DNA fragment size ranging from 100 bp to 2,800 bp. We identified 50 unique loci for the SC population, 70 unique loci for the BS population and 130 for the GC population: 120 shared loci for the three populations. There were 108 specific loci (15.1%) for the SC population, 74 (9.4%) for the BS population, and 67 (9.2%) for the GC population. Eight primers also generated 48 polymorphic loci (6.7%) for the SC population, 26 (3.3%) for the BS population, and 16 (2.2%) for the GC population. The similarity matrix ranged from 0.756 to 0.936 for the SC population, from 0.800 to 0.938 for the BS population, and from 0.731 to 0.959 for the GC population. The dendrogram obtained by the eight primers indicates three genetic clusters: cluster 1 (SEOCHEON 01~SEOCHEON 10), cluster 2 (BUSAN 11~BUSAN 20 and GOCHANG 23~GOCHANG 24), and cluster 3 (GOCHANG 21, 22, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29 and 30). As stated above, some individuals of the GC population appear to belong in BS population. When seeing this result, it was thought with the fact that some individuals of 2 populations seem to come and go partially. Thus, RAPD-PCR analysis revealed a significant genetic distance between the three geographical gizzard-shad populations. Using various decamer and 20-mer primers, RAPD-PCR may be applied to identify specific/polymorphic markers that are particular to a species and geographic population, and to define genetic diversity, polymorphisms, and similarities among geographical gizzard-shad populations.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.10
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• pp.1442-1446
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• 2008

Seven populations of 586 Hanwoo have been characterized by using 10 microsatellite DNA markers. Size of microsatellite markers decided using GeneMapper Software (v.4.0) after analyze in kinds of ABI machine of name of 3130. Frequencies of microsatellites markers were used to estimate heterozygosities and genetic distances. Genetic distancesbetween populations were obtained using Ne's DA distance method. Expected heterozygosity between each population was estimated very analogously. Genetic distances (0.0413) between Kangwan (KW) and Gyonggi (GG), Jeonpuk (JP) were nearest than distances between other populations by 0.021. Genetic distances between Gyonggi (GG) and Kyongpuk (KP) showed far distance than other populations by 0.032. In the UPGMA tree that is made based on DA distance matrix. Each individuals were not ramified to different group and were spread evenly in phylogenetic dendrogram about all Hanwoo of each regional area populations. But Hanwoo proven population was ramified to different group.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2010

Genetic variation and population structure of the slender bitterling Acheilognathus lanceolatus of Korea (the Han, Geum, Dongjin, Seomjin and Nakdong Rivers) and Japan (the Katsura River) were assessed by amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) analysis. Five combinations of selective primers generated 345~374 DNA fragments, of which 55~131 were polymorphic. The Nakdong River population had the highest genetic diversity and the Han River population had the lowest genetic diversity. Dendrogram based on the distance matrix revealed that individuals from each population consistently clustered together and bifurcated into two distinct clades (or population groups) composed of the Han, Geum, Dongjin and Seomjin River populations and of the Nakdong and Katsura River populations, supported with high bootstrap values. The pairwise genetic differentiation ($F_{ST}$) estimates showed that the six populations were genetically well differentiated (P<0.01). The analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) after partitioning the six populations into two population groups revealed very strong biogeographic structuring between them with 25.49% of total variance (P<0.01). Taken together, the AFLP markers clearly divided six A. lanceolatus populations into two population groups.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.157-165
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• 2015

Object : The goals of this research were to make Performance Enhanced Model(PE) taken the largest performance index (PI) through artificial variation of principle components calculated by principle component analysis for trial data, and to verify the effect through comparing kinematic factors between trial data (Raw) and PE. Method : Ten subjects (5 men, 5 women) were recruited and 80% of their maximal record was considered. The PI is a regression equation. In order to develop PE, we extracted Principle components from trial position data (by Principle Components Analysis (PCA)). Before PCA, we made 17 position data to 3 row matrix according to components. We calculated 3 eigen value (principle components) through PCA. And except Y (medial-lateral direction) component (because motion of Y component is small), principle components of X (anterior-posterior direction) and Z (vertical direction) components were changed as following. Changed principle components = principle components + principle components ${\times}$ k. After changing the each principle component, we reconstructed position data using the changed principle components and calculated performance index (PI). A Paired t-test was used to compare Raw data and Performance Enhanced Model data. The level of statistical significance was set at $p{\leq}0.05$. Result : The PI was significantly increased about 12.9kg at PE ($101.92{\pm}6.25$) when compared to the Raw data ($91.29{\pm}7.10$). It means that performance can be increased by optimizing 3D positions. The difference of kinematic factors as follows : the movement distance of the bar from start to lock out was significantly larger (about 1cm) for PE, the width of anterior-posterior bar position in full phase was significantly wider (about 1.3cm) for PE and the horizontal displacement toward the weightlifter after beginning of descent from maximal height was significantly greater (about 0.4cm) for PE. Additionally, the minimum knee angle in the 2-pull phase was significantly smaller (approximately 2.7cm) for the PE compared to that of the Raw. PE was decided at proximal position from the Raw (origin point (0,0)) of PC variation). Conclusion : PI was decided at proximal position from the Raw (origin point (0,0)) of PC variation). This means that Performance Enhanced Model was decided by similar motion to the Raw without a great change. Therefore, weightlifters could be accept Performance Enhanced Model easily, comfortably and without large stress. The Performance Enhance Model can provide training direction for athletes to improve their weightlifting records.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.79-85
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• 2007

