• Title/Summary/Keyword: Dissolved Hydrogen Effect

검색결과 45건 처리시간 0.028초

유동가속부식에 영향을 미치는 수화학 인자 : pH, 용존산소, 하이드라진 (Effect of Water Chemistry Factors on Flow Accelerated Corrosion : pH, DO, Hydrazine)

  • 이은희;김경모;김홍표
    • Corrosion Science and Technology
    • /
    • 제12권6호
    • /
    • pp.280-287
    • /
    • 2013
  • Flow accelerated corrosion(FAC) of the carbon steel piping in pressurized water reactors(PWRs) has been major issue in nuclear industry. Severe accident at Surry Unit 2 in 1986 initiated the worldwide interest in this area. Major parameters influencing FAC are material composition, microstructure, water chemistry, and hydrodynamics. Qualitative behaviors of FAC have been well understood but quantitative data about FAC have not been published for proprietary reason. In order to minimize the FAC in PWRs, the optimal method is to control water chemistry factors. Chemistry factors influencing FAC such as pH, corrosion potential, and hydrazine contents were reviewed in this paper. FAC rate decreased with pH up to 10 because magnetite solubility decreased with pH. Corrosion potential is generally controlled dissolved oxygen (DO) and hydrazine in secondary water. DO increased corrosion potential. FAC rate decreased with DO by stabilizing magnetite at low DO concentration or by formation of hematite at high DO concentration. Even though hydrazine is generally used to remove DO, hydrazine itself thermally decomposed to ammonia, nitrogen, and hydrogen raising pH. Hydrazine could react with iron and increased FAC rate. Effect of hydrazine on FAC is rather complex and should be careful in FAC analysis. FAC could be managed by adequate combination of pH, corrosion potential, and hydrazine.

Dissolution of synthetic U-DBP and corrosion of stainless steel by dissolution schemes

  • Guanghui Wang;Yaorui Li ;Mingjian He ;Meng Zhang ;Yang Gao ;Hui He ;Caishan Jiao
    • Nuclear Engineering and Technology
    • /
    • 제55권5호
    • /
    • pp.1644-1650
    • /
    • 2023
  • In spent fuel reprocessing, UO2(DBP)2 (U-DBP) can be deposited in stainless steel equipment. U-DBP must be removed by dissolution and the process must not cause corrosion to stainless steel. This study was conducted to find the best scheme for dissolution. U-DBP was manufactured by the titrimetric sedimentation method. The effects of different factors on the dissolution of U-DBP were investigated. For example, solid-liquid ratio, hydrazine carbonate solutions with different mass components, mixed solutions containing different concentrations of H2O2, and different carbonates. The results indicated that U-DBP does not have a regular crystal morphology. With the increase of the solid-liquid ratio and the mass fraction of hydrazine carbonate, the concentration of U(VI) at the dissolution equilibrium increases gradually. The addition of H2O2 has a great promotion effect on the dissolution. However, when the concentration of H2O2 is greater than 0.5 M, the dissolution solution may have an erosive effect on the stainless steel. (NH4)2CO3 can increase the dissolution capacity of dissolved U-DBP, but it may also accelerate the corrosion of stainless steel.

해수중에서 유처리제 및 유처리제/Bunker-C유 혼합물의 생분해도와 용존산소소비에 관한 연구(I) - 유처리제의 생분해도와 용존산소소비 - (Study on the Biodegradability of Dispersants and Dispersant/Bunker-C Oil Mixtures and the Dissolved Oxygen Consumption in the Seawater(I) - The Biodegradability of Dispersants and the Dissolved Oxygen Consumption in the Seawater -)

