• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.34 no.2
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• pp.257-261
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• 2014

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of NaCl on the biofilm formations of the isolate from Staphylococcus aureus outbreaks linked to ham. The S. aureus ATCC13565 isolated from ham was exposed to NaCl concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% supplemented in tryptic soy broth (TSB) for 24 h at $35^{\circ}C$, followed by plating 0.1 mL of the culture on tryptic soy agar containing 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6% NaCl, respectively. After incubating at $35^{\circ}C$ for 24 h, the colonies on the plates were collected and diluted to $OD_{600}$ = 0.1. The diluents of S. aureus were incubated on a 96-well flat bottom plate containing TSB plus the appropriate NaCl concentrations, and the biofilm formation was quantified by crystal violet staining after being incubated at $35^{\circ}C$ for 9 h. Confocal laser scanning microscope (CLSM) was also used for visualizing the biofilm formation of S. aureus at NaCl concentrations of 0%, 2%, 4%, and 6%. The transcriptional analysis of biofilm-related genes, such as icaA, atl, clfA, fnbA, sarA, and rbf, was conducted by quantitative real-time PCR. Crystal violet staining and CLSM showed that the biofilm formations of S. aureus increased (p<0.05) along with the NaCl concentrations. Moreover, the expression of the icaA genes was higher at the NaCl concentrations of 4% and 6% as compared with 0% of NaCl by approximately 9-folds and 20-folds, respectively. These results indicated that the NaCl formulated in processed food may increase the biofilm formations of S. aureus by increasing the icaA gene expressions.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.17 no.11
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• pp.1501-1508
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• 2004

In this study the effect of extenders and temperatures on sperm viability and fertilizing capacity of boar sperm during long-term storage was investigated. Acrosomal integrity, membrane integrity, motility and hypo-osmotic resistance were evaluated by fluorescence and light microscopy. An in vitro fertilization test was performed to assess the fertilizing capacity of stored spermatozoa. The five diluents tested were ranked according to their ability to maintain sperm functional parameters and Zorlesco (ZO) extender with BSA or with PVA instead of BSA produced the best results. Zorlesco extender substituted with PVA (ZO+PVA) was found to maintain motility both at 15 and 20$^{\circ}C$. within 5 days of storage, but the quality of semen stored at 15$^{\circ}C$ decreased thereafter as compared to semen stored at 20$^{\circ}C$ Semen stored at 5$^{\circ}C$ demonstrated rapid loss of motility already within 24 h. Both fertilization and cleavage of semen stored at 20$^{\circ}C$ in ZO substituted with PVA instead of BSA did not change significantly until day 8 of storage. It is therefore concluded that PVA can be used to substitute for BSA and 20$^{\circ}C$ was more suitable than 15$^{\circ}C$ for boar semen storage, and in vitro fertilizing capacity of spermatozoa was maintained for at least 8 days in ZO+PVA at 20$^{\circ}C$.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.181-189
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• 2011

Cryopreservation protocols induce partially irreversible damage to mammalian sperm plasma membranes. Previous studies have indicated that adding cholesterol to the plasma membrane, as cholesterol-loaded-cyclodextrins, improves cryosurvival of sperm. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to determine if treating sperm of Markhoz bucks with cholesterol-loaded-cyclodextrins (CLC) (0, 0.75, 1.5, 2.25 and 3 mg/ml diluted $240{\times}10^6$ sperm/ml) in Tris-citric acid-glucose diluents with and without egg yolk (containing 5% glycerol) would improve the post-thaw sperm quality. The motion characteristics were evaluated with a Computer Assisted System Analyzer (CASA); acrosome integrity and vitality were measured with the triple-stain technique. Samples were recovered before and after freezing by means of putting straws into $37^{\circ}C$ water for 30 sec and then parameters were assessed. The results showed that the treatments significantly affected motility, progressive motility, recovery rate, curvilinear velocity, beat cross frequency, live sperm with reacted acrosome, live sperm with unreacted acrosome, dead sperm with reacted acrosorne, and dead sperm with unreacted acrosome during freezing (p<0.05). However; no significant differences were found for average path velocity, straight line velocity, amplitude of lateral head displacement, straightness and linearity (p>0.05). The best results were observed for extender containing 2.25 mg/ml ($240{\times}10^6$ sperm/ml) CLC supplemented with 2.6% egg yolk. In conclusion, the findings of this study indicate improved Markhoz sperm viability and motility following treatment in the presence of egg yolk.

