• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.15D no.6
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• pp.767-776
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• 2008

Microarray technology is extensively being used in experimental molecular biology field. Microarray experiments generate quantitative expression measurements for thousands of genes simultaneously, which is useful for the phenotype classification of many diseases. One of the two major problems in microarray data classification is that the number of genes exceeds the number of tissue samples. The other problem is that current methods generate classifiers that are accurate but difficult to interpret. Our paper addresses these two problems. We performed a direct integration of individual microarrays with same biological objectives by transforming an expression value into a rank value within a sample and generated rank-comparison decision rules with variable number of genes for cancer classification. Our classifier is an ensemble method which has k top scoring decision rules. Each rule contains a number of genes, a relationship among involved genes, and a class label. Current classifiers which are also ensemble methods consist of k top scoring decision rules. However these classifiers fix the number of genes in each rule as a pair or a triple. In this paper we generalized the number of genes involved in each rule. The number of genes in each rule is in the range of 2 to N respectively. Generalizing the number of genes increases the robustness and the reliability of the classifier for the class prediction of an independent sample. Also our classifier is readily interpretable, accurate with small number of genes, and shed a possibility of the use in a clinical setting.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2003

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to compare the different concepts of oriental nursing as perceived by nurses, doctors, and patients in oriental hospitals. Method: A descriptive survey design was used for this study. Fifty-eight nurses, 26 doctors and 28 inpatients in 3 oriental hospitals were recruited from October to December 2002. The data were collected through a semi-structured open questionnaire. The data were analyzed by content analysis. Result: 1. The perceived concept of oriental nursing varied among the subjects. The nurses regard it as "a traditional nursing activity based on oriental philosophy" (60.3%), while the doctors viewed it as "a supplement to western nursing activity"(38.5%). For patients, the oriental nursing activity was considered as "a cordial form of nursing like that from a family member" (50.0%) and "an activity that doesn't differ so much from western nursing" (42.8%). 2. As for oriental nursing activities actually practiced, both the nurses and the doctors agreed that they carry out traditional oriental nursing activities such as explaining the treatment (taking oriental medicines, administering acupuncture etc.; nurses 96.6%, doctors 57.7%) and direct care like removing acupuncture needles (nurses 43.1%, doctors 34.6%). Patients replied that a western nursing activity is performed rather than an oriental nursing activity. 3. As for the required oriental nursing activity, nurses stated they apply traditional oriental methods such as CHUNA exercise therapy, moxibustion, cupping method etc. in their nursing practice. Doctors remarked that they try to understand the patients' state by approaching patients through an oriental way of thinking. Patients wish to get kindly care. 4. As a whole, 34.5% of nurses and 25.0% of patients have experienced little satisfaction from oriental nursing activity. Nurses found it valuable to carry out western nursing (39.3%), while patients found satisfaction in the use of a cordial attitude (39.9%). 5. Both nurses and doctors defined the first reason that oriental nursing activity cannot be performed more often was the lack of education in oriental nursing, and the absence of interest in oriental nursing. Conclusion: Nurses and doctors appreciate an oriental way of nursing, and think that this type of nursing activity has been carried out even though it may be infrequent. However this oriental nursing activity has won recognition from patients who view western nursing activity as being more important.

• Journal of Korean Tunnelling and Underground Space Association
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.959-972
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• 2017

In evaluation of blast-induced vibration, peak particle velocity (PPV) is generally calculated by using attenuation relation curve. Calculated velocity is compared with the value in legal requirements or the standards to determine the stability. Attenuation relation curve varies depending on frequency of test blasting, geological structure of the site and blasting condition, so it is difficult to predict accurately using such an equation. Since PPV is response value from the ground, direct evaluation of the structure is impractical. Because of such a limit, engineers tend to use the commercial numerical analysis program in evaluating the stability of the structure more accurately. However, when simulate the explosion process using existing numerical analysis program, it's never easy to accurately simulate the complex conditions (fracture, crushing, cracks and plastic deformation) around blasting hole. For simulating such a process, the range for modelling will be limited due to the maximum node count and it requires extended calculation time as well. Thus, this study is intended to simulate the elastic energy after fractured zone only, instead of simulating the complex conditions of the rock that results from the blast, and the analysis of response characteristics of the velocity depending on shape and size of the fractured zone was conducted. As a result, difference in velocity and attenuation character were calculated depending on fractured zone around the blast source appeared. Propagation of vibration tended to spread spherically as it is distanced farther from the blast source.