  • 김광수;박청길;유선재
    • 한국수산과학회지
    • /
    • 제26권5호
    • /
    • pp.493-501
    • /
    • 1993
  • 유처리제의 생분해도와 유처리제가 해수중의 용존산소에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위해서 세 제품의 유처리제(SG, GL, WC)와 비이온 계면활성제(OA-5)에 대한 TOD분석, 원소분석 및 해수중에서의 생분해 실험을 행한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 1. 1mg의 유처리제는 $2.37{\sim}2.80mg$의 TOD, 1mg의 비이온 계면활성제는 2.45mg의 TOD를 나타내었다. 2. 유처리제는 탄소가 $67.6{\sim}76.5\%$, 수소가 $10.2{\sim}12.3\%$였고, 비이온 계면활성제는 탄소가 $65.3\%$, 수소가 $10.3\%$였으며 어느 것에서도 질소는 검출되지 않았다. 3. 유처리제는 생분해시 제품에 따라 다소 차이가 있었으나 1mg의 유처리제가 $0.403{\sim}0.595mg$$BOD_5$$0.703{\sim}0.855mg$$BOD_{20}$를 유발하였다. 또한 1mg의 비이온 계면활성제는 0.50mg의 $BOD_5$ 및 0.97mg의 $BOD_{20}$를 나타내었다. 4. 해수중에서 탈산소계수($K_1$)는 유처리제(4.0mg/l)의 경우 $0.121{\sim}0.171/day$, 비이온 계면활성제(2.0mg/l)의 경우 0.181/day로 나타났다. 또한 유처리제 1mg의 최종산소요구량($L_o$)은 $0.789{\sim}0.953mg$로서 계면활성제 1mg의 최종산소요구량 0.956mg과 비슷하였으며, Glucose 1mg의 TOD값 1.07mg에 접근하는 값이었다. 5. 해수 중의 생분해도($BOD_5/TOD$)에 있어서, 유처리제는 $17{\sim}21\%$, 비이온 계면활성제는 약 $20\%$로서 모두 중간 분해군에 속하였다.

  • PDF

황화철에 의한 6가 크롬의 환원에 관한 연구 (A Study of Hexavalent Chromium Reduction by Iron Sulfide)

  • 조세이;박재우
    • 대한환경공학회지
    • /
    • 제27권6호
    • /
    • pp.657-662
    • /
    • 2005
  • 황화철은 자연 퇴적토와 공극수에서 생물학적 과정이나 무생물학적 과정에 의해서 상당량 생성된다. 본 연구에서는 6가 크롬과 황화철로부터 용해되어 나온 이가 철과 6가 크롬의 반응에 관하여 알아보기 위해 6가 크롬의 초기농도를 다르게 하여 pH 4와 8에서 수용액상과 고체상으로 나누어 실험을 수행하였다. 또한 철산화물인 ${\alpha}-Fe_2O_3$, ${\alpha}-FeOOH$, $Fe_3O_4$와 0가 철을 이용하여 황화철에 의한 6가 크롬의 제거효율을 비교하였다. 6가 크롬의 제거율은 pH 4일 때가 pH 8일 때 높았으며 이는 낮은 pH에서 황화철로부터 용해되어 나온 이가 철의 양의 pH 4에서 더 많기 때문인 것으로 판단된다. 투과전자 현미경(Transmission Electric Microscopy)을 이용한 황화철의 표면 분석을 통하여 고체 표면에 형성된 침전물을 확인하였다. 이는 황화철에 의한 6가 크롬의 환원 작용에 의하여 iron(oxyhyoxide) 침전이 형성된 것으로 판단된다. 황화철은 철 산화물 및 영가 철에 비하여 그 제거능이 월등하며 이는 이가 철과 함께 황화물의 상호작용인 것으로 사료된다.

Hydrogeochemical and geostatistical study of shallow alluvial groundwater in the Youngdeok area

  • Kim, Nam-Jin;Yun, Seong-Taek;Kwon, Man-Jae;Kim, Hyoung-Soo;Kim, Chang-Hoon;Koh, Yong-Kwon
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국지하수토양환경학회 2000년도 추계학술대회
    • /
    • pp.232-236
    • /
    • 2000
  • Multi-regression statistical analyses were applied for the water quality data of shallow alluvial ground water (n = 47) collected from the Youngdeok area, in order to quantitatively generalize the natural (non-anthropogenic) causes of regional water quality variation. Seven samples having the high contamination index ( $C_{a}$ > 3) reflect the striong effects by anthropogenic activity. Most of the alluvial groundwaters have acquired their quality primarily due to the dissolution of carbonate minerals. The results of multi-regression analysis show that chlorine is mainly derived from seawater effect. Sulfur isotopic compositions of dissolved sulfur and the S $O_4$/Cl ratio also enable us to discriminate the samples (n = 18) which are affected by atmospheric input of marine aerosol (sea-spray) and also by mixing between freshwater and seawater. Hydrogen and oxygen isotope data of the samples collected lie close to the local meteoric water line obtained from nearby Pohang city but has lower slope (5.45) on the $\delta$D-$^{18}$ O plot, indicating that alluvial groundwater was recharged from infiltrated meteoric water which has undergone some degree of kinetic evaporation. The estimated initial isotopic composition of the recharged water ($\delta$D = -74.8$^{0}$ /$_{00}$, $\delta$$^{18}$ O = -10.8$^{[-1000]}$ /$_{[-1000]}$ ) suggests that the alluvial ground water recharge largely occurs during summer storm events.s.s.

