• Journal of Distribution Research
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.33-75
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• 2011

The ownership structure of a franchise system is determined by the franchisor's strategic choice. A close look at the extant theories and perspectives in economics and management such as resource scarcity theory, agency theory, transaction cost analysis, and mixed ownership theory reveals that firms choose their ownership structure for the sake of economic efficiency, profit potentials, the chance of survival, and other strategic concerns. The present study, on the basis of strategic choice perspective, reviews the divergent theories of a franchise system's ownership structure and its determinants, thus providing a theoretical framework for comparing the contradictory arguments along the several critical dimensions. We also developed and tested the conflicting hypotheses regarding key determinants of ownership structure including firm's age, size, transaction-specific investments, uncertainty, and risk-sharing propensity. Using a FDD (Franchise Disclosure Document) data set of 543 Korean franchisors, we found that the years in business, the total number of employees, days of training, the inverse of the years of franchising, and the requirement of royalty payment have positive relationships with the proportion of company-owned outlets to total number of outlets. On the other hand, the proportion of company-owned outlets was found to have negative relationships with the total number of outlets and the extent of geographic dispersion of outlets, but to have no significant relationships with the initial investment required and the inverse of contract length. Based on the findings, we provide several theoretical and managerial implications for studying ownership structure of franchise systems.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.545-563
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• 2007

The investigated vascular plants of Dok-do island were confirmed that consisted of 46 species, 1 subspecies, 1 varieties in total of 48 taxa growing spontaneously. 1 taxa of Pteridophyta, 36 taxa of Dicotyledon and 11 taxa of Monocotyledon identified. In 48 identified taxa in this study, total 13 taxa included Orobanche coerulescens Stephan, Fallopia sachalinensis (F. Schmidt) Rouse Decr., Lonicera insularis Nakai identified according to the Korean plant taxa for environmental assessment. Planting species were about 10 taxa included Pinus thunbergii Parl., Hibiscus syriacus L. and etc. Four species confirmed in this study such as between Chenopodium virgatum Thunb. and Chenopodium album L., Echinochloa crusgalli (L.) P.Beauv. and Echinochloa crusgalli var. oryzicola (Vasinger) Ohwi. were doubt on identification in taxonomic entity due to morphological characteristics. The dispersion type of Do-kdo plants were anemochore 31 taxa, zoodchore 8 taxa, hydrochore 2 taxa and the others by artificial means.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.164-170
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• 2011

In this study, silicone rubber filled with environmentally-friendly perlite was prepared by mechanical mixing in order to improve thermal properties, such as heat and fire resistances. We found that the properties of silicone rubber composites depended on perlite concentration by various characterization methods. Thermogravimetric analysis(TGA) indicated that the initial degradation temperature of silicone/perlite composite was higher than that of pristine silicone rubber. The gas torch test showed that the opposite side temperature of composite materials was remarkably low as compared to that of pristine silicone rubber. In addition, the composites containing 5 wt% and 10 wt% of perlite showed remarkable thermal stability at elevated temperatures according to the results of both fireproof furnace tests under the RABT condition and carbonization furnace tests. The images from a scanning electron microscope(SEM) showed the degree of dispersion of perlite in silicone rubber. Finally, it was confirmed that limited oxygen index(LOI) was increased with perlite concentration.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.43-52
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• 2014

The effect of nanoclay (Cloisite 20A) on the self-adhesion behavior of uncured brominated-isobutylene-isoprene rubber (BIIR) has been studied. The dispersion state of nanoclay into the rubber matrix was examined by SEM, TEM and XRD analysis. The thermal degradation behavior of the filled and unfilled samples was examined by TGA and improvement in the thermal stability of the nanocomposites occurred based on the weight loss (%) measurements. Also, addition of nanoclay enhanced the cohesive strength of the material by reinforcement action thereby reducing the degree of molecular diffusion across the interface of butyl rubber. However, the average depth of penetration of the inter-diffused chains was still adequate to form entanglement on either side of the interface, and thus offered greater resistance to peeling, resulting in high tack strength measurements. The improvement in tack strength was only achieved at critical nanoclay loading above 8 phr. Contact angle measurement was also made to examine the surface characteristics. There was no significant interfacial property change by employing the nanoclay.

• Journal of Global Scholars of Marketing Science
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.169-189
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• 2006

The product categories that can be sold on-line are expanding. It is interesting to see which product categories have more sales possibilities on internet. Small-sized firms' products have low distribution coverage, low brand recognition, bigger dispersion in the perception on the values which consist of quality vs. price, and higher possibilities of perceived purchase risks. Since on-line shopping is supposed to provide opportunities to small-sized firms that have low distribution and brand power, it is quite necessary to evaluate the fitness of on-line sales for small-sized firms' product categories. There are virtually no research studies on the on-line sales for small-sized firms' product categories. In this study, based on the integration of SEC, FCB, and related concepts, we develop new theoretical framework and test the fitness of on-line sales for small-sized firms' product categories by conducting empirical analysis. The empirical results on 17 product categories show that SEC, FCB, purchase risks, brand factors are somewhat related. Unlike previous studies, since the fitness of SEC and on-line sales are not clearly shown, we need to consider those problems within inter-related multiple frameworks. That is, it is necessary to evaluate the fitness of on-line sales after defining the product categories within the integrated multiple frameworks rather than within the single framework.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.562-584
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• 2004

This paper intends to identify the structure of homogeneous regions and functional regions in Seoul based on B.J.L. Berry's ‘general field theory of spatial behavior’. The structure of homogeneous regions by using socio-economic variables can explain how the structural elements of the city are arranged. It can be ssid that Seoul has shifted towards more complicated and differentiated features in terms of homogeneous regions. The different patterns are found between the northern part to Han River where old torn areas are located and the southern part to Han River where newly urbanized areas are located. Usually, the concentric pattern and the sectoral pattern coexist, which is enhanced moving from CBD to the outskirt area. The distribution of different social classes shows irregular pattern similar to the variation of living environment. The social gap is expected to be more widening between new towns and old towns. The analysis of spatial movement pattern shows no clear hierarchical order because of current shifts towards both multi-nuclear pattern and spatial dispersion. The functional regions show duplicated structure overlapping their boundaries each other. The ‘general field theory of spatial behavior’ strongly suggests that spatial interactions among sub-areas in the city are differentiated from the basic characteristics and function of each sub-area. The attributes of homogeneous regions and functional regions are interrelated in the characteristics of isomorphic nature.

• The Journal of Korean Association of Computer Education
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• v.5 no.4
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• pp.134-145
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• 2002

The purpose of this study is to present the functional and technical solutions for text learning of web-based textbook in which each letter has its own focal point. The solutions help learners not to lose the main focus when eye moves to the next letter or line. The text screen of the electronic textbook automatically scrolls the text to up and down or left and right directions which are preassigned by learner. It doesn't need the operation of mouse or keyboard. And learner can change scroll speed and types anytime during scrolling. Automatic text scroll function is a solution for controlling data and screen to reflect the personal favor and ability. It contains the content structure of the text(characteristics, categorizations etc.), the appearance of the text(density, size, font etc.), scroll options(scroll, speed etc.), program control type(ram resident program etc.), and the application of the screen design principles(legibility etc.). To resolve these functional problems, technical 8 phases are provided, which are environment setting, scroll option setting, copy, data analysis, scroll coding, centered focus coding, left and right focus coding, implementation. The learner can focus on text without dispersion because the text focal points stay in the fixed area of screen. 1bey read the text following their preferences for fonts, sizes, line spacing and so on.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Nondestructive Testing
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• v.26 no.5
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• pp.297-305
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• 2006

The thermal ratcheting deformation at the reactor baffle and upper internal structure of the liquid metal reactor (LMR) can occur due to movement of the hot sodium free surface. In in-service inspection of reactor internals of LMR, a new inspection technique should be developed for the detection of the thermal ratcheting damage. In this study, an inspection technique using ultrasonic guided wave is proposed for the detection of the thermal ratcheting damage of cylindrical vessels. A 316L stainless steel cylindrical shell specimen has been prepared. The thermal ratchet structural tests were cyclically performed by heat-up up to $550^{\circ}C$ with steep temperature gradients along the axial direction after cool-down by cooling water. Ultrasonic guided wave propagation has been characterized by analysis of dispersion curve of the stainless steel plate. The zero-order antisymmetric $A_0$ guided wave has been selected as the optimal mode for detection of the ratcheting deformation. It is confirmed that the thermal ratcheting deformation can be detected by the measurement of transit time difference of circumferentially propagated $A_0$ guided waves.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.214-220
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• 2017

The spherical Al/RDX/AP composites with an average size of $550{\mu}m$ were successfully prepared by drowning-out/agglomeration (D/A) process. The surface morphology and dispersion of Al particles of those composites were investigated using SEM and EDS (energy dispersive spectrometry). As a result of thermal analysis, the onset temperature of thermal decomposition of the Al/RDX/AP composites by the D/A process was found to decrease about $50^{\circ}C$ and their thermal stability was shown to be relatively enhanced due to the increase of activation energy compared to those of using the physical mixing method. In the first decomposition region of AP, Prout-Tompkins model was shown to describe well the thermal decomposition of both composites by the physical mixing and D/A process. On the other hand, in the second decomposition region of AP, the decomposition mechanisms of composites by the physical mixing and D/A process were explained by the zero-order and contracting volume model, respectively.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.757-761
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• 2019

The catalytic yields of POM to hydrogen over M(1)-Ni(5)/AlCeO₃ (M = La, Ce, Y) were investigated using a fixed bed flow reactor under atmosphere. The crystal phase behavior of reduced La(1)-Ni(5)/AlCeO₃ catalysts before and after the reaction were studied via XRD analysis. FESEM and EDS analyses were further performed to show the uniformed distribution of La, Ni, and Ce metal particles on the catalyst surface. XPS results showed O^2-, O₂^2- species and metal ions such as Ce³⁺, Ce⁴⁺, La³⁺ and Ni²⁺ etc. were on the catalyst surface. When 1 wt% of La was added to Ni(5)/AlCeO₃ catalyst, Ni2p_3/2 and Ce3d_5/2 increased 52.7 and 6.3%, respectively. The yield of hydrogen on the La(1)-Ni(5)/AlCeO₃ catalyst was 89.1%, which was much better than that of M(1)-Ni(5)/AlCeO₃ (M = Ce, Y). As Ce⁴⁺ ions of CeO₂ produced by the reaction of AlCeO₃ with oxygen were substitute to La³⁺, it made oxygen vacancies in the lattice and further improved the hydrogen yield by increasing the dispersion of Ni atoms with strong metal-support interaction (SMSI) effect.