• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.52 no.5
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• pp.995-1001
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• 2020

With the development of digital instrumentation and control (I&C) devices, cyber security at nuclear power plants (NPPs) has become a hot issue. The Stuxnet, which destroyed Iran's uranium enrichment facility in 2010, suggests that NPPs could even lead to an accident involving the release of radioactive materials cyber-attacks. However, cyber security research on industrial control systems (ICSs) and supervisory control and data acquisition (SCADA) systems is relatively inadequate compared to information technology (IT) and further it is difficult to study cyber-attack taxonomy for NPPs considering the characteristics of ICSs. The advanced research of cyber-attack taxonomy does not reflect the architectural and inherent characteristics of NPPs and lacks a systematic countermeasure strategy. Therefore, it is necessary to more systematically check the consistency of operators and regulators related to cyber security, as in regulatory guide 5.71 (RG.5.71) and regulatory standard 015 (RS.015). For this reason, this paper attempts to suggest a template for cyber-attack taxonomy based on the characteristics of NPPs and exemplifies a specific cyber-attack case in the template. In addition, this paper proposes a systematic countermeasure strategy by matching the countermeasure with critical digital assets (CDAs). The cyber-attack cases investigated using the proposed cyber-attack taxonomy can be used as data for evaluation and validation of cyber security conformance for digital devices to be applied, and as effective prevention and mitigation for cyber-attacks of NPPs.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• v.21 no.8
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• pp.1-12
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• 2021

An operation of an organization is currently using a digital environment which opens to potential cyber-attacks. These phenomena become worst as the cyberattack landscape is changing rapidly. The impact of cyber-attacks varies depending on the scope of the organization and the value of assets that need to be protected. It is difficult to assess the damage to an organization from cyberattacks due to a lack of understanding of tools, metrics, and knowledge on the type of attacks and their impacts. Hence, this paper aims to identify domains and sub-domains of cyber-attack taxonomy to facilitate the understanding of cyber-attacks. Four phases are carried in this research: identify existing cyber-attack taxonomy, determine and classify domains and sub-domains of cyber-attack, and construct the enhanced cyber-attack taxonomy. The existing cyber-attack taxonomies are analyzed, domains and sub-domains are selected based on the focus and objectives of the research, and the proposed taxonomy named AVOIDITALS Cyber-attack Taxonomy is constructed. AVOIDITALS consists of 8 domains, 105 sub-domains, 142 sub-sub-domains, and 90 other sub-sub-domains that act as a guideline to assist administrators in determining cyber-attacks through cyber-attacks pattern identification that commonly occurred on digital infrastructure and provide the best prevention method to minimize impact. This research can be further developed in line with the emergence of new types and categories of current cyberattacks and the future.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.18 no.7
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• pp.73-84
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• 2020

The whole world is making a variety of efforts to cope with the revolutionary changes in the economy and society that are emerging from intelligent information technology. Therefore, this study defined national public officials' intelligence information competency in the intelligent information society, and tried to derive competency clusters and sub-elements. To achieve this objective, this study explores literature research about bloom's digital taxonomy, information competency, and national ICT policies and national public officials' intelligence information competency was defined based on bloom's digital taxonomy perspective was modified and supplemented with this study and provisional constituent elements of competency were derived. In addition, 5 experts verified the content validity. As a result, 7 competency clusters and 22 sub-elements are finally derived. The findings of this study are expected to be useful as the basis for the national intelligence information human resource development.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.44 no.5
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• pp.471-482
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• 2012

To assess the risk of nuclear power plant operation and to determine the risk impact of digital systems, there is a need to quantitatively assess the reliability of the digital systems in a justifiable manner. The Probabilistic Risk Analysis (PRA) is a tool which can reveal shortcomings of the NPP design in general and PRA analysts have not had sufficient guiding principles in modelling particular digital components malfunctions. Currently digital I&C systems are mostly analyzed simply and conventionally in PRA, based on failure mode and effects analysis and fault tree modelling. More dynamic approaches are still in the trial stage and can be difficult to apply in full scale PRA-models. As basic events CPU failures, application software failures and common cause failures (CCF) between identical components are modelled.The primary goal is to model dependencies. However, it is not clear which failure modes or system parts CCF:s should be postulated for. A clear distinction can be made between the treatment of protection and control systems. There is a general consensus that protection systems shall be included in PRA, while control systems can be treated in a limited manner. OECD/NEA CSNI Working Group on Risk Assessment (WGRisk) has set up a task group, called DIGREL, to develop taxonomy of failure modes of digital components for the purposes of PRA. The taxonomy is aimed to be the basis of future modelling and quantification efforts. It will also help to define a structure for data collection and to review PRA studies.