  • PDF

AZ91 마그네슘 합금의 PEO 피막 형성거동에 미치는 HF전처리의 영향 (Effect of pre-treatment of AZ91 Mg alloy in HF solution on PEO film formation behavior)

  • 권두영;송풍근;문성모
    • 한국표면공학회지
    • /
    • 제54권4호
    • /
    • pp.184-193
    • /
    • 2021
  • This study demonstrates formation behavior and morphological changes of PEO (Plasma Electrolytic Oxidation) films on AZ91 Mg alloy as a function of pre-treatment time in 1 M HF solution at 25 ± 1 ℃. The electrochemical behavior and morphological changes of AZ91 Mg alloy in the pre-treatment solution were also investigated with pre-treatment time. The PEO films were formed on the pre-treated AZ91 Mg alloy specimen by the application of anodic current 100 mA/cm2 of 300 Hz AC in 0.1 M NaOH + 0.4 M Na2SiO3 solution. Vigorous generation of hydrogen bubbles were observed upon immersion in the pre-treatment solution and its generation rate decreased with immersion time. It was also found that 𝛽-Mg17Al12 in AZ91 Mg alloy was dissolved and a protective thin film of MgF2 was formed on the AZ91 Mg alloy surface during the pre-treatment process in the 1 M HF solution. PEO film did not grow on the AZ91 Mg alloy specimen when the surface was not pre-treated and irregular PEO films with nodular defects were formed for the specimens pre-treated up to 1 min. Uniform PEO films were formed when the AZ91 Mg alloy specimen was pre-treated more than 3 min. The growth rate of PEO films on AZ91 Mg alloy increased significantly with increasing pre-treatment time.

진해 당동만의 성층과 빈산소에 따른 퇴적물내 혐기층 발달이 메탄 거동에 미치는 영향 연구 (A Study on the Effect of the Development of Anaerobic Respiration Processes in the Sediment with the Water-column Stratification and Hypoxia and Its Influence on Methane at Dangdong Bay in Jinhae, Korea)

  • 김서영;안순모
    • Ocean and Polar Research
    • /
    • 제44권1호
    • /
    • pp.1-11
    • /
    • 2022
  • Hypoxia can affect water-atmosphere methane flux by controlling the production and consumption processes of methane in coastal areas. Seasonal methane concentration and fluxes were quantified to evaluate the effects of seasonal hypoxia in Dangdong Bay (Gyeongsangnamdo, Jinhae Bay, South Korea). Sediment-water methane flux increased more than 300 times during hypoxia (normoxia and hypoxia each 6, 1900 µmol m-2 d-1), and water-atmospheric methane flux and bottom methane concentration increased about 2, 10 times (normoxia and hypoxia each 190, 420 µmol m-2 d-1; normoxia and hypoxia each 22, 230 nM). Shoaling of anaerobic decomposition of organic matter in the sediments during the hypoxia (August) was confirmed by the change of the depth at which the maximum hydrogen sulfide concentration was detected. Shoaling shortens the distance between the water column and methanogenesis section to facilitate the inflow of organic matter, which can lead to an increase in methane production. In addition, since the transport distance of the generated methane to the water column is shortened, consumption of methane will be reduced. The combination of increased production and reduced consumption could increase sediment-aqueous methane flux and dissolved methane, which is thought to result in an increase in water-atmospheric methane flux. We could not observe the emission of methane accumulated during the hypoxia due to stratification, so it is possible that the estimated methane flux to the atmosphere was underestimated. In this study, the increase in methane flux in the coastal area due to hypoxia was confirmed, and the necessity of future methane production studies according to oxygen conditions in various coastal areas was demonstratedshown in the future.

