• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.253-275
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• 1994

Many flowering plants possess genetically controlled self -incompatibility (SI) system that prevents inbreeding and promotes outcrosses. SI is usually controlled by a single, multiallelic S-locus. In gametophytically controlled system, SI results when the S-allele of the pollen is matched by one of the two S-alleles in the style, while in the sporophytic system self-incompatible reaction occurs by the interaction between the pistil genotype and genotype of, not the pollen, but the pollen parent In the former system the self-incompatible phenotype of pollen is determined by the haploid genome of the pollen itself but in the latter the pollen phenotype is governed by the genotype of the pollen parent along with the occurrence of either to-dominant or dominant/recessive allelic interactions. In the sporophytic type the inhibition reaction occurs within minutes following pollen-stigma contact, the incompatible pollen grains usually failing to germinate, whereas in gametophytic system pollen tube inhibition takes place during growth in the transmitting tissue of the style. Recognition and rejection of self pollen are the result of interaction between the S-locus protein in the pistil and the pollen protein. In the gametophytic SI the S-associated glycoprotein which is similar to the fungal ribonuclease in structure and function are localized at the intercellular matrix in the transmitting tissue of the style, with the highest concentration in the collar of the stigma, while in the sporophytic SI deposit of abundant S-locus specific glycoprotein (SLSG).is detected in the cell wall of stigmatic papillae of the open flowers. In the gametophytic system S-gene is expressed mostly at the stigmatic collar the upper third of the style length and in the pollen after meiosis. On the other hand, in the sporophytic SI S-glycoprotein gene is expressed in the papillar cells of the stigma as well as in e sporophytic tape is cells of anther wall. Recognition and rejection of self pollen in the gametophytic type is the reaction between the ribonuclease in the transmitting tissue of the style and the protein in the cytoplasm of pollen tube, whereas in the sporophytic system the inhibition of selfed pollen is caused by the interaction between the Sycoprotein in the wall of stigmatic papillar cell and the tapetum-origin protein deposited on the outer wall of the pollen grain. The claim that the S-allele-associated proteins are involved in recognition and rejection of self pollen has been made merely based on indirect evidence. Recently it has been verified that inhibition of synthesis of S$_3$ protein in Petunia inflata plants of S$_2$S$_3$ genotype by the antisense S$_3$ gene resulted in failure of the transgenic plant to reject S$_3$ pollen and that expression of the transgenic encoding S$_3$ protein in the S$_1$S$_2$ genotype confers on the transgenic plant the ability to reject S$_3$ pollen. These finding Provide direct evidence that S-proteins control the s elf-incompatibility behavior of the pistil.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.40 no.5
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• pp.408-416
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• 2021

In the ultrasonic dispersion, in order to avoid direct contact of the radiation surface of ultrasonic transducers with a liquid sample, the liquid sample is separated by a glass container and it receives ultrasonic energy through an acoustic medium. The transmission efficiency of the ultrasonic energy in the multi-layered ultrasonic system is an important factor. In this study, we suggested a method that can improve the ultrasonic energy transfer efficiency by using a propylene glycol solution as a liquid matching layer in the multi-layered acoustic system. In this method, a propylene glycol solution was filled between the Langevin-type ultrasonic transducer and the luminol solution and the sonoluminescence phenomena in the luminol solution, which is caused by nonlinear effect of high power ultrasound radiated from the transducer, was examined by using a Photo Multiplier Tube (PMT). The transmission efficiency depending on the concentration of propylene glycol solution was observed, and we can see that as the concentration of the propylene glycol solution increased, the matching effect increased while the acoustic attenuation increased. It was confirmed that there is an optimal concentration compromised these two conflicting conditions, and the optimum concentration of the propylene glycol solution was determined experimentally.

• The Journal of the Convergence on Culture Technology
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.97-106
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• 2021

The issue of controlling police corruption is very important that in terms of public services where police administration is in direct contact with citizens. In this study, individual, organizational, cultural, and legislative factors are classified as independent factor variables that contribute to police corruption, and the effect of these corruption factors on the level of police corruption, and the role of occupational identity and organizational citizenship behavior of police offices in this relationship are analyzed. A survey is conducted on the public citizens for empirical analysis of this study. The results of the empirical analysis are as follows: First, organizational, cultural factors and legal-legislative factors have negative influence on the occupational identity. Second, legislative factors has negative influence on organizational citizenship behavior. Third, organizational, cultural and legislative factors have positive effects on police corruption. Finally, in terms of the effect of corruption factors on organizational citizenship behavior through occupational identity, organizational, cultural and legal-legislative factors had negative mediating effect on it.

