• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.55 no.4
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• pp.263-272
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• 2013

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of soybean meal (SBM) of different origin (Korea, India or Brazil) on performance, fecal microflora and economics of grower pigs. A total of 144 grower pigs (initial BW, 10.4 kg) were randomly allotted to six treatments on the basis of BW. Pig's diets containing SBM were formulated based on the total amino acid (TAA) or true ileal digestible amino acid (TIDAA) levels. Pigs fed domestic SBM diets had greater (p<0.05) overall ADG, ADFI and final body weight and apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of DM, GE and CP (phases I, II and III) than those fed diets containing SBM originated from India or Brazil. Moreover, greater (p<0.05) ADG, ADFI, feed /gain (F/G), and ATTD of DM, GE and CP were observed in response to diets formulated on a TIDDA basis when compared with those formulated on a TAA basis. The fecal microflora was not affected (p>0.05) by dietary treatments. The overall feed cost per kg body weight gain was less (p<0.05) for diets formulated using domestic SBM than for those containing SBM from India, while the feed cost per kg body weight gain was less (p<0.05) for diets formulated prepared on a TIDAA than a TAA basis. These results indicate that domestic SBM has better quality than SBM imported from Brazil or India and better performance was obtained when diets were formulated based on the true ileal digestible amino acid (TIDAA) content.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.347-351
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• 1990

A simple cross-over design was used in digestion experiment carried out on finishing pig (70 kg body wt.) fitted with ileal T-cannula, to determine the difference between ileal and fecal digestible values as affected by various fiber sources and levels. The series of semi-purified diets were formulated in an attempt to meet 1, 3, 7 and 9% crude fiber level, with alfalfa meal (AFM), rubber seed meal (RSM), leucaena meal (LM) and cellulose. Both the levels and sources influenced the amino acid digestibilities, as increasing crude fiber level the digestibilities increased. The digestibilities of amino acids at ileal level were higher than at fecal level. The magnitude of response were ranged from 1.76 to 8.41 percentage unit or 4.86 by average. The dry matter digestibilities of the diets reflect the digestibilities of amino acids as accumulation of fiber would increase endogenous losses. It indicates that the digestibilities of amino acids varied irregularly among diets, probably depended on a dietary nutrient and individual fiber fraction contents.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.106-115
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• 2018

Objective: The goal of this study was to investigate the effects of dietary standard ileal digestible (SID) valine:lysine ratios on performance, intestinal morphology, amino acids of liver and muscle, plasma indices and mRNA expression of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA) metabolism enzymes. Methods: A total of 144 crossbred pigs (Duroc${\times}$Landrace${\times}$Large White) weaned at $28{\pm}4days$ of age ($8.79{\pm}0.02kg$ body weight) were randomly allotted to 1 of 4 diets formulated to provide SID valine:lysine ratios of 50%, 60%, 70%, or 80%. Each diet was fed to 6 pens of pigs with 6 pigs per pen (3 gilts and 3 barrows) for 28 days. Results: Average daily gain increased quadratically (p<0.05), the villous height of the duodenum, jejunum and ileum increased linearly (p<0.05) as the SID valine:lysine ratio increased. The concentrations of plasma ${\alpha}-keto$ isovaleric and valine increased linearly (p<0.05), plasma aspartate, asparagine and cysteine decreased (p<0.05) as the SID valine:lysine ratio increased. An increase in SID lysine:valine levels increased mRNA expression levels of mitochondrial BCAA transaminase and branched-chain ${\alpha}-keto$ acid dehydrogenase in the longissimus dorsi muscle (p<0.05). Conclusion: Using a quadratic model, a SID valine:lysine ratio of 68% was shown to maximize the growth of weaned pigs which is slightly higher than the level recommended by the National Research Council.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.521-527
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine the ileal digestibility of the amino acids contained in cottonseed meal using the regression technique and then applying the values obtained, in a growth trial, using growing-finishing pigs. For the digestibility trial, four 20 kg crossbred ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing$ Black) barrows were fitted with simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum. After recovery, the barrows were fed one of four experimental diets according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design. The pigs were fed com-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 75% cottonseed meal. For the growth trial, 128 crossbred ($Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing$ Black) growing pigs (21 kg) were fed com-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0, 4, 8 or 12% cottonseed meal. Four pens (4 gilts and 4 castrates) were assigned to each treatment. The digestibility coefficients for the indispensible amino acids declined as the level of cottonseed meal in the diet increased. There was good agreement between the amino acid digestibilities for methionine, threonine and tryptophan determined using the regression technique and amino acid digestibilities previously published for cottonseed meal. However, for lysine, the value of 67% ileal digestibility obtained in the present experiment was higher than most previously published estimates which ranged from 42 to 73%. During both the growing (21-43 kg) and finishing (43-84 kg) periods, the addition of cottonseed meal decreased average daily gain and feed conversion in a linear manner (p<0.05). Feed intake was not significantly different between treatments. The overall results suggest that cottonseed meal can be used at levels of up to 8% in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs provided that the diet. has been balanced for digestible amino acids.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.36 no.3
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• pp.471-483
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• 2023

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the interactive effects of dietary digestible tryptophan (dTry) and soy oligosaccharides (SO) on growth performance, caecal skatole level, and microflora of broiler chickens aged from 14 to 42 days. Methods: Three hundred and sixty broiler chicks were allocated equally to 36 cages at 14-day-of-age according to body weight and gender. Using a 3×2 factorial arrangement, 3 dietary dTry levels (0.18%, 0.23%, and 0.28%) supplemented with 0 or 3.5 g/kg of SO were used to create 6 diets (treatments). Each diet was fed to six replicates of 10 birds (60 birds/treatment), growth performance was measured. Caecal content samples were collected at 42 days of age. Results: Results showed that significantly different dTry level×SO interactions were found for average daily gain (ADG), caecal levels of indole, propionic acid, and butyric acid, and microbial Shannon index (p<0.05). Birds fed diet containing 0.23% dTry level with SO supplementation had higher ADG and lower feed/gain ratio than those fed the other diets (p<0.05). Broilers fed diets containing 0.28% dTry increased their caecal levels of indole and skatole compared with those containing 0.18% or 0.23% dTry (p<0.01), regardless of SO addition. SO supplementation to diets decreased the caecal skatole level by 16.17% (p<0.05), and increased the relative frequency of Clostridium IV (p<0.05), regardless of dietary dTry level. Conclusion: These results indicated that diets containing 0.23% dTry with SO supplementation positively promoted ADG, and decreased caecal skatole levels of broiler chickens. The dietary dTry level, SO affected the caecal skatole level, however, there was no interaction between them.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.80 no.4
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• pp.436-444
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• 1991

To increase both the production of mushrooms and the usages of the residues (used media) for roughage, the pinchips(PC) and sawdusts(SD) of three Korean oak species were tested as cultivating media for Lentinus edodes with varing the composition of the media. The results are as follows. 1. Organic acids(tannic acid and citric acid), which were added in the PC medium to enrich the quality of mushrooms, did not increase the growths of the mycelia and the quality. 2. The mushrooms were able to be harvested from six months after beginning the cultivation. No significant differences were found among the qualities of the mushrooms produced by various treatments. 3. The contents of crude proteins(1.82-4.55%) in the used media were higher than those in woods (c.a. 0.7%), and the total digestible nutrients (44.0-46.0%) in the used medium were not much different from those in rice straws (c.a.48.0%). 4. The contents of some essential amino acids (methionine in the used medium of the tannic acid added PC or S.D. and isoleucine, phenylalanine and lysine in the used medium of the untreated PC or SD) were higher than those in the control (raw media). The contents of a few other essential amino acids (threonine, valine and arginine) were lower in the used media. Most nonessential amino acids in the used media, particularly in the used bed-log, appeared to decrease than those in the control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.659-666
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• 2009

Metabolizable protein (MP) supply and amino acid balance in the intestine were manipulated through selection of highly digestible rumen-undegradable protein (RUP) sources and protected methionine (Met) supplementation. Four ruminallycannulated, multiparous Holstein cows averaging 193${\pm}$13 days in milk were used in a 4${\times}$4 Latin square design to assess N utilization and milk production responses to changes in RUP level, post-ruminal RUP digestibility and protected Met supplementation. Treatments were A) 14.0% crude protein (CP), 8.0% rumen degradable protein (RDP) and 6.0% RUP of low intestinal digestibility (HiRUP-LoDRUP); B) 14.1% CP, 8.1% RDP and 6.0% RUP of high intestinal digestibility (HiRUP-HiDRUP); C) 13.1% CP, 7.9% RDP and 5.2% RUP of high intestinal digestibility (LoRUP-HiDRUP), and D) 13.1% CP, 7.9% RDP and 5.2% RUP of high intestinal digestibility plus rumen escape sources of Met (LoRUP-HiDRUP+Met). Experimental diets were formulated to have similar concentrations of RDP, net energy of lactation ($NE_L$), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF), calcium, phosphorus and ether extract using the NRC model (2001). Results showed that dry matter intake (DMI), production of milk fat and protein were similar among treatments. Milk production was similar for diet HiRUP-LoDRUP, HiRUP-HiDRUP and LoRUP-HiDRUP+Met, and significantly higher than diet LoRUP-HiDRUP. Milk fat and protein percentage were higher for cows receiving HiDRUP treatments, with the greatest increases in the diet LoRUP-HiDRUP+Met. There was no significant change in ruminal pH, $NH_3g-N$ and volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration among all treatments. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (DM), CP, NDF and ADF and estimated bacterial CP synthesis were similar for all treatments. Nitrogen intakes, blood and milk urea-N concentrations were significantly higher for cows receiving HiRUP diets. Urine volume and total urinary N excretion were significantly lowered by LoRUP diets. Lowering dietary RUP level while supplementing the highly digestible RUP source with rumen escape sources of Met resulted in similar milk production, maximal milk fat and protein concentration and maximum N efficiency, indicating that post-ruminal digestibility of RUP and amino acid balance in the small intestine can be more important than total RUP supplementation.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.1085-1095
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• 2024

Objective: The main objective of this study was to determine available energy and nutritional digestibility of extruded cereals and the effect of extrusion on the nutritional value of feed ingredients, aiming to provide scientific basis for efficient application of extrusion in the diets of growing pigs. Methods: In Exp. 1, 48 crossbred growing pigs (Duroc×Landrace×Yorkshire) with an initial body weight (BW) of 34.6±2.2 kg were selected and fed with eight diets (non-extrusion or extrusion) to determine the digestible energy (DE), metabolizable energy (ME), and nutrients digestibility. Eight diets included extruded grains (barley, wheat, sorghum, or broken rice), while four had unprocessed grains. In Exp. 2, 9 diets were formulated including 4 cereals with extrusion or non-extrusion and a N-free diet. In addition, 9 growing pigs (BW = 22.3±2.8 kg) were fitted with T-cannula in the distal ileum and arranged in a 9×6 Youden square design. Results: Results show that apparent total tract digestibility of gross energy, dry matter, organic meal, ether extract, neutral and acid detergent fiber was not affected by the extrusion process and there was no interaction between cereal type and extrusion treatment on DE, ME. However, the apparent total tract digestibility for crude protein (CP) increased markedly (p<0.05). The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all amino acids (AA) except for leucine remarkably increