• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
• /
• v.8 no.6
• /
• pp.605-614
• /
• 2022

In this study, oregano was extracted by supercritical extraction and hydrothermal extraction method. In vitro experiments such as antimicrobial and antioxidant activity test were performed. As a result of the disc diffusion method, only the supercritical extracts formed a clear zone. The MIC for S. aureus was found only in the supercritical fluid extracts and it was 1000 ㎍/mL. The hydrothermal extract's MIC is 125 ㎍/mL for C. acnes. Through biofilm inhibition assay, we found that the supercritical fluid oregano extracts inhibit the biofilm of S. aureus by more than 70% even at low concentrations of 125 ㎍/mL. On the other hand, the antioxidant ability of the hydrothermal extract was better than that of the supercritical fluid extracts. Furthermore, we tried to make a skincare ingredient for atopic dermatitis by utilizing the S. aureus biofilm inhibitory ability of oregano supercritical fluid extracts. Liposome was used to overcome the low solubility of the oregano supercritical fluid extracts and increase stability.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.1
• /
• pp.89-93
• /
• 2020

Vibrio vulnificus, an opportunistic pathogen, causes septicaemia when raw shellfish and fish are eaten by patients with hepatic diseases or reduced immunity. In this study, we evaluated inhibitory effects of some natural products on V. vulnificus growth using 96-well microplate assay. We found that Phyllanthus emblica L., Rosa chinensis Jacq., Rosa rugose Thub., and Chukrasia tabularis A. Juss. significantly inhibited V. vulnificus growth in Luria-Bertani (LB) broth. Among these four extracts, the inhibition diameter of Chukrasia tabularis was 16.00 ± 0.58 mm in disc diffusion assay on V. vulnificus growth. In addition, these four natural products protected HeLa cells from V. vulnificus-induced cytotoxicity. A cocktail containing these four products showed an inhibitory effect on V. vulnificus growth in seawater and shellfish by reducing its growth by 75.7% and 97%, respectively. These results suggest that these four natural products are safe and effective natural antimicrobial candidates to prevent V. vulnificus infection.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.130-133
• /
• 2005

The growth inhibitiory effect of chaff vinegar against various food-borne pathogenic bacteria was evaluated. Bacterial growth was evaluated in chaff vinegar at concentrations of 15, 30, 50, 65, 80, and $100\%$ using the paper disc diffusion method and 0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 1.8, 2.0, 2.2 and $2.5\%$ in broth. In the paper disc diffusion assay, chaff vinegar showed a clear zone on both the Gram-positive bacteria; Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Gram-negative bacteria; Escherichia coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Chaff vinegar exhibited the greatest growth inhibition for V. parahaemolyticus. The bactericidal effect of chaff vinegar on the E. coli O157:H7 was tested at concentrations ranging from 0.5 to $2.5\%$ (v/v) in the LB broth media. Chaff vinegar retarded the lag phase time of the growth curve in proportion in a concentration-dependent manner. Chaff vinegar at $2.5\%$ completely inhibited the growth of E. coli O157:H7.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.383-388
• /
• 2020

Ingestion of food contaminated with microorganism, if not always, could lead to severe health problem. Preservatives has been added to food to prevent food from being contaminated with microorganism. But, these have potential to threaten the health. Therefore, much effort has been taken to find the safe materials showing the anti-microbial activity. In this study, we investigated the anti-bacterial activity of Oenothera lamarckiana aerial part extract against eight bacteria strain. In paper disc assay, extract inhibited the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus cereus and Shigella dysenteriae at 200 μg/disc, but not against Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Salmonella Typhi and S. enteritidis. Minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus, Methicillin-resistant S. aureus, Bacillus cereus and Shigella dysenteriae is 250, 250, 500 and 500 μg/mL, respectively. Compared with reported MIC of other plant resources, O. lamarckiana aerial part extract showed the relatively high anti-bacterial activity. O. lamarckiana aerial part could be suitable for the preservative development. But, it still remains to be studied to evaluate safety and so on.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
• /
• v.22 no.5
• /
• pp.692-700
• /
• 2012

The antibacterial activity of the ethanol extract of Cornus officinalis against some bacteria related to foodborne illness and food spoilage was investigated. In the case of the disc diffusion assay, clear zones due to the inhibition of proliferation by Cornus officinalis extract were 8.5~18.3 mm at $4,000{\mu}g/disc$. The inhibitory effect of Cornus officinalis was as follows: Escherichia. coli ${\geq}$ Listeria monocytogenes ${\geq}$ E. coli O157:H7 > Bacillus cereus > Staphylococcus aureus > Pseudomonas aeruginosa > Salmonella typhimurium. In addition, the MIC of Cornus officinalis extract toward B. cereus was the lowest at 1,000 ppm. The extract inhibited the growth of E. coli, L. monocytogenes, E. coli O157:H7, and Bacillus cereus throughout the growth stage. However, the growth of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus, and S. typhimurium was only inhibited by the extract during the lag phase. The constituents of all cells tested were released, especially E. coli and E. coli O157:H7. Observation of the cells using SEM demonstrated a morphological change and disruption of cells in response to treatment with Cornus officinalis extract. Based on these findings, the ethanol extracts of Cornus officinalis showed strong antimicrobial activity against all tested bacteria, indicating that Cornus officinalis can be a useful natural antimicrobial reagent.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
• /
• v.48 no.3
• /
• pp.557-565
• /
• 2021

Interest in research on various medicinal plants has increased globally over the last few decades, possibly due to their possible antibacterial and antioxidant activities. The present study was conducted to verify the antioxidant effects, antibacterial activity, and collagen synthesis and cell viability outcomes of adipocytes upon exposure to Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai (AdN). Antibacterial activity was measured through the Disc diffusion method to compare the growth ability of pathogenic microorganisms (E.coli, Salmonella). The absorbance was measured at 560 nm to calculate the active oxygen scavenging ability. Fibroblasts were dispensed in a 96-well plate at a density of 1 × 10⁵ cells·well^-1. The amount of procollagen was measured in each case using a procollagen type 1 C-peptide EIA KIT. The cytotoxicity of the Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai extract against animal adipocytes (Hanwoo backfat cells) was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium (MTS) assay, a method that measures the conversion of MTS to Formazan by means of mitochondrial dehydrogenases. The concentrations of the samples were made to be 0.0125, 0025, 0.05, 0.1, and 0.5% and all were -completely absorbed into the disc in an incubator at 37℃ for 24 to 36 hours. For the 0.125 mg·disc^-1, effects of Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai on the antioxidant effect, antibacterial activity, and cell viability of adipocytes were found. However, Abeliophyllum distichum Nakai had no effect on collagen synthesis, thus suggesting that AdN extracts may be useful for the prevention and/or treatment of obesity.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.47-57
• /
• 2021

Background: Lumbar disc herniation (LDH) is a common cause of radicular pain, but the mechanism is not clear. In this study, we investigated the engagement of toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) in radicular pain and its possible mechanisms. Methods: An LDH model was induced by autologous nucleus pulposus (NP) implantation, which was obtained from coccygeal vertebra, then relocated in the lumbar 4/5 spinal nerve roots of rats. Mechanical and thermal pain behaviors were assessed by using von Frey filaments and hotplate test respectively. The protein level of TLR4 and phosphorylated-p65 (p-p65) was evaluated by western blotting analysis and immunofluorescence staining. Spinal microglia activation was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining of specific relevant markers. The expression of proand anti-inflammatory cytokines in the spinal dorsal horn was measured by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. Results: Spinal expression of TLR4 and p-NF-κB (p-p65) was significantly increased after NP implantation, lasting up to 14 days. TLR4 was mainly expressed in spinal microglia, but not astrocytes or neurons. TLR4 antagonist TAK242 decreased spinal expression of p-p65. TAK242 or NF-κB inhibitor pyrrolidinedithiocarbamic acid alleviated mechanical and thermal pain behaviors, inhibited spinal microglia activation, moderated spinal inflammatory response manifested by decreasing interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-α expression and increasing IL-10 expression in the spinal dorsal horn. Conclusions: The study revealed that TLR4/NF-κB pathway participated in radicular pain by encouraging spinal microglia activation and inflammatory response.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.539-543
• /
• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate the antimutagenic affect of crude and heated comfrey extract on N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (MNNG), benzo${(\alpha)}$pyrene (B${(\alpha)}$P) and 3-amino-1, 4-dimethyl-5H-pyri-do [4,3-b] indole (Trp-P-1). In spore rec-assay using Bacillus subtilis $H17(rec^+)$ and $M45(rec^-),$ crude comfrey extract showed strong antimutagenic effects on MNNG in the concentration of $40{\mu}l/disc$(p<0.01). In the Ames test using Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100, the crude comfrey extract suppressed about 43% and 52% in the mutagenesis induced by $B{(\alpha)}P.$ However, the heated comfrey extract strongly suppressed about 75% and 76% in the mutagenesis in Salmonella typhimurium TA98 and TA100 induced by Trp-P-1(p<0.01).

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
• /
• v.28 no.2
• /
• pp.175-182
• /
• 2012

In this study, antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity of the extracts from pericarp and seed of $Vitis$ $coignetiea$, which were extracted with 0.1% HCl-60% ethanol, were analyzed. The antibacterial activity of the extracts was determined by paper disc diffusion method against food spoilage and food-borne pathogens. The pericarp extract showed high antibacterial activity against $Bacillus$ $cereus$, $Escherichia$ $coli$ O157:H7, and $Pseudomonas$ $aeruginosa$, and the seed extract represented the high antibacterial activity against $B.$ $cereus$, $E.$ $coli$ O157:H7, and $Staphylococcus$ $aureus$. The cytotoxicity of the $Vitis$ $coignetiea$ extract against human cancer cells was determined using the MTT assay and SRB assay. The pericarp extract represented strong growth-inhibition activity against G361 and Hep3B cells and the seed extract greatly inhibited the growth of HeLa and G361 cells in the MTT assay. In addition, the pericarp extract displayed a high inhibition activity against the growth of AGS cells and the seed extract greatly inhibited the growth of HeLa, Hep3B, and MCF7 cells in the SRB assay. Especially, the cytotoxicities of the seed extract against HeLa were significantly higher than those of the extract against other cancer cells at all test concentrations. This study demonstrates that the extract from pericarp and seed of $Vitis$ $coignetiea$ possess high antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.31 no.5
• /
• pp.399-408
• /
• 2005

In the progression of the Temporomandibular Joint Disorder(TMD), not only deformation and perforation of disc occur. But also fibrotic adhesion and inflammatory changes to the retrodiscal tissue can be seen in addition to the condylar degenerative change (e.g. osteoarthritis). However, the correct diagnosis,?planning for appropriate treatment, and prediction of prognosis are limited, because there are no means to stage the progression of the disorder. In this study relative signal intensity of retrodiscal tissue in MRI and the synovial fluid concentration of matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2), MMP-9, and Interleukin-6(IL-6) in the 23 temporomandibular joints(TMJ), from 17 patients with TMD were evaluated as a possible diagnostic marker. The relative signal intensity of retrodiscal tissue was referenced to brain gray matter with same region of interest(ROI) size. The concentrations of MMP-2, MMP-9, and IL-6 were evaluated by Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The collected data were compared with condylar degenerative change, joint effusion and disc position observed in MRI. The relative signal intensity of the retrodiscal tissue was increased significantly when degenerative changes were present. In addition, there was significantly high signal intensity in the presence of a disc displaced without reduction. The concentration of IL-6 was significantly increased when condylar degenerative change was no observed. And there were no changes in the levels of IL-6 according to disc position and joint effusion measurement. Moreover, there were no significant relevance between the concentration of total MMP-2 and active MMP-9 in synovial fluid, relative to degenerative changes in the mandibular condyle, to joint effusion, and to disc position observed on MRI images. In conclusion, the relative signal intensity of the retrodiscal tissue can be regarded as a mean of diagnosing the procession of TMD in a non-invasive manner. But more additional studies are required for the levels of MMP-2. MMP-9, and IL-6 to determine their potentials as a diagnostic marker for TMD.