• International Area Studies Review
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.139-162
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• 2018

Although the hotel industry in China has shown great growth both quantitatively and qualitatively, there is a lack of management of employees who represent hotels in direct contact with customers. Therefore, this study examined the social support of Chinese 4, 5 star hotel employees in Shanghai as supervisory support, coworker support, and family support, and examined whether the social support of employees improves resilience and affects their psychological well-being. In order to analyze this, we surveyed 322 employees of Shanghai 4, 5 star hotels in China. Empirical analysis showed that supervisory support and family support had a positive effect on their resilience, while coworker support did not. In addition, the resilience of hotel employees has a positive effect on their psychological well-being. This study aims to provide a better understanding of social support and resilience, and to provide effective management of human resources management.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.271-287
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• 2018

Salespersons play an important role in strengthening a firm's marketing competitiveness advantage because they provide service through the direct contact with customers. This research tests several hypothesized relationships between their career performances(incomes, job satisfaction and organizational commitment) and marketing comprtitiveness advantage. The data used in this study to measure the hypotheses is 'Human Capital Enterprise Panel Data 2015(5th) that was collected by Korea Vocational Training Institute. The results showed that the earnings was not significantly different depending on salesperson's self-directed career management. The job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the salesperson positively affected firm's marketing competitiveness advantage, but the effects of salesperson job satisfaction and organizational commitment on firm's marketing competitiveness advantage were not significantly different depending on salesperson's self-directed career management. This study confirmed that it is necessary to regard career movement as the significant resources of the marketing competitiveness advantage as self-directed career management rather than a negative point of view.

• 한국노년학
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.763-781
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• 2017

This study explores the relationship between indirect contacts of older adults and ageism related behaviors by investigating adults' exposure to portrayals of older people and their images in media. This study also investigates how indirect contacts of older adults influence ageism related behaviors such as avoidance and discrimination against older adults through attitudes and social norms about older adults. Using an online survey collected from 252 adults aged 18-64 years, the authors found that indirect contacts of older adults through media predicted attitude toward older adults as well as social norms. The results also revealed that social norm predicted both avoidance and discrimination behavior against older adults while attitude toward older adults only predicted avoidance behavior. Finally, the findings indicated that attitude toward older adults mediated the relationship between indirect contacts through media and avoidance behavior. However, social norm mediated the relationships between indirect contacts through media and discrimination as well as avoidance behaviors. Implication and limitation of the findings are discussed.

• Journal of Popular Narrative
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.183-212
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• 2020

GL(Girls' Love), which deals with romance between women, is considered a small, minor culture in the sub-culture market. Nevertheless, recent 'reboot feminism' in the voice of women in the epic that appears to be the central protagonist is increased, and interest in naturally glIncreasing. It encourages those who declare "post BL" to consume GLs featuring female characters instead of male characters. In an atmosphere where female creators consume female dictionaries who write women's stories and argue that they should expand the scope of their female counterparts, "Her Simcheong," a webtoon that won the 2018 Our Comics Award, explores the possibility of female epic through rewriting myths. Gender norms given to women, such as filial piety and nirvana, all get new names in . A good daughter is a liar, and a good wife has a woman she loves. Besides Simcheong, hit-and-run mothers, Jang Seung-sang's wife and Jang Seung-sang's daughter-in-law also focus on female characters' stories, highlighting solidarity among women to survive in a male-dominated society. In this process, solidarity among women naturally leads to GL imagination. Her Simcheong describes direct sexual contact, such as kissing and hugging among women, as beautiful illustrations, and shows romance between women in a manless world. While solidarity among women is always regarded as 'undangerous' friendship or girlish sensibility, the romance between women in breaks the cultural rules of women's growth novel and women's trade. This reveals the inconsistency of the conspiratorial male solidarity, which has been trading women around hegemony.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.89-93
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• 2022

Earthing, caused by direct skin contact with the Earth's surface, is used to reduce the symptoms of inflammation (fever, fever, swelling and pain). However, there is little evidence to support the anti-inflammatory effects of earthing mattresses. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate whether anti-inflammatory effect of earthing mattress using an in vivo animal model. The anti - inflammatory effect was evaluated by measuring ear thickness and foot volume in 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13 acetate (TPA) - induced ear edema and carrageenan - induced paw edema model, respectively. Balb/c mouse in carrageenan paw edema model showed significant anti - inflammatory effect in the group treated with earthing mattress for 4 hours or 24 hours for 3 days. For females, the anti-inflammatory effect was greater when the earthing mattress was added to the mattress than the mattress alone treatment. From the above results, it was found that the female responds more to the effect of the earthing as well as the mattress effect. In addition, when the male and female Balb/c mice were exposed to mattresses and earthing mattresses for 24 h for 3 days, respectively, the mattress and earthing mattresses showed significant inhibition of IL (Interleukin)-1β levels compared to the control. In the TPA ear edema model, Balb/c mouse showed significant anti - inflammatory effect in the group treated with the earthing mattress for 4 hours or 24 hours for 3 days. Both males and females showed more anti-inflammatory effects when they were exposed to earthing mattresses with mattresses added to the mattresses. From the above results, it was found that both male and female respond to the effect of earthing as well as the mattress effect in the TPA ear edema model. In conclusion, in this study, we have verified that earthing mattress shows inhibitory effects on TPA and carrageenan-induced inflammation. From these results, it is suggested that the anti-inflammatory effect can be expected by applying the earthing mattress to patients suffering from inflammatory diseases. However, there is a need to pinpoint exactly how the earthing mattress relieves inflammation, and further research is needed to investigate the mechanism.

• Journal of Service Research and Studies
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.30-49
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• 2022

Recently, as the transition to the untact era due to COVID-19 accelerates, non-face-to-face and non-contact practices have become commonplace, and the OTT (Over-The-Top) service market that provides media content such as movies and broadcast programs through the open Internet is largely expanded and it is receiving great attention from the MZ generation, who are familiar with digital devices and environments. In this study, the effects of OTT service characteristics on MZ generation users' flow, satisfaction and brand loyalty were examined, focusing on Netflix users, one of the representative OTT service brands. In order to carry out this study, a total of 216 people who have used the Netflix OTT service platform were empirically verified by using the survey data of those who have used it for analysis. As a result of the analysis, it was found that among the characteristics of OTT service, contents diversity, convenience, and reliability had a positive (+) effect on flow. Also, flow has a positive (+) effect on satisfaction, and satisfaction has a positive (+) effect on brand loyalty. However, among the characteristics of the OTT service, the recommended service did not have a positive (+) effect on the flow, and the flow did not have a direct positive (+) effect on the brand loyalty. Flow had a positive (+) effect on the brand loyalty through satisfaction. Through this study, it is expected that the market revitalization of the OTT service-related industry and the increasing number of OTT service brands will be able to contribute to the establishment of marketing strategies for the MZ generation consumers, and to provide practical implications.

• Asia Marketing Journal
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.49-73
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• 2013

In this study, the author develops and tests a model that incorporates the mediating effects of two frontline employee psychological variables (emotional exhaustion and intrinsic motivation) based on job demand and resource model. As a form of environmental resource, person-organization fit was proposed as a leading factor of frontline employee boundary spanning behavior through emotional exhaustion and intrinsic motivation. All measures were adapted from or developed based on prior research. Data for the study were collected from a cross-sectional sample of retail bank employees in South Korea. Questionnaires were distributed to 500 frontline employees across several banks. Of these, 322 usable questionnaires were returned. To analyze the data, a structural equation model procedure using LISREL 8.5 was employed. Results show that an employee's perceived fit with his/her organization enhances intrinsic motivation and reduces emotional exhaustion. These mechanisms, in turn, increase the employee's boundary spanning behavior. These results support the notion that person-organization fit should be one of the factors affecting motivation, affect and attachment, and extends such an understanding to a purely service-based environment among customer contact employees. Results also confirms that P-O fit can be viewed as environmental resources, and the JD-R model provides a theoretical base in further studying the antecedent role of P-O fit on frontline employees's boundary spanning behavior through intrinsic motivation and emotional exhaustion. These results suggest that organizations have to do their best to manage P-O fit, be it through employee screening or training and workshops to try and align organization and employee values and objectives. If managers of organizations are positively evaluated by the employees, it will be easier for them to, give things of value to employees, such as sense of direction, values, and recognition, and receive other things in return such as esteem and responsiveness. Consequently, organizational leaders are not only able to manage employee experiences, but also their fit with the organization. Even if a manager cannot control employee P-O fit, this research suggests, that a focus on reducing emotional exhaustion rather than increasing intrinsic motivation seems optimal. This research also supports the idea that motivation has a direct association with a frontline employee's boundary spanning behavior. Even in situations where emotional exhaustion cannot be reduced, organizations may still influence frontline behaviors through motivation.