• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.409-423
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• 2022

Nowadays, there is a high demand for great structural implementation and multifunctionality with excellent mechanical properties. The porous structures reinforced by graphene platelets (GPLs) having valuable properties, such as heat resistance, lightweight, and excellent energy absorption, have been considerably used in different engineering implementations. However, stiffness of porous structures reduces significantly, due to the internal cavities, by adding GPLs into porous medium, effective mechanical properties of the porous structure considerably enhance. This paper is relating to vibration analysis of fluidconveying cantilever porous graphene platelet reinforced (GPLR) pipe with fractional viscoelastic model resting on foundations. A dynamical model of cantilever porous GPLR pipes conveying fluid and resting on a foundation is proposed, and the vibration, natural frequencies and primary resonant of such a system are explored. The pipe body is considered to be composed of GPLR viscoelastic polymeric pipe with porosity in which Halpin-Tsai scheme in conjunction with the fractional viscoelastic model is used to govern the construction relation of nanocomposite pipe. Three different porosity distributions through the pipe thickness are introduced. The harmonic concentrated force is also applied to the pipe and the excitation frequency is close to the first natural frequency. The governing equation for transverse motions of the pipe is derived by the Hamilton principle and then discretized by the Galerkin procedure. In order to obtain the frequency-response equation, the differential equation is solved with the assumption of small displacement, damping coefficient, and excitation amplitude by the multiple scale method. A parametric sensitivity analysis is carried out to reveal the influence of different parameters, such as nanocomposite pipe properties, fluid velocity and nonlinear viscoelastic foundation coefficients, on the primary resonance and linear natural frequency. Results indicate that the GPLs weight fraction porosity coefficient, fractional derivative order and the retardation time have substantial influences on the dynamic response of the system.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.92-104
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• 2023

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of spinal mobilization with leg movement (SMWLM) and neural mobilization (NM) in patients with lumbar disc herniation (LDH) accompanied by radiating pain. Design: Three-group pre-test-post-test control group design. Methods: We enrolled 48 participants, whom we randomly assigned to three groups. The SMWLM group (n=16) underwent 20 min of conventional physical therapy (CT) and 20 min of SMWLM. The NM group (n=16) underwent 20 min of CT and 20 min of NM. The control group (n=16) underwent 20 min of CT. These interventions in all the groups were performed three times a week for 4 weeks. Numeric pain rating score (NPRS), body grid chart score (BGCS), passive straight leg raise (PSLR), active lumbar flexion range of motion (ALFROM), korean version oswestry disability index (KODI), and korean version fear avoidance beliefs questionnaire (KFABQ) were measured pre- and post-intervention. Results: In all three groups, the NPRS, PSLR, KODI, and KFABQ scores were significantly different pre- and post-intervention (p<0.05). Significant differences were observed in BGCS and ALFROM in the SMWLM and NM groups pre- and post-intervention (p<0.05). The SMWLM group showed more improvement in the NPRS of leg pain, ALFROM, and KFABQ score than that exhibited by the NM and control groups (p<0.05). Conclusions: Both SMWLM and NM were effective for improving back and leg pain, centralization of symptoms, mechanical sensitivity, lumbar mobility, lumbar functional disability, and psychosocial functioning in patients with LDH with radiating pain.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• 제50권2호
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• pp.201-216
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• 2024