• Animal Systematics, Evolution and Diversity
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.99-106
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• 2009

Six Korean species of the tribe Campsomerini are taxonomically reviewed: Campsomeriella annulata, Megacampsomeris grossa matsumurai, M. prismatica, M. uchidai, M. schulthessi, M. stoetzneri. Of these, M. grossa matsumurai and M. stoetzneri are new to Korea. A key to Korean genera and species, diagnostic characteristics and digital images are also provided.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.275-281
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• 2012

This research proposes the method to develop the recommendation system of automobile parts using task ontology technology. The proposed intelligent recommendation system is designed to learn the assembly process of automobile parts and the automobile parts are composed by ontology method for the recommendation of the parts. Using hierarchical taxonomy based on is-a relationship, the relationship between each part that makes up automotive engine was set. Each part has each different weighted value according to the knowledge of automobile experts. The weighted value is created by the number of selection that the users of the automobile recommendation system select while using the system and the final value calculated by the multiplication of the weighted value, which is recorded within the system. As a result, the users can easily identify which factor in which part is important by the output in the order of the priority. The intelligent recommendation system for automobile parts is a system to inform of the assembly, the usage and the importance of automobile parts without any specialized knowledge by expressing the parts that are closely related with the applicable parts when selecting any part on the basis of the generated data for the automobile parts that are difficult to access by users.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.691-708
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• 2021

The emerging Fourth Industrial Revolution has triggered fundamental shifts in the fashion industry. Advanced digital technologies are not only reshaping how the fashion supply chains function, but also requisitioning new skill sets for jobs in this industry. A mismatch in required skills between current and future jobs is a critical issue that needs to be addressed in the fashion industry. Similarly, it is imperative that fashion programs in higher education keep pace with the rapid changes disrupting the fashion sector. Nevertheless, the increasing speed and the magnitude of digital transformation make it challenging to keep fashion curricula up to date. This paper presents the case of a Digital Merchandising course. Using the principles of designing flexible curricula and backward design, this Digital Merchandising course was developed to be flexible and responsive to the changing business environment. Building digital intelligence was the central learning goal for students to accomplish. The paper discusses the conceptual development processes for the course and provides, visual examples of major learning assignments, and a variety of digital tools. Fashion educators are encouraged to consider backward design and flexible curricula design guides as complementary tools to the widely used Bloom's taxonomy.

• Journal of the Korea Society of Computer and Information
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.181-189
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• 2016

This study examined three elementary school computing curriculum - the CSTA K-12 computer science standards, the computing programme of the national curriculum in England, and the 2015 national curriculum in Korea - focusing on the educational objectives with the perspective of the revision of Bloom's Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. The CSTA K-12 computer science standards mainly addressed applying procedural knowledge and using digital technology is the main theme. The computing programme in England concentrated on understanding factual and conceptual knowledge of computer science, such as algorithms. The 2015 national curriculum also addressed applying procedural knowledge, but the main focus is making softwares and robots. The findings of this comparative analysis suggest that it is needed to set up concrete educational objectives for lower grade and make them related to the secondary education to make more coherent elementary-level learning objectives. And elementary-level computing learning objectives are needed to be organized with the perspective of knowledge and cognitive process level.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.52 no.2
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• pp.191-220
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• 2018

Using Bloom's taxonomy model of thinking ability for learning (RBTT) and new ACRL information literacy framework (2016), this study demonstrates the meta-literacy competencies for library specialists and analyses current LIS curriculum of higher education. Some guidelines for reformation of LIS curriculum, emphasizing meta-literacy competencies which are required from Web3.0 information environment, are provided.

• Journal of Public Diplomacy
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.5-35
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• 2021

Where government communication in the early 20^th century fell under the umbrella term, "propaganda," the post-WWII era saw a paradigm fracture into public affairs for domestic audiences, public diplomacy for foreign audiences, and psychological operations for hostile audiences. The continued diffusion of the Internet, however, has blurred such distinctions, mending this fractured paradigm. Based on in-depth interviews, this study typologizes government communication to contextualize how various tactics functions within the 21^st century digital media ecology, through an "Information Intervention" taxonomy. In an age where state-sponsored disinformation and computational propaganda are tantamount threats, this paper elucidates the field's fundamental concepts by articulating who communicates with what audience, in what manner, with what intent, and with what desired outcomes.