• Journal of Korea Port Economic Association
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.137-161
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• 2011

This paper deals with modal shift projects and policy of modal shift services at home and abroad. This study aims to review the results of foreign modal projects in advanced countries and to suggest policy directions for promoting modal shift services in Korea. This paper consists of three main sections: concept of modal shift policy; analysis of modal shift projects and policy at home and abroad; policy directions of modal shift services in Korea. In recent years, shippers who shift mode from truck to rail or coastal shipping are subsidized by the government. The government intends to encourage modal shift services of shippers, as shown in the example of Marco Polo in EU. It is identified that the government should devise effective policy for the successful implementation of truck-rail modal shift in Korea. It is suggested that the policy goal of modal shift must be clear and its attainment is feasible in order to promote modal shift services here. It also turns out that indirect supply policy works better than direct one. Freight transport environments differ between countries. It, thus, hard to directly apply foreign policies to Korea's freight transport field. Korea is at an inceptive stage of exploring foreign modal shift policies and promoting modal shift services in Korea. We will gain from the wide range of case studies, which analyze the modal shift successes and failures experienced by advanced countries. It is necessary to use them with care.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.393-401
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• 2007

This study was performed to investigate the antioxidant activity of Korean ginseng using an ORAC(Oxygen Radical Absorbance Capacity) assay. Four fractions each (80% ethanol, ethyl acetate, water saturated 1-butanol, and water) were obtained from different ginseng samples (White Ginseng: ; 6 yrs-., 5 yrs-., ; Cork Ginseng: ; 5 yrs-., 4 yrs-.). The saponin content of each fraction was quantified by LC/MS, and the antioxidant capacity of the ginseng was measured by the ORAC assay. The ORAC method, which was recently validated using automatic liquid handling systems, has been adapted for manual handling with the use of a conventional fluorescence microplate reader. Furthermore, the ORAC assay provides a direct measure of hydrophilic chain-breaking antioxidant capacity against peroxy radical, which is the exiting and emission of 2,2'-Azobis (2-methylpropionamidine)-dihychloride (AAPH). As a result of our experiments, ginsenosides Rg1 and Rb1 were the two major saponins found in the ginseng samples, and Rc, Rb2, Re, Rd, Rg3, and Rh1 were detected in a small quantities. For the antioxidant capacities of the fractions (80% ethanol, ethyl acetate, butanol, and water), we found that the organic solvent fraction had similar antioxidant capacities, and were higher than the capacity of the water fraction. When determining the similarities in each fraction, only the ethyl acetate fraction showed similarity compared to other fractions (p>0.05). The antioxidant capacity of ginseng may come from phenolic compounds and some nonpolar saponins. However, based on the results of this study, we hypothesize that some acidic polysaccharides and other biological components may contribute to its antioxidant capacity. Additional research is required to determine other possible biological response modifiers that contribute to the antioxidant capacity of ginseng.

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
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• s.4
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• pp.83-118
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• 2006

This study is to develop digital leadership in a field of national defense. Today, korean society is facing the crisis of national security. But national defense leadership is not show in the circumstance of national security crisis. As you know, national defense leadership is a process that make use of influence. Which means it converges people's interest and demands well and also show people the right vision of national defense and make them to comply the policy about national security. Because of the environmental change, our national defense leadership is having a new turning point. First, international order, which is under post-cold war, raises possibility of guarantee of peace and security in international society but also, cause the increase of multiple uncertainty and small size troubles in security circumstance. In addition, Korean society is rushing into democratization and localization period by success in peaceful change of political power went through about three times. The issue of political neutralization of military is stepping into settlement but still, negative inheritance of old military regime is worrying about it. In this situation, we can't expect rise in estimation about the importance of security and military's reason for being. So, military have to give their concern to not only internal maintenance of order and control and growth of soldiers but also developing external leadership to strength influence to society and military's the reason for being. So for these alternative I'm suggesting a digital leadership of national defense which fits digital era. This digital leadership is the leadership which can accept and understand digital technology and lead the digital organization. To construct digital national defense we need a practical leadership. The leadership has to be digital leadership with digital competence that can direct vision of digital national defense and carry out the policy. A leader who ha s digital leadership can lead the digital society. The ultimate key to construct digital government, digital corporate and digital citizen depends on digital leader with digital mind. To be more specific, digital leadership has network leadership, next generation leadership, knowledge driven management leadership, innovation oriented leadership. A leader with this kind of leadership is the real person with digital leadership. From now on, to rise this, we have to build up human resource development strategy and develop educational training program.

• Clean Technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.9-14
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• 2018

In this study, Material life cycle evaluation was performed to analyze the environmental impact characteristics of TiN-Zr membrane manufacturing process. The software of MLCA was Gabi. Through this, environmental impact assessment was performed for each process. Transition metal nitrides have been researched extensively because of their properties. Among these, TiN has the most attention. TiN is a ceramic materials which possess the good combination of physical and chemical properties, such as high melting point, high hardness, and relatively low specific gravity, high wear resistance and high corrosion resistance. With these properties, TiN plays an important role in functional materials for application in separation hydrogen from fossil fuel. Precursor TiN was synthesized by sol-gel method and zirconium was coated by ball mill method. The metallurgical, physical and thermodynamic characteristics of the membranes were analyzed by using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM), Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS), X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermo Gravimetry/Differential Thermal Analysis (TG/DTA), Brunauer, Emmett, Teller (BET) and Gas Chromatograph System (GP). As a result of characterization and normalization, environmental impacts were 94% in MAETP (Marine Aquatic Ecotoxicity), 2% FAETP (Freshwater Aquatic Ecotoxicity), 2% HTP (Human Toxicity Potential). TiN fabrication process appears to have a direct or indirect impact on the human body. It is believed that the greatest impact that HTP can have on human is the carcinogenic properties. This shows that electricity use has a great influence on ecosystem impact. TiN-Zr was analyzed in Eco-Indicator '99 (EI99) and CML 2001 methodology.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.24-31
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• 1996

In this paper, we present a speech translation system for hotel reservation, KT_STS(Korea Telecom Speech Translation System). KT-STS is a speech-to-speech translation system which translates a spoken utterance in Korean into one in Japanese. The system has been designed around the task of hotel reservation(dialogues between a Korean customer and a hotel reservation de나 in Japan). It consists of a Korean speech recognition system, a Korean-to-Japanese machine translation system and a korean speech synthesis system. The Korean speech recognition system is an HMM(Hidden Markov model)-based speaker-independent, continuous speech recognizer which can recognize about 300 word vocabularies. Bigram language model is used as a forward language model and dependency grammar is used for a backward language model. For machine translation, we use dependency grammar and direct transfer method. And Korean speech synthesizer uses the demiphones as a synthesis unit and the method of periodic waveform analysis and reallocation. KT-STS runs in nearly real time on the SPARC20 workstation with one TMS320C30 DSP board. We have achieved the word recognition rate of 94. 68% and the sentence recognition rate of 82.42% after the speech recognition tests. On Korean-to-Japanese translation tests, we achieved translation success rate of 100%. We had an international joint experiment in which our system was connected with another system developed by KDD in Japan using the leased line.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.21-35
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• 2014

Many people have a social network service (SNS) by utilizing a variety of community activities, information sharing, and the creation of social networking. In terms of marketing academics view social networks between businesses and consumers in the new communication strategy, a new way to make them in terms of marketing a new business opportunity. That is, they are actively engaged in the various marketing activities targeting customers using SNS. According to H. A. Simon's needle theory, it is efficient to make a decision within the bounded rationality due to the difficulty of collecting data in decision-making as well as the inability to collect all information because of limited time and money. If the information or the informant can be trusted, the customers would be able to make a quick decision and get higher satisfaction from it. Therefore, this study examines and thereby empirically demonstrates what role customers' trust plays in a company's marketing using SNS by exploring how trust condition works in the mediated model and, theoretically, intends to introduce an empirical methodology on more strictly mediated moderating effects and, in practice, revisit the role of trust on direct and indirect effect the SNS's Information quality has on the performance variables such as customer satisfaction and loyalty. This study thereby aims to provide a strategic tool for the companies that plan to use the SNS in developing marketing strategies.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.17-31
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• 2013

With the advent of smart phones, there are increasing demands from customers to connect to the social media services at any time and at any place without restraint. As a result, many foreign companies have lately been able to pursue two-way communication with customers through social media which has enabled them to see the reaction and the needs of customers immediately and respond timely. That is, they are actively engaged in the various marketing activities targeting customers using SNS. According to H. A. Simon's needle theory, it is efficient to make a decision within the bounded rationality due to the difficulty of collecting data in decision-making as well as the inability to collect all information because of limited time and money. If the information or the informant can be trusted, the customers would be able to make a quick decision and get higher satisfaction from it. Therefore, this study examines and thereby empirically demonstrates what role customers' trust plays in a company's marketing using SNS by exploring how trust condition works in the mediated model and, theoretically, intends to introduce an empirical methodology on more strictly mediated moderating effects and, in practice, revisit the role of trust on direct and indirect effect the SNS's quality has on the performance variables such as customer satisfaction and loyalty. This study thereby aims to provide a strategic tool for the companies that plan to use the SNS in developing marketing strategies.