• 상하수도학회지
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.547-554
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• 2013

Chlorine has strong oxidizing power, also it is many advantages over other disinfectants such as the residual characteristic and economic feasibility. However, chlorine also has disadvantages such as creating disinfection by-products of chlorine as THMs. In particular, the most deadly disadvantage of chlorine is that it is extremely poisonous toxins about all alive lives. Disinfection with electrolysis water can be a very useful way Because you do not have to worry about chlorine's dangerous. In this study, we evaluated the potential as a disinfectant, across the evaluating disinfection effect and generating characteristic of by-products. The electrolyzed water could be obtained removal efficiencies of over 99.9 % the coliform by operating condition such as residence time, current density (voltage), the electrode gap. The residual chlorine be generated 10,000 mg/L in current density $1.0A/dm^2$ and residence time of 10 minutes. The residual chlorine concentration was possible to maintain a stable. The by-products generated by high concentration residual chlorine in the reactor such as trihalomethanes, haloaceticacid, chloralhydrate, haloacetonitrile were detected in less than a water quality standards. At the concentration of less than residual chlorine of 1 ppm, the chlorine disinfection by-products be generated most below the detection limit.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2001

The main purpose of applying the chlorination process during water treatment is for disinfection. Research results, however, indicate that disinfection by-products including trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids, haloacetonitriles, haloketones, and chloropicrin can be produced by chlorination process. Some of these disinfection by-products are known to be potential human carcinogens. This three-year project is designed to establish a standard analysis procedure for disinfection by-products in drinking water and investigate the distribution and sources of specific disinfection by-products. The occurrence level of DBPs in drinking water was below 50$\mu\textrm{g}$/L in most cases. THMs in plant effluent accounted for 48% of all DBPs measured, whereas HAAs accounted for 24%, HANs 14%, haloketones 5%, chloral hydrate 7%, and chloropicrin 2%. Chloroform was found to be the major THMs compound (71%), followed by bromodichloromethane (21%), dibro-mochloromethane (7%), and bromoform (3%), The concentration of DBPs formed in distribution systems increased from those detected in plant effluent. Results would play an important role in exposure assessment as a part of the risk assessment process, and would give basic information for establishment of disinfection by-products reduction and management procedures.

• Environmental Engineering Research
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.126-133
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• 2009

This study investigated the removal characteristics of various micro organic compounds by low-pressure nanofiltration membranes comprised of disinfection by products and pharmaceutically active compounds. The experimental removal of micro organic compounds by low-pressure nanofiltration membranes was compared with the transport model calculations, which consist of diffusion and convection terms including steric hindrance factor. The selected molecule from the disinfection byproducts and pharmaceutical active compounds showed a much lower removal than polysac-charides with a similar molecular size. However,the difference between model calculation and experimental removal of disinfection by-products and pharmaceutically active compounds could be corrected. The correlation of Ks with solute radius was further considered to clarity transport phenomena of micro organic solutes through nanofiltration membranes.

• 한국안광학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.59-67
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• 2014

목적: 콘택트렌즈 관리용품의 살균력 효능 검사법 기준 개발을 위하여 막여과법(Membrane filtration method)과 희석중화법(Dilution-neutralization method)의 살균력 검사 결과를 비교하고 시판되고 있는 콘택트렌즈 관리용품의 살균력을 제시하고자 하였다. 방법: 포도상구균(Staphylococcus aureus), 녹농균(Pseudomonas aeruginosa), 세라티아균(Serratia marces cens), 칸디다균(Candida albicans)을 대상으로 하여 FDA(Food and Drug Administration)기준인 막여과법과 식품의약품안전처에서 새롭게 가이드라인으로 제시할 희석중화법의 살균력 효능 결과를 비교하였으며 총 20종 다목적 용액의 살균력을 측정하였다. 결과: 살균효과가 강한 살균 성분 및 관리용품의 효능은 막여과법과 희석중화법 모두 동일한 결과를 나타냈다. 살균효과가 약한 관리용품의 경우는 막여과법 검사시에는 균이 뭉쳐있어 정확한 균 수 측정이 불가능하였으나 희석중화법 검사시는 정확한 균 수 측정이 가능해짐을 확인하였다. 또한 시판되고 있는 관리용품 중에는 살균력 기준을 통과하지 못한 제품이 존재하였으며 특히 세라티아균과 칸디다균에 대한 살균력이 약한 경우가 많았다. 결론: 막여과법에 비해 희석중화법이 소량의 샘플로 더 정확하게 균수를 측정하는 것이 가능하며 결과 확인이 빨라 살균력 효능 검사시 유용하게 사용될 수 있음을 알 수 있었다.

• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제31권5호
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• pp.563-568
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• 2015

Natural Organic Matter (NOM) is a precursor of disinfection by products. Recently, with the increase in NOM concentration caused by a large amount of algae, the creation of disinfection by-products is becoming a big issue. Therefore, in this study, PAC+Membrane+F/A hybrid process was organized to control disinfection by-products in small-scale water treatment plants. The optimal dosage of PAC was set at 20 mg/L through Lab. scale test. Also, it is judged that NOM concentration must be less than 1.0 mg/L to meet the recommended criteria of drinking water quality monitoring items of disinfection by-products during chlorination. The existing conventional water treatment process was compared to the independent F/A process and the PAC+Membrane+F/A hybrid process through pilot plant operation, and the result showed that there is a need to apply an advanced water treatment process to remove not only NOMs but also Geosmin caused by algae. Accordingly, it is considered that applying the PAC+Membrane+F/A process will help in controling a clogged filter caused by a large amount of algae and disinfection by-products created by chlorination and can be used as an advanced water treatment process to meet the recommended criteria of drinking water quality monitoring items.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.183-189
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• 2017

상수도 소독공정에서 사용되고 있는 차아염소산나트륨은 일반적으로 유효염소 0.8 %로 생산되어 투입되고 있으며, 투입량이 많아질수록 소독부산물(Chlorate)이 증가되었고 수질기준을 초과하게 된다. 이에 따라 본 연구에서는 유효염소를 12%로 높인 차아염소산나트륨 발생장치의 전해조에 대해 소독부산물을 제어할 수 있도록 양극수 pH를 조절하였다. 실험결과 전해조 내 양극수 pH를 4.2(일반적인 차아염발생장치 운전 pH)에서 1.53으로 조절함으로서 Chlorate 농도는 95% 이상 낮아진 것으로 나타났으며, 또한 낮은 전류가 인가됨에 따라 양극의 효율도 15% 개선되는 결과를 얻었다. 이 장치의 개발로 대용량 상수도에서도 안전한 차아염소산나트륨의 적용이 가능하여 소독공정의 안전성 향상에 기여할 것으로 기대된다.

• Environmental Sciences Bulletin of The Korean Environmental Sciences Society
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2000

The chlorination of municipal drinking water supplies leads to the formation of so-called disinfection by-products(DBPs), many of which have been reported to cause harmful health effects based on animal studies. This study was conducted: 1) to observe seasonal changes in the major DBPs at four sampling sites on a drinking water distribution system located in Chunchon, Kangwon Do; and 2) to examine the effects of major water quality parameters on the formation of DBPs. During the field sampling, the water temperature, pH, and total and free chlorine residuals were all measured. The water samples were then analyzed for total organic carbon(TOC) and eight disinfection by-products in the laboratory. Chloroform, dichloroacetic acid, and trichloroacetic acid were the major constituents of the measured DBPs. The concentrations of the total DBPs were highest in fall, particularly in October, and lowest in summer. The concentrations of the total DBPs increased with increasing TOC concentrations. Multiple regression analyses showed that the concentrations of chloroform, bromodichloromethane, and chloral hydrate were linearly correlated with the pH. Other water parameters were not included in the regression equations. Accordingly, these results suggest that TOC and pH are both important factors in the formation of DBPs.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.330-337
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• 2005

This study was carried out to propose the managemental improvement of the purification plants and the distribution facilities which can minimize the formation of disinfection by-products in drinking water distribution system. The disinfection by-products were highly created in the water treatment plant that the organic matters were high and the chlorine dosage was excessive. The concentration of DSPs was shown the highest value in August and the lowest value in December, because of temperature and pre-chlorine dosage effect. From the result of tracer test, the travel time from the treatment plant to the end of pipeline was around 3-4 days in summer, 5-6 days in winter, respectively, and the DSPs concentration of the reservoir(end of pipe) was 2-3 times higher than that of the beginning point. The improvement of the chlorination process and structural reformation of distribution facility was demanded to minimize the DSPs increase from purification plant to the end of pipe.

• 상하수도학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.575-581
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• 2015

Although disinfection in drinking water treatment plants provides a safer water supply by inactivating pathogenic microorganisms, harmful disinfection by-products may be formed. In this study, the disinfectant, chlorine, was produced on-site from the electrolysis of salt (NaCl), and the by-products of the disinfection process, bromate and chlorate, were analyzed. The provisional guideline levels for bromate and chlorate in drinking water are $10{\mu}g/L$ and $700{\mu}g/L$, in Korea, respectively. Bromide salt was detected at concentrations ranging from 6.0 ~ 622 mg/kg. Bromate and chlorate were detected at concentrations ranging from non-detect (ND) ~ 45.3mg/L and 40.5 ~ 1,202 mg/L, respectively. When comparing the bromide concentration in the salt to the bromate concentration in the chlorine produced by salt electrolysis, the correlation of bromide to bromate concentration was 0.870 (active chlorine concentration from on-site production: 0.6-0.8%, n=40). The correlation of bromate concentration in the chlorine produced to that in the treated water was 0.866.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2002

Volatile disinfection by-products (DBPs) contained in chlorinated tap water are released into household air during indoor activities (showering, cooking, dish -washing, etc.) associated with tap water uses and may cause adverse health effects on humans. Twenty seven subjects were recruited and their homes were visited during the winter of 2002. Tap water, household air, and exhaled breath samples were collected and analyzed for five volatile DBPs (chloroform, bromodichloromethane, dichloroacetonitrile, 1,1 -dichloropropanone and 1,1,1 trichloropropanone). Chloroform was a major DBP found in most samples. Tap water chloroform concentrations were not statistically correlated with its household air concentrations, probably due to individual variability in indoor activities such as showering, cooking, and dish - washing as well as household ventilation. Correlation of breath chloroform concentration with household air chloroform concentration showed its possible use as a biomarker of exposure to household air chloroform. Exposure estimates suggested that inhalation during household stay be a major route of exposure to volatile DBPs and that ingestion of tap water be a trivial contributor to the total exposure in Koreans.