• Journal of the Korea Institute of Military Science and Technology
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.133-140
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to provide response methods to minimize the damage from chemical terrorism in a naturally ventilated indoor system using several types of dispersion simulations. Three chemical warfare agents such as sarin(GB), phosgene and chlorine gas which have high potential to be used in terror or to be involved with accidents were selected in this simulation. Fire dynamic simulation based on Large Eddy Simulation which is effective because of less computational effort and detailed expression of the dispersion flow was adopted to describe the dispersion behavior of these agents. When the vent speed is 0.005m/s, the heights of 0.1 agent mass fraction are 0.9m for sarin, 1.0m for phosgene and 1.1m for chlorine gas, and the maximum mass fraction are 0.27 for all three agents. However, when the vent speed is increased to 0.05m/s, the heights of 0.1 agent mass fraction become 1.6m for all three agents and maximum mass fraction inside the room increase to 0.70 for sarin, 0.58 for phosgene and 0.53 for chlorine gas. It is shown that molecular weight of the agents has an important role for dispersion, and it is important to install ventilation system with height less than 1.6m to minimize the damage from chemical toxicity.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.65-70
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• 1980

This experiment was aimed at selecting the most suitable dispersing agent to the Korean soils. The particle size distribution of 18 soil samples representing the great soil groups in Korea was analysed with 5 different dispersing agents by pipette-method. Passing percent of 0.05, 0.02 and 0.002mm in diameter was used for the comparision of the dispersion capacity of chemical agents. The results obtained are as follows; 1. The influence of chemical agents on dispersion seemed to be greater to finer soil particles. The passing percents of 0.002mm showed a great differences according to the chemical agents used, while little differences was observed in those of 0.05mm. 2. It was showed that sodium pyrophosphate had the highest dispersion capacity for the most of Korean soils, the dispersion capacity of sodium hexametaphosphate was also high enough except for volcanic ash soils. 3. It was recommendable that sodium hexametaphosphate could widely be used as a dispersing agent in the routine analysis of soil particle size distribution except for the Volcanic ash soils. 4. The dispersion of Volcanic ash soils was rather poor when chemical agents used. Therefore, special care should be taken for the dispersion of allophane soils.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.79-90
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• 2012

This study surveys the characteristics of the PU/MWNT foaming film according to foaming conditions. For this purpose, firstly, 16 kinds of PU/MWNT forming films were prepared with 4 kinds of dispersion solutions (IPA/MWNT, DMF/MWNT, MEK/MWNT, and Toluene/MWNT) and 4 kinds of blowing agents (organic I, organic II, capsule, and inorganic). The electrical resistivity of these PU/MWNT foaming films according to the dispersion solutions and blowing agents were analysed and discussed with surface profile and cell morphology of measured by SEM. And secondly, 24 kinds of PU/MWNT foaming films were also prepared with 2 kinds of IPA dispersion solution contents and 3 kinds of blowing agents with variation of the blowing temperatures and film thickness. The physical properties of the PU/MWNT foaming films such as electrical resistivity (surface and volume) and triboelectricity with cell morphology were measured and discused through the quantities of IPA, blowing agent added and also physical conditions(temperature, thickness so on) for establishing optimum foaming conditions with good electrostatic dissipation.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.109-123
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• 2018

The effect of the silica content on the state and properties of silica-filled styrene-butadiene rubber/butadiene rubber (SBR/BR) compounds containing coupling and dispersion agents was evaluated by varying the content of silica from 50 to 120 phr. Bis-[(triethoxysilyl)propyl] tetrasulfide (TESPT) and zinc 2-ethylhexanoate (ZEH) were used as the coupling and dispersion agents, respectively. The maximum silica content in the pristine material was 80 phr, which increased to 120 phr upon the addition of TESPT and ZEH. The incorporation of TESPT considerably improved most of the rubber properties due to its coupling action and the suppression of silica flocculation, while further addition of ZEH resulted in additional improvements. The properties of the rubber compounds with different silica contents can be fully explained either by an enhancement of the rubber-silica interactions or by their deterioration due to an excessive amount of silica aggregates.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.114-124
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• 2013

To study the effects of structural difference and fatty acid chain length of glyceride, new dispersion agents having various glyceride structures such as mono-, di-, and tri-, were prepared using glycerol extracted from palm oil and fatty acid having various chain length ranges from 12 to 18. These dispersion agents were mixed with the rubber compounds and compared with conventional metal salt dispersion agents. Glyceride dispersion agent provided remarkable improvement in silica dispersion, compared to metal salt fatty acidic one, even though the viscosity of mixtures was relatively high due to low lubricating effect, and this was approved by mechanical properties, wear properties, and Payne effect. Also, the longer in chain length of fatty acid and the smaller in numbers of fatty acid, the dispersity of silica was improved.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.11a
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• pp.296-297
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• 2008