황-요오드 수소 제조 공정에서 초음파 조사를 이용한 분젠 반응의 특성 (Characteristics of Bunsen Reaction using Ultrasonic Irradiation in Sulfur-iodine Hydrogen Production Process)

  • 김효섭;이동희;이종규;박주식;김영호
    • 공업화학
    • /
    • 제29권1호
    • /
    • pp.56-61
    • /
    • 2018
  • 황-요오드(SI) 공정의 통합 운전을 위한 분젠 반응 단계에서, $I_2$$H_2O$ 반응물들은 $HI_x$ 용액 내 용해된 성분들로써 공급된다. $HI_x$ 용액과 $SO_2$ 공급을 이용하여 분젠 반응이 수행될 때 $HI_x$ 상 내 대부분의 $H_2SO_4$ 생성물이 존재하며, 이에 따라 $HI_x$ 상에 대한 $H_2SO_4$ 상의 부피 비가 매우 낮다. 본 연구에서 우리는 상 분리 성능을 향상시키기 위해 $HI_x$ 용액을 이용한 분젠 반응에 대한 초음파 조사의 효과들을 연구하였다. 분젠 반응과 함께 초음파가 조사될 때 $HI_x$ 상으로부터 $H_2SO_4$ 상으로 이동된 $H_2SO_4$의 양은 최대 58.0 mol%까지 증가하였으며, $H_2SO_4$ 상의 부피 또한 최대 13.1 vol%까지 증가하였다. 특히, 상 분리에 대한 초음파 조사의 효과는 온도, $I_2$$H_2O$ 공급 농도가 감소함에 따라 향상되었다. 초음파 조사는 $HI_x$ 상 내 반응 평형을 미시적으로 이동시킴으로써 추가적인 $H_2O$ 분자들의 형성을 유도하였다. 이로부터 추가적으로 생성된 $H_2O$ 및 분리된 $H_2SO_4$ 분자들이 $H_2SO_4$ 상으로 이동할 수 있는 더 많은 $H_2SO_4{\cdot}xH_2O$ (x = 5-6) 착물들을 형성하였다.

Reevaluation of hydrogen gas dissolved cleaning solutions in single wafer megasonic cleaning