This paper is motivated by the lack of studies relating to vibration and nonlinear resonance of fluid-conveying cantilever porous GPLR pipes with fractional viscoelastic model resting on nonlinear foundations. A dynamical model of cantilever porous Graphene Platelet Reinforced (GPLR) pipes conveying fluid and resting on nonlinear foundation is proposed, and the vibration, natural frequencies and primary resonant of such system are explored. The pipe body is considered to be composed of GPLR viscoelastic polymeric pipe with porosity in which Halpin-Tsai scheme in conjunction with fractional viscoelastic model is used to govern the construction relation of the nanocomposite pipe. Three different porosity distributions through the pipe thickness are introduced. The harmonic concentrated force is also applied on pipe and excitation frequency is close to the first natural frequency. The governing equation for transverse motion of the pipe is derived by the Hamilton principle and then discretized by the Galerkin procedure. In order to obtain the frequency-response equation, the differential equation is solved with the assumption of small displacement, damping coefficient, and excitation amplitude by the multiple scale method. A parametric sensitivity analysis is carried out to reveal the influence of different parameters, such as nanocomposite pipe properties, fluid velocity and nonlinear viscoelastic foundation coefficients, on the primary resonance and linear natural frequency. Results indicate that the GPLs weight fraction porosity coefficient, fractional derivative order and the retardation time have substantial influences on the dynamic response of the system.

• 대한전자공학회논문지SD
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2012

본 논문은 자동차용 타이어 공기압 모니터링 시스템(TPMS)의 핵심 부품인 가속도센서에 관한 연구이다. 일반적으로 압저항형 가속도센서는 정전용량형 가속도센서에 비하여 제조 비용이 적고 출력 특성이 선형적이며 주변 잡음에 면역성이 강한 장점을 갖는다. 그래서 TPMS용으로 압저항형을 선택하였고, ANSYS 프로그램을 이용하여 3가지 타입의 구조를 설계하여 공진주파수 특성을 비교하여 가장 안정적인 구조인 질량체 가장자리의 가운데에 있는 4개의 빔에 의하여 지지되는 브릿지 타입의 실리콘압저항형 가속도센서를 선택하였다. 그리고 센서 크기를 고려하여 빔의 길이는 $200{\mu}m$로 정하였으며, 빔 길이에 따른 최대응력과 최대변위를 시뮬레이션하여 센서를 설계하였다. TPMS용 4 빔 실리콘 미세 압저항형 가속도센서의 크기는 $3.0mm{\times}3.0mm{\times}0.4mm$의 크기로 제작 되었다. 휠 각도에 따른 출력 특성과 온도 특성을 측정하여 센서의 특성을 분석 하였다. 그 결과 가속도센서의 옵셋 전압은 43.2 mV 이고 감도는 $42.5{\mu}V/V/g$ 이다. 센서의 특징으로 내충격성은 1500 g 이고, 측정 범위는 0 ~ 60 g, 사용온도는 $-40^{\circ}C{\sim}125^{\circ}C$ 를 갖는다.

• 한국도로학회논문집
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2003

최근 국내에서는 국내 여건을 고려한 설계법을 개발함과 동시에 이미 공용중에 있는 도로 포장의 성능향상을 위한 $\ulcorner$한국형 포장 설계법 개발과 성능개선 연구$\lrcorner$가 진행되고 있다. 본 연구에서 개발된 $\ulcorner$하중변환 알고리듬을 적용한 줄눈콘크리트 포장 해석 프로그램$\lrcorner$은 이러한 연구의 세부분야인 콘크리트 포장 설계법 개발분야의 연구 결과로서 기본 프로그램 부분과 하중변환 부분으로 구분되어 구성되며, 기본 프로그램 부분에서는 판/쉘 요소, 스프링 요소 보 요소를 이용하여 줄눈 콘크리트 포장의 콘크리트 슬래브, 하부층, 다웰바를 모사한다. 하중변환 부분에서는 기존의 연속체 요소에 대한 하중변환 알고리듬을 수정/적용하여 요소망에 제약을 받지 않고 다양한 하중 조건을 해석한다. 또한 프로그램은 하중변환 알고리듬을 적용하여 해석을 수행하는 등분포 하중 이외에, 집중하중. 온도하중, 자중 등을 고려할 수 있는 특징이 있다. 개발된 프로그램의 특성을 분석하기 위한 민감도 분석 결과 하중크기 및 위치와 콘크리트 슬래브의 두께가 포장의 거동에 가장 큰 영향을 미치는 인자로 분석되었으며 이는 Westergaard 계산식, ILLISLAB과 유사한 결과이다.