층상실리케이트 나노입자가 충진된 에폭시수지를 분산정도 향상을 위해 즉, 층상실리케이트 층간간경의 삽입과 박를 향상시키기 위해 분산제를 첨가하였고, 초음파 적용으로 분산시켰다. 그 결과 분산제 종류에따라 분산정도인 X-RD 특성이 서로다른 결과를 얻었다. 절연성능을 평가하기위해 단시간 절연파괴강도와 장시간 절연파괴특성인 트리시스템을 이용하여 절연파괴시간 및 측정하였다. 이와같은 결과에대한 통계적인 분석으로 Weibull plots를 이용하였고 그 결과 분산제가 첨가된 나노콤포지트의 기울기 파라미터인 $\beta$값의 결과로부터 나노콤포지트 우수성을 확인 할수있었다.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.37-42
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• 1976

Although the water mixed into the concrete plays the role of hydration and acquiring the necessary workability, the more portion of water acts to obtain the substantial workability rather than to complete the hydration. However, the excess amount of water causes the poor quality of concrete, therefore it is useful to add the minimum amount of water as required as to acquire the proper workability. There have been the considerable numbers of investigations in which the dispersion phenomena of strong eletrolytic high polymer compounds such as lignosulfate and some of surface activation agents were studied to utilize as the dispersion agent of concrete. In the present study, Na-lignate, dispersion properties of which has not been studied yet, were investigated with the purpose of utilizing as a dispersion agent of concrete. The microscopic observations showed a great improvement in the dispersion of cement particles, also the fluidity and compressive strength of concrete were remarkably increased with the addition of Na-lignate: The addition of Na-lignate by 0.02% showed the increase of 1.76 times and 1.27 times of slump value and flow value respectively, and the compressive strength was increased by 1.07 times.

• Carbon letters
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2015

In this study, in order to improve the thermal and electrical properties of epoxy/graphene nanoplatelets (GNPs), surface modifications of GNPs are conducted using silane coupling agents. Three silane coupling agents, i.e. 2-(3,4-epoxycyclohexyl)-ethyltrimethoxysilane (ETMOS), 3-glycidoxypropyltriethoxysilane (GPTS), and 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GPTMS), were used. Among theses, GPTMS exhibits the best modification performance for fabricating GNP-incorporated epoxy composites. The effect of the silanization is evaluated using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. The electrical and thermal conductivities are characterized. The epoxy/silanized GNPs exhibits higher thermal and electrical properties than the epoxy/raw GNPs due to the improved dispersion state of the GNPs in the epoxy matrix. The TEM microphotographs and Turbiscan data demonstrate that the silane molecules grafted onto the GNP surface improve the GNP dispersion in the epoxy.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.53 no.7
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• pp.2195-2206
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• 2021

In order to mitigate the damage caused by accidents in nuclear power plants (NPPs), evacuation strategies are usually managed on the basis of off-site effects such as the diffusion of radioactive materials and evacuee traffic simulations. However, the interactive behavior between evacuees and the accident environment has a significant effect on the consequential gap. Agent-based modeling (ABM) is a method that can control and observe such interactions by establishing agents (i.e., the evacuees) and patches (i.e., the accident environments). In this paper, a radiological emergency evacuation model is constructed to realistically check the effectiveness of an evacuation strategy using NetLogo, an ABM toolbox. Geographic layers such as radiation sources, roads, buildings, and shelters were downloaded from an official geographic information system (GIS) of Korea, and were modified into respective patches. The dispersion model adopted from the puff equation was also modified to fit the patches on the geographic layer. The evacuees were defined as vehicle agents and a traffic model was implemented by combining the shortest path search (determined by an A ^* algorithm) and a traffic flow model incorporated in the Nagel-Schreckenberg cellular automata model. To evaluate the radiological harm to the evacuees due to the spread of radioactive materials, a simple exposure model was established to calculate the overlap fraction between the agents and the dispersion patches. This paper aims to demonstrate that the potential of ABM can handle disaster evacuation strategies more realistically than previous approaches.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2008.06a
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• pp.203-204
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• 2008

Using various surfactants, multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWNT) was dispersed in organic solvent, isopropylalcohol(IPA). To refine the MWNT and give the functional group, MWNT was treated with sulfuric acid/nitric acid(v/v=3/1). The cationic, nonionic and anionic surfactants were used as MWNT dispersion agents in the organic solvent. Dispersion effect of various surfactants was observed by optical microscope and HR-TEM. Surface resistivities of MWNT dispersions were measured after coating on PET film. MWNT was dispersed well by poly vinyl pyrrolidone(PVP), nonionic surfactant.