  • 김혁민;강봉균;이승호;김정인;이희명;박진구
    • 한국재료학회:학술대회논문집
    • /
    • 한국재료학회 2009년도 추계학술발표대회
    • /
    • pp.34.1-34.1
    • /
    • 2009
  • 1970년대 WernerKern에 의해서 개발된 RCA 습식 세정 공정은 이후 메가소닉 기술 개발과 더불어 현재까지반도체 세정 공정에서 필수 공정으로 알려져 있다. 하지만, 반도체패턴의 고집적화 미세화에 따라 메가소닉을 기반으로 하는 세정기술은 패턴 붕괴 및 나노 입자 제거의 한계를 드러내면서 난관에 봉착하고 있으며, 특히, 기존의 Batch식에서 매엽식으로 세정 방식이 전환은 새로운 개념의 메가소닉 기술 개발을 요구하게 되었다. 메가소닉을 사용한습식 세정공정은 메가소닉에 의한 캐비테이션 효과 (Cavitation Effect)에 따른 충격파 및음압 (Acoustic Streaming)에 의한 입자제거를 주요 메커니즘으로 한다. 메가소닉 주파수와 Boundary Layer 두께는, $\delta=\surd(2v/\omega)$($\delta$=두께, v=유체속도), $\omega=2{\pi}f$ (f=주파수), 으로 표현할 수 있다. 위의 식에 따르면, 메가소닉을 이용한 세정공정에서 주파수가 높아질수록 Boundary Layer의 두께가 감소하며, 이는제거 가능한 입자의 크기가 작아짐을 의미하며, 다시말해, 1 MHz 보다 2 MHz 메가소닉 세정장비에서 미세 입자 세정에 유리함을 예상할 수 있다. 본연구에서는 매엽식 세정장비를 사용하여, 1MHz 및 2MHz 콘-타입 (Cone-Type) 메가소닉 장치를 100nm이하 세정 입자에 대한 입자 제거효율을 평가하였다. 입자 제거 효율을 평가하기 위하여, 표준 형광입자(63nm/104nm 형광입자, Duke Scientifics, USA)를각각 IPA에 분산시킨 후, 실리콘 쿠폰 웨이퍼 ($20mm{\times}20mm$)를 일정시간 동안 Dipping 한 후, 고순도 질소로 건조시켜 오염하였다. 매엽식 세정장비(Aaron, Korea)에 1MHz와 2MHz의 콘-타입메가소닉 발진기 (Durasonic, Korea)를 각각 장착하였다.입자 오염 및 세정 후 입자 개수 측정 및 오염입자의 Mapping은 형광현미경 (LV100D, Nikon, Japan)과 소프트웨어(Image-proPlus, MediaCybernetics, USA)를 사용하여 평가하였으며, Hydrophone을 사용하여 메가소닉에서 발생되는 음압의 균일도를 각 조건에서 측정하였다. 각각의 세정공정은 1MHz와 2MHz 메가소닉 발진기 각각에서 1W, 3W, 5W 파워로 1분간 처리하였으며, 매질을 초순수를 사용하였다. 104nm 형광 입자는 1MHz 와 2 MHz 메가소닉 세정기와 모든 세정 공정조건에서 약 99%의 세정효율인 반면, 63nm 형광입자의 경우는 전체적인세정 결과가 80% 대로 감소하였다. 본 연구를 통하여, 입자크기의 미세화에 따른 입자제거효율이 크게 감소 하는 것을 확인할 수 있으며, 기존 Batch식 메가소닉 대비 단시간 및 낮은 전압에서 동일 혹은높은 세정 효율을 얻었다. 다만, 1MHz와 2MHz 메가소닉에서의 세정력은 큰 차이를 관찰 할 수 없었는데, 주파수변화에 따른 세정효율 측정을 위하여 미세 입자를 사용한 추가 실험이 필요 할 것이다.

  • PDF

시령탕(柴苓湯)이 에탄올 투여로 유발된 흰쥐의 간손상에 미치는 방어효과 (Effects of Shiryung-tang Extract on the Liver Injury induced by Ethanol in Rats)

  • 김범회;최영현
    • 동의생리병리학회지
    • /
    • 제27권5호
    • /
    • pp.611-616
    • /
    • 2013
  • Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality around the world. Although much progress has been made in understanding the pathogenesis of ALD, there remains no effective therapy for it. Accumulated evidence indicates that oxidative stress is the main pathological factors in the development of ALD. Ethanol administration causes accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), including superoxide, hydroxyl radical, and hydrogen peroxide. ROS, in turn, cause lipid peroxidation of cellular membranes, and protein and DNA oxidation, which results in hepatocyte injury. In addition to pro-oxidants formation, antioxidants depletion caused by ethanol administration also results in oxidative stress. The objective of this study is to investigate the effects of Shiryung-tang extract on the chronic alcoholic liver injury induced by EtOH. Male Sprague Dawley rats were used in this study. All rats were maintained under standard laboratory conditions ($23{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, 12h light/12h dark cycles). All animals (n=30) were randomly divided into following groups: (1) Normal group, treated with distilled water (n=10); (2) Control group, treated with ethanol (n=10); (3) Sample group, treated with ethanol + pharmacopuncture (n=10). For oral administration of ethanol in Control and Sample group, the ethanol was dissolved in distilled water in concentrations of 25%(v/v). Throughout the experiment of 8 week, the rats were allowed free access to water and standard chow. Sample group were administrated by Shiryung-tang extract daily for 8 weeks. Control group were given normal saline for same weeks. As a results, the oral administration of ethanol for 8 weeks leads to hepatotoxicity. The levels of hepatic marker such as HDL-cholesterol, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase were altered. The ethanol also increased lipid peroxidation and depletion of antioxidant enzyme activities as well as hepatic tissue injury. However, the treatment of Shiryung-tang extract prevented all the alterations induced by ethanol and returned their levels to near normal. These data suggest that Shiryung-tang extract could have a beneficial effect in inhibiting the oxidative damage induced by chronic ethanol administration. Therefore, Shiryung-tang extract can be a candidate to protect against EtOH-induced liver injury.