• 한국광학회지
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• 제17권1호
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• pp.94-98
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• 2006

본 논문에서는 듀얼 코어 광섬유 콜리메이터(dual-core fiber collimator)와 멤브레인형 마이크로미러를 이용한 광마이크로폰을 제안하고 구현하였다. 콜리메이터와 미러는 각각 광헤드(optical head)와 반사형 진동판으로서 사용된다. 특히, 미러 진동판은 얇은 실리콘 바(bar)에 의해 프레임에 연결되어 있어서 인가된 음압에 따라 자유롭게 움직인다. 두 개의 콜리메이터가 집적된 광헤드는 음압을 감지하고 변조하는데 사용되는 광을 공급하고 받는 역할을 한다. 이 콜리메이터 광헤드를 사용함으로써 진동판과의 초기 정렬시 기존의 광섬유를 이용한 경우에 비해 허용 오차가 클 뿐만 아니라 전체적으로 광마이크로폰의 구조도 간단해졌다. 본 논문에서는 광헤드와 진동판 사이의 거 리를 변화시켜 가면서 응답 특성을 측정하여 선형성과 민감도가 최대인 지점을 동작점으로 결정하였다. 음성신호의 주파수를 변화시켜 가면서 광마이크로폰의 출력을 측정하여 얻은 주파수 대역폭은 약 $\pm$5 dB 이하 출력 변화에 대해 약 3 kHz였다.

• 대한두개안면성형외과학회지
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• 제21권5호
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• pp.276-282
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• 2020

Background: Orbital fractures are the most common pediatric facial fractures. Treatment is conservative due to the anatomical differences that make children more resilient to severe displacement or orbital volume change than adults. Although rarely, extensive fractures may result in enophthalmos, causing cosmetic problems. We aimed to establish criteria for extensive fractures that may result in enophthalmos. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the charts of patients aged 0-15 years diagnosed with orbital fractures in our hospital from January 2010 to February 2019. Computed tomography images were used to classify the fractures into linear, trapdoor, and open-door types, and to estimate the defect size. Data on enophthalmos severity (Hertel exophthalmometry results) and fracture pattern and size at the time of injury were obtained from patients who did not undergo surgery during the follow-up and were used to identify the surgical indications for pediatric orbital fractures. Results: A total of 305 pediatric patients with pure orbital fractures were included-257 males (84.3%), 48 females (15.7%); mean age, 12.01±2.99 years. The defect size (p=0.002) and fracture type (p=0.017) were identified as the variables affecting the enophthalmometric difference between the eyes of non-operated patients. In the linear regression analysis, the variable affecting the fracture size was open-door type fracture (p<0.001). Pearson's correlation analysis demonstrated a positive correlation between the enophthalmometric difference and the bony defect size (p=0.003). Using receiver operating characteristic curve analysis, a cutoff value of 1.81 ㎠ was obtained (sensitivity, 0.543; specificity, 0.724; p=0.002). Conclusion: The incidence of enophthalmos in pediatric pure orbital fractures was found to increase with fracture size, with an even higher incidence when open-door type fracture was a cofactor. In clinical settings, pediatric orbital fractures larger than 1.81 ㎠ may be considered as extensive fractures that can result in enophthalmos and consequent cosmetic problems.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.751-760
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• 1997

