• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.117-125
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• 2019

This study measured inefficiencies of Korean banks with weighted Russell directional distance function, WRDDM, for the years of 2004-2013. Checking contributions of inputs and outputs to these inefficiencies, we found that non-performing loan as undesirable output was the most influential factor. The annual average of inefficiencies of Korean banks was 0.3912, and it consisted of non-performing loan 0.1883, output factors 0.098 except non-performing loan, input factors 0.098. The annual average inefficiency went sharply up from 0.2995 to 0.4829 mainly due to the sharp increase of inefficiency of non-performing loan from 0.1088 to 0.2678 before and after 2007-2008 Global financial crisis. We empirically showed the non-performing loan needed to be considered since it was the most important factor among the influential factors of technical inefficiency such as manpower, total deposit, securities, and non-performing loan. This study had some limitation since we did not control financial environment factor in WRDDM.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.135-143
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• 2009

Objectives : Low back pain(LBP) is a common disabling disease in clinical practice and loss of working hours due to this condition is huge. The aim of this study was to determine if there was an association between fat deposit of paraspinal muscles as observed on MRI scans in patients presenting with unilateral LBP. Methods : 24 patients who visiting our hospital with a clinical presentation of unilateral LBP were recruited to the study. Patients were between 20 and 30 years and had a history of unilateral LBP within 12 months. After MRI scaning, the images were saved in DICOM file format for Picture Archiving and Communication System(PACS). The percentage of fat infiltrated area was measured using a pseudocoloring technique. Data were analyzed comparing the fat deposits of the muscles on the symptomatic and asymptomatic sides. Paired t-test was used to find the difference between the measurements of fat tissue in individual patients. Results : The amount of fat in the symptomatic side was $7.6{\pm}4.51%$, asymptomatic side was $6.7{\pm}4.29%$. There were increases, statistically significant, in the fat changes of the paraspinal muscles at the L4-5 disc level(P <0.05). Also, men were likely than women to have more fat deposit in symptomatic side(men $8.5{\pm}5.1%$, women $6.5{\pm}3.6%$). Conclusions : The amount of fat in the symptomatic side shows significantly increased than asymptomatic side in the paraspinal muscles at the L4-5 disc level. It suggested that fat infiltration in the muscles associated with LBP. Further studies will be needed to confirm the relationship between the muscle fatty changes and LBP in the large sample size. In addition, the correlation of pain severity with fat infiltration needs to be addressed.

• Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
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• v.38 no.6_1
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• pp.1371-1383
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• 2022

In this study, the amount of coal waste dump was calculated using six Digital Elevation Models (DEMs) produced between 2006 and 2018 in Jangseong-dong, Taebaek-si, Gangwon-do, and the subsidence was observed by applying the Persistent Scatterer Interferometric SAR (PSInSAR) technique on the Sentinel-1 SAR images. As a result of depositing activities using DEMs, a total of 1,668,980 m³ of coal waste was deposited over a period of about 12 years from 2006 to 2018. The observed subsidence rate from PSInSAR was -32.3 mm/yr and -40.2 mm/yr from the ascending and descending orbits, respectively. As the thickness of the waste pile increased, the rate of subsidence increased, and the more recent the completion of the deposit, the faster the subsidence tended to occur. The subsidence rates from the ascending and descending orbits were converted to vertical and horizontal east-west components, and 22 random reference points were set to compare the subsidence rate, the waste rock thickness, and the time of depositing completion. As a result, the subsidence rate of the reference point tended to increase as the thickness of the waste became thicker, similar to the PSInSAR results in relation to the waste thickness. On the other hand, there was no clear correlation between the completion time of the deposits and the rate Of subsidence at the reference points. This is because the time of completion of the deposits at all but 5 of the 22 reference points was too biased in 2010 and the correlation analysis was meaningless. As in this study, the use of DEM and PSInSAR is expected to be an effective alternative to compensate for the lack of field data in the safety management of coal waste deposits.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Library and Information Science
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• v.54 no.4
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• pp.27-51
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• 2020

Regional representative libraries are installing joint preservation archives to solve the problem of lack of preservation space in libraries. This study conducted a survey of public library librarians through a questionnaire survey and an FGI method in order to prepare specific operational policies and implementation plans for the Chungnam Library Joint Preservation Archive, which is a regional representative library. Based on this, an operation policy and implementation plan suitable for the common preservation and use of printed and digital data, which is the goal of the Common Preservation Archive, was proposed. As a result of the study, first, the joint preservation library of the Chungnam Library should first transfer books and serials along with ownership in consideration of the condition and demand of the preservation space of participating libraries. Second, it is necessary to establish an operation management system that can be used by all participating libraries in order to quickly and conveniently operate the joint preservation data center and connect it with a cloud-based integrated data management system. Third, a plan for digitizing and archiving data that was judged to be digitized in the Common Preservation Archive was proposed.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
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• no.29
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• pp.35-78
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• 2011

This study is intended to recommend for acquisition methods of the theatre collection. Theatre activities is representative of the performing arts, and the Korea theatre history start from the modern history of Korea. In the meantime, theatre collections has already been lost by a lack of effort and management, and scattered most of the collections. In particular, a one-off nature and volatility of theatrical performances make future generations to enjoy the performances and to study should consult the relevant records. Therefore, collecting records can be very serious mission. In this study, theatre collections of the country which aims to collect and analyze the characteristics and type of theatre collections. Based on this information, collection scope, targets, priorities, acquisition level, method of collecting are proposed the following. First, collection scope is defined for the theatre related collections which was performed nationwide in the 1900s, the times that modern theatre was begun. The object includes related information of planning, administration, drama (script), directing, stage design, public relations, production, evaluation, personal records, biographical data, group data and space data. Second, the theatre collections are divided into records and historical records. Priority of collections object is determined by the historical value and the theatre performed by the support of public organization. Third, the acquisition level is divided into archived, mirrored, web linked and database, which is proposed by the determined levels of mandatory, recommend and discretion according to the characteristic of performance. Fourth, acquisition methods are suggested by the general acquisition methods of transfer, donation and purchase as well as the methods of copy, production, legal deposit, entry and web link etc. The acquisition of theatre collections is executed on digital-based environment, and a centralized authority control should be establishmented. And through the development of network with theatre's stakeholders and the cooperation of related organizations, theatre collections acquisition is feasible.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.41-64
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• 1971

During the period from July 1st to the end of November 1970, a survey on air pollution and noise level was made in Seoul, Pusan and Taegu, the three largest cities in Korea. Each city was divided into 4-6 areas; the industrial area, the semi-industrial area, the commercial area, the residential area, the park area and the downtown area. Thirty eight sites were selected from each area. A. Method of Measurement : Dustfall was measured by the Deposit Gauge Method, sulfur oxides by $PbO_2$ cylinder method, suspended particles by the Digital Dust Indicator, Sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) and Carbon Monoxide (CO) by the MSA & Kitakawa Detector and the noise levels by Rion Sound Survey meter. B. Results: 1. The mean value of dustfall in 3 cities was $30.42ton/km^2/month$, ranging from 8.69 to 95.44. 2. The mean values of dustfall by city were $33.17ton/km^2/month$ in Seoul, 32.11 in Pusan and 25.97 in Taegu. 3. The mean values of dustfall showed a trend of decreasing order of semi-industrial area, downtown area, industrial area, commercial area, residential area, and park area. 4. The mean value of dustfall in Seoul by area were $52.32ton/km^2/month$ in downtown, 50.54 in semi-industrial area, 40.37 in industrial area, 24,19 in commercial area, 16.25 in park area and 15.39 in residential area in order of concentration. 5. The mean values of dustfall in Pusan by area were $48.27ton/km^2/month$ in semi-industrial area, 36.68 in industrial area 25.31 in commercial area, and 18.19 in residential area. 6. The mean values of dustfall in Taegu by area were $36.46ton/km^2/month$ in downtown area, 33.52 in industrial area, 20.37 in commercial area and 13.55 in residential area. 7. The mean values of sulfur oxides in 3 cities were $1.52mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$, ranging from 0.32 to 4.72. 8. The mean values of sulfur oxides by city were $1.89mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$ in Pusan, 1.64 in Seoul and 1.21 in Taegu. 9. The mean values of sulfur oxides by area in 3 cities were $2.16mg\;SO_3/day/100cm^2\;PbO_2$ in industrial area, 1.69 in semi-industrial area, 1.50 in commercial area, 1.48 in downtown area, 1.32 in residential area and 0.94 in the park area, respectively. 10. The monthly mean values of sulfur oxides contents showed a steady increase from July reaching a peak in November. 11. The mean values of suspended particles was $2.89mg/m^3$, ranging from 1.15 to 5.27. 12. The mean values of suspended particles by city were $3.14mg/m^3$ in Seoul, 2.79 in Taegu and 2.25 in Pusan. 13. The mean values of noise level in 3 cities was 71.3 phon, ranging from 49 to 99 phon. 14. The mean values of noise level by city were 73 phon in Seoul, 72 in Pusan, and 69 in Taegu in that order. 15. The mean values of noise level by area in 3 cities showed a decrease in the order of the downtown area, commercial area, industrial area and semi-industrial area, park area and residential area. 16. The comparison of the noise levels by area in 3 cities indicated that the highest level was detected in the downtown area in Seoul and Taegu and in the industrial area in Pusan. 17. The daily average concentration of sulfur dioxides ($SO_2$) in 3 cities was 0.081 ppm, ranging from 0.004 to 0.196. 18. The daily average concentrations of sulfur dioxides by city were 0.092 ppm in Seoul, 0.089 in Pusan and 0.062 in Taegu in that order. 19. The weekly average concentration of carbon monoxides(CO) was 27.59 ppm. 20. The daily average concentrations of carbon monoxides by city were 33.37 ppm. in Seoul, 25.76 in Pusan and 23.65 in Taegu in that order. 21. The concentration of $SO_2$ and CO reaches a peak from 6 p. m. to 8 p. m. 22. About 3 times probably the daily average concentration of CO could be detected in the downtown area probably due to heavy traffic emission in comparison with that in the industial area. 23. As for daily variation of the concentration of $SO_2$ and CO it was found that the concentration maintains relatively higher value during weekdays in the industrial area and on the first part of the week in the downtown area.