• Membrane Journal
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.189-198
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• 2017

In this study, we used thermally induced phase separation (TIPS) to produce water treatment membrane and poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF), silica with excellent mechanical properties and chemical resistance to evaluate characterization of the membrane. The diluents used for the characterization were dioctyl phthalate (DOP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP). We observed the crystallization temperature, cloud point and SEM images to see the manufacture conditions according to the ratio of PVDF and silica. The crystallization temperature and cloud point increased with the contents of silica. Through the phase diagram drawn from these results, the conditions for the preparation of the membrane confirmed.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.183-188
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• 2011

Pentaerytritol triacrylate (PETA) was synthesized by a condensation reaction between pentaerytritol and acrylic acid. The highest yield of PETA was obtained when heptane was used as a solvent under the 1:4 mole ratio of pentaerytritol and acrylic acid. The 6-functional urethane acrylates(UA) were also synthesized by a condensation reaction between PETA and diisocyanate. Cured films were prepared from the mixtures of UA oligomer, reactive diluents and UV initiator to investigate their physical properties. The thermal stability of the aliphatic urethane acrylate was better than that of the aromatic urethane acrylate. The UA-2 showed good hardness and scratch resistance properties while the UA-l with a high degree of curing density exhibited a better chemical resistance. All the UA oligomers showed fairly good adhesion strengths but the other physical properties of UA-3 were poor due to its low curing density.

• Clean Technology
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.148-157
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• 2017

To prepare UV-curable polyurethane-acrylate oligomer, NCO-terminated urethane prepolymers with trimethylolpropane, [TMP; 0 (0), 0.1 (0.021) and 0.2 (0.043) mole (mole fraction)] as crosslinkable tri-functional chain extender were end-capped with pentaerythritol triacrylate [PETA; 2.0 (0.400), 1.7 (0.354) and 1.4 (0.304) mole (mole fraction)] with one hydroxyl group/three vinyl functionalities. The stable as-formulated UV-curable polyurethane-acrylates [stable mixtures of PETA-capped oligomer/reactive acrylic monomer diluents without/with heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate (PFA; 0, 6 and 9 wt%)] were formed up to 0.2 (0.043) mole (mole fraction) of TMP content in the prepolymer, while homogeneous-mixing failed at 0.3 (0.068) mole (mole fraction), in which the crosslink density in NCO-terminated urethane prepolymer was too high to enable the formation of stable mixture. This study examined the effect of TMP/PETA molar ratio and heptadecafluorodecyl methacrylate (PFA) content (wt%) on the properties of UV-cured polyurethane-acrylates as marine antifouling coating materials. The properties of UV-cured polyurethane-acrylate were found to be significantly dependent on the crosslinkable TMP/PETA ratio and PFA content. With the increasing of the TMP and PFA contents, the contact angles increased, and consequently the surface tension decreased. The adhesion of algae/barnacles to PFA contained film samples were found to be sufficiently weak to allow their easy removal. These results suggest that the UV-cured samples containing PFA have strong potential as coating materials for antifouling applications.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.415-423
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• 2008

Earth outer core is composed of iron mainly with some diluent elements, which account for the observed ca. 10% density deficit compared to the pure iron. Among candidates as the light diluents, hydrogen and oxygen were selected, and the thermodynamic stability of the following reaction was calculated; hematite + hydrogen $\to$ goethite + iron. At ambient conditions, Gibb's free energy of this reaction is 12.62 kJ/mol. On increasing pressure at room temperature, it decreases to zero at 0.068 GPa. This energy decreases at constant rate down to 200 GPa, which shows -208.26 kJ/mol at that pressure. From these results, this chemical reaction prefers the reduction environment forming the iron element and iron oxyhydroxide, so possible presence of iron oxyhydroxide with iron at proto-core can not be ruled out.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.7-11
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to develop a new $^{l3}C-urea-containing$ capsule for diagnosis of H. pylori. The urea-containing capsules were prepared with various diluents such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), microcrystalline cellulose, sodium lauryl sulfate and citric acid. The dissolution test, $^{l3}C-urea$ breath test and stability test were then performed on the capsules. Microcrystalline cellulose and sodium lauryl sulfate retarded the initial dissolution rates of urea. However, PEG increased the initial dissolution rates of urea. Furthermore, two formulae composed of PEG, [$^{l3}C-urea/PEG$ (38/1.9 mg/cap)] and [$^{l3}C-urea/PEG/citric$ acid (38/1.9/1.9 mg/cap)] had the maximum DOB value, about 16 at 20 mim, while the formula composed of only 38 mg $^{l3}C-urea$ had the maximum DOB value at 30 min. The results indicated that PEG improved the, sensitivity of $^{l3}C-urea$ in the human volunteers. The capsule [$^{l3}C-urea/PEG$ (38/1.9 mg/cap)] was stable for at least six months in 25 and $37^{\circ}C$. Thus, a PEG-containing capsule, [$^{l3}C-urea/PEG$ (38/1.9 mg/cap)] would be a more economical, sensitive and stable preparation for diagnosis of H. pylori.

• Journal of the Korean institute of surface engineering
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.211-217
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• 2016

Boride coating applied on steam turbine parts of power plants has provided good particle erosion resistance under temperature of $550^{\circ}C$, but it isn't able to protect the parts effectively any more in ultra super critical (USC) steam turbine which is being operated up to temperature of $650^{\circ}C$. To ensure stable durability for USC steam turbine parts, an alternative coating replacing boride coating should be developed. In this study, multi-component boride coatings containing elements such as chromium (Cr) and vanadium (V) were formed on base metal (B50A365B) using thermochemical treatment method called by pack cementation. The thermochemical treatments involve consecutive diffusion of boron(B) and Cr or/and V using pack powders containing diffusion element sources, activators and diluents. The top layer of Cr-boride coating is primarily consisted of $Cr_2B_3$ and $Cr_5B_3$, while that of V-boride coating is mostly consisted of $VB_2$ and $V_2B_3$. The (Cr,V)-boride coating is consisted of $Cr_2B_3$, $Cr_5B_3$ and $V_2B_3$ mostly. The top surfaces of 3 multi-component boride coatings show hardness of $3200-3400H_v$, which is much higher than that of boride, about $1600-2000H_v$. In 5 wt.% NaCl solution immersion tests, the multi-component boride coatings show much better corrosion resistance than boride coating.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 1999

The stability of penicillin G potassium injection after reconstitution was evaluated in two different diluents of sodium chloride $0.9\%$ and dextrose $5\%$ in water stored at room temperature or refrigerated condition. The concentrations of penicillin G, stored for 24 hours at room temperature or for 10 days at refrigerated condition, were determined by HPLC. Also the pHs of the reconstituted solutions were monitored. The concentrations and pHs of penicillin G potassium 500,000 U/ml injection after reconstitution gradually decreased in all conditions. Stored at room temperature after reconstitution, a new peak which suspected as degradation products of penicillin G was detected in 5 hours in sodium chloride $0.9\%$, 4 hours in dextrose $5\%$ in water. At refrigerated condition, the new peak was detected in 4 days in both sodium chloride $0.9\%$ and dextrose $5\%$ in water. The degradation products of penicillin G allergy have been thought to be one of the substances responsible for evoking allergic reactions. In conclusion, the penicillin G potassium 500,000 U/ml injection after reconstitution was stable for 4 hours in sodium chloride $0.9\%$ 3 hours in dextrose $5\%$ in water solution at room temperature. At refrigerated condition, both solutions were stable for 3 days after reconstitution.