Resin-modified glass ionomers were introduced in 1988 to overcome the problems of moisture sensitivity and low early mechanical strengths of the conventional glass ionomers, and to maintain their dinical advantages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bi-axial fracture strength of four resinmodified glass-ionomers(Fuji II LC, Vitremer, Dyract, VariGlass), one resin composite material(Z-100), and one conventional glass-ionomer(Fuji II). Three specimens of each material and shade combination were made according to the manufacturers' instructions. Materials were condensed into metal mold with a diameter of 10mm and a thickness of 2.0mm and pressed between two glass plates. Resin-modified glass ionomers were polymerized using a Visilux II light curing unit by irradiating for 60 seconds from both sides, and conventional glass ionomer was cured chemically. After specimens were removed from the molds, surfaces were polished sequentially on wet sandpapers up to No. 600 silicone carbide paper. The specimens were thermocycled for 2,000 cycles between $5^{\circ}C$ and $55^{\circ}C$ distilled water. After thermocycling, bi-axial fracture strengths were measured using a compressive-tensile tester(Zwick 1456 Z020, Germany) with the cross head speed of 0.5mm/minute. The results were as follows: 1. Two factors of the kind and color of materials had a main effect on bi-axial fracture strength (p<0.01), and bi-axial fracture strength was influenced significantly by the kinds of materials (p<0.01). But there was no significant interaction between two variables of the kind and color of materials (p>0.05). 2. Comparing the mechanical properties of the materials, the elastic modulus of Z100 was higher than any other material, and there was no difference in the displacement at fracture among materials. The bi-axial fracture strength of Z100 was significantly higher than any other material, and that of resin-modified glass ionomers was significantly higher than that of conventional glass ionomer (p<0.05). 3. In the same material group, the color of material had little influence on the mechanical properties.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.88-104
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• 1988

이차원의 유한요소법을 이용하여 axisymmetric R-$\theta$system으로 나누어서 정상과 부하추종 운전시에 핵연료 페렛트와 피복관의 열역학적 거동을 분석하기 위해서 FURA전산코드를 개발하였다. 온도분포와 내부압력을 정확히 계산하기 위해서 페렛트와 피복관의 변형과 핵분열의 기체방출을 전체 핵연료봉 길이로 고려하였다. 열역학적 평 형방정식을 얻기 위해서 Galerkin's Technique과 가상일의 원리를 사용하였고 역학적 해석을 위해서 탄성-소성, 크리프뿐만아니라 스엘링, 재배열, 고밀화 현상등을 고려하였다. 기하학적 모델에서는 4-결점 요소라 페레트 길이의 1/2만을 택하였다. 비선형식을 안정하게 해석하기 위해서 음해법을 도입하여 뉴튼-랩손 반복법을 적용하였다 이 코드의 검증은 해석해와 실험데이타로 비교하였다. 핵연료봉의 일반적인 거동은 axisymmetry system으로 계산하였고 균열된 페레트에 접촉하는 피복관의 거동은 R-$\theta$system을 사용하였다. 부하추종에 의한 피복관의 변형시효의 민감도는 출력율, 진동수, 진폭등으로 비교하였다.

• 한국강구조학회 논문집
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.161-170
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• 2007

본 연구에서는 직교이방성 판 해석의 정확도 문제를 개선하기 위하여 평강 리브를 갖는 보강판에 대하여 리브 제원을 고려한 직교이방성 휨 강성 수정 계수를 제안하고자 하였다. 이를 위하여 먼저, 직교이방성 휨 강성과 최대 처짐에 대하여 보강판 제원에 따른 민감도 분석을 실시하였으며, 보강판의 직교이방성 휨 강성 수정 계수에 대한 매개변수 연구를 수행하였다. 연구 결과, 수정 계수의 비율은 판 두께와 상관없이 리브 높이, 간격, 두께별로 하나의 함수로 표현 가능함을 알 수 있었으며, 이러한 수정 계수의 비율 함수로부터 간편하게 수정 휨 강성을 산정할 수 있음을 알 수 있었다. 지지 조건, 변장비, 리브 배치 및 재하 크기가 다른 여러 가지 보강판에 계수 함수를 적용한 결과, 참고 문헌에 비하여 직교이방성 판 해석의 정확도가 향상됨을 알 수 있었다. 따라서, 본 연구에서 제안한 계수 함수식을 사용하면 평강 리브를 갖는 보강판의 직교이방성 판 해석 시 간편하게 상당한 정확도의 결과를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.