The species in genus Saxifiraga distributed in circumpolar arctic are taxonomically difficult to study. RAPD analyses were performed to compare the genetic diversity of the 16 Saxifrages originated from the Norwegian Arctic Svalbard and Korea. The 12 accessions of URP primers were tested and 4 of which showed polymorphism were selected. Total 79 (44.8%) DNA bands were scored and analyzed by UPGMA cluster analysis. The results indicated that all of the 9 Saxifraga species from Svalbard showed high genetic diversity than those from Korea. The Similarity matrix and cluster analyses indicated that the Saxifraga species from Svalbard and Korea can be divided into two different subgroups. RAPDs of the Saxifraga species of Korea showed higher homologous patterns than those of Arctic Saxifrage. Among the Saxifraga species, we found that the morphological similarity reflects the genetic similarity. The geographic distance, clonal reproduction, and environmental condition may contribute the high level of genetic diversity between Saxifraga species from the two isolated regions.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.121-135
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• 2014

Object-based classification methods provide a valid alternative to traditional pixel-based methods. This study reports the results of an object-based classification to examine land cover in the demilitarized zones(DMZs) of Inje-gun. We used land cover classes(7 classes for main category and 13 classes for sub-category) selected from the criteria by Korea Ministry of Environment. The average and standard deviation of the spectrum values, and homogeneity of GLCM were chosen to map land cover types in an hierarchical approach using the nearest neighborhood method. We then identified the distributional characteristics of land cover by considering 3 topographic characteristics (altitude, slope gradient, distance from the Southern Limited Line(SLL)) within the DMZs. The results showed that scale 72, shape 0.2, color 0.8, compactness 0.5 and smoothness 0.5 were the optimum weight values while scale, shape and color were most influenced parameters in image segmentation. The forests (92%) were main land cover type in the DMZs; the grassland(5%), the urban area (2%) and the forests (broadleaf forest: 44%, mixed forest: 42%, coniferous forest: 6%) also occupied mostly in land cover classes for sub-category. The results also showed that facilities and roads had higher density within 2 km from the SLL, while paddy, field and bare land were distributed largely outside 6 km from the SLL. In addition, there was apparent distinction in land cover by topographic characteristics. The forest had higher density at above altitude 600m and above slope gradient $30^{\circ}$ while agriculture, bare land and grass land were distributed mainly at below altitude 600m and below slope gradient $30^{\circ}$.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.28-40
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• 1994

Xerostomia and xerophthalmia are delicate or serous side effects, occuring when the radiotherapy is administered to the head and neck cancer patient. It is known that the cause of the above side effect is radiosensitivity of serous cells. In this study, the ultrastructural features of the parotid glands of the X-irradiated rats were observed. Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250g each were anesthetized with sodium thiopental, and placed on the Mitsubishi linear accelerator. Only the head and neck areas of animals were exposured at the distance of 80cm, within the area of $30X30cm$, in the depth of 1cm, with the speed of 200R/min. Total doses applied were 3,000R or 6,000R depending on the experimental groups. Animals were sacrificed on the 6th hour, 2nd day and 6th day after the irradiation. Parotid glands were fixed in the 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde solution, and followed by refixation in the 1% osmium tetroxide solution. Dehydrated blocks were embedded in araldite mixture, and ultrathin sections were cut. Sections were contrasted with the solution of uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. Normal parotid acinar cells are two types; the light and the dark acinar cells. The light acinar cell contains dense secretory granules, whereas dark acinar cells contains granules of medium density with some darker spots within them, or other cells contain granules of medium density with darker rims. 2. Six hours after the irradiation, many acinar cells were degenerated showing variable stages of cytolytic bodies, light bodies, or dense degenerations. Within the acinar cell, Golgi apparatus and granular endoplasmic reticula were most severely altered elements. Granules showed more contrasting densities and irregularities. 3. Two days after the irradiation, some cytolytic bodies, and focal lucent degeneration of cytoplasm, and fine granular alteration of cytoplasmic matrix were pronounced. But other elements including secretory granules are rather looked unlatered. 4. Six days after the irradiation, most severe alterations were seen. Many intracellular canaliculi (or secretion figures), quanta of cytoplasm containing secretion antecedants, severely irregular luminal border, and again contrasting density of secretory granules showing tigroid spots or dense rims were noted. And myoepithelial degenerations were observed not uncommonly. 5. Irregular densities of secretory granules were interpreted as abnormal components of protein or carbohydrate portion are synthesized or abnormally metabolized under severe X-irradiation. 6. Myoepithelial degeneration and related alteration of nerve endings, etc., were suggested as the other causes of xerostomia following X-irradiation. 7. It is requested that radiation doses should be arranged, considering in mind not only the sensitivity of acinar cells but also the myoepithelial and neural functions.

• Journal of Internet Computing and Services
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.159-172
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• 2009

The purposes of this study were to identify factors affecting the quality of universities' e-learning contents from the perspectives of learners and to find out specific solutions for improving them. To achieve these goals, research questions were established as follows: 1) What factors were influencing the quality of universities' e-learning contents, and how were learners perceived about each factor(by its importance and satisfaction)? 2) Were there any differences on the learners' perceptions about each factor(by its importance and satisfaction)? 3) What were any specific ways to enhance the quality of universities' e-learning contents? The participants were of 543 university students who took at least one e-learning course and were living in the metropolitan areas(Seoul, Incheon, Gyeonggi). The survey questionnaire was consisted of 38 items developed through the literature review. To analyze the data collected, factor analysis and paired-sample t-test were conducted. The results were as follows: Five identified factors influencing the quality of universities' e-learning contents from the perspectives of learners were instructional strategies, learning contents, usability, evaluation/feedback, and interface design, and all identified factors were statistically significant differences among the learners' perceptions of its importance and satisfaction. The analysis results of importance-satisfaction matrix by each factor showed that 1) learning contents was the factor that current status should be at least continuously maintained, 2) usability, instructional strategies, and evaluation/feedback were the factors that learners' satisfactions still need to be increased although those importances were not relatively high, and 3) interface factor was important, while learners' satisfaction toward it was not much high so that solutions to increase the satisfaction need to be immediately considered. Based on the results, several suggestions to enhance universities' e-learning contents from the learners' perspectives were also recommended.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.47 no.3
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• pp.341-354
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• 2005

For the genetic assessment of the cattle breeds including Hanwoo, eleven microsatellite markers on ten bovine autosomes were genetically characterized for 618 individuals of nineteen cattle breeds; North Eastern Asian breeds (Korean cattle, Korean Black cattle, Japanese Black cattle, Japanese Brown cattle, Yanbian cattle), Chinese yellow cattle (Luxi cattle, Nanyang cattle), European Bas taurus (Angus, Hereford, Charolais, Holstein, Limousin), African Bas taurus (N'Dama, Baoule), African Bas indicus (Kavirondo Zebu, White Fulani), Asian Bas indicus (Sahiwal, Nelore) and one Bali cattle, Bas banteng as an outbreed-reference population. Allele frequencies derived from the genotyping data were used in estimating heterozygosities, gene diversities and genetic distances. The microsatellite loci were highly polymorphic, with a total of 162 different alleles observed across all loci. Variability in allele numbers and frequencies was observed among the breeds. The average expected heterozygosity of North Eastern Asian breeds was higher than those of European and African taurines, but lower than those of Asian and African indicines. Genetic distances were estimated using Nei's DA genetic distance and the resultant DA matrix was used in the construction of the phylogenetic trees. The genetic distances between North Eastern Asian cattle breeds and Bas indicus were similar with those between European Bas taurus and Bas indicus, and African Bas taurus and Bas indicus, respectively. The clusters were clearly classified into North Eastern Asian, European and African taurines groups as well as different cluster with Chinese mainland breeds, firstly out-grouping with Bas indicus. These results suggest that Korean cattle, Hanwoo, had not been originated from a crossbred between Bas primigenius in Europe and Bas indicus in India and North Eastern Asian Bas taurus may be have separate domestication from European and African Bas taurus.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.1-11
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• 2007

Seoul's transportation system was changed drastically starting the first of June in two thousand. This policy includes integrated distance-based fare system and public transportation card system called smart card. Especially, as public transportation card data contains individual travel, transfer and using modes information it is possible to catch the characteristics of path-based individuals and mass transit. Thus, public transportation card data can contribute to evaluate the mass transit service in integrated public transportation networks. In addition, public transportation card data are able to help to convert previous researches and analyses with link-based trip assignment models to path-based mass transit service analysis. In this study, an algorithm being suitable for path-based trip assignment models is suggested and proposed algorithm can also contribute to make full use of public transportation card data. For this, column generation algorithm hewn to draw the stable solution is adopted. This paper uses the methodology that is to take local approximate equilibrium from partial network and expand local approximate equilibrium to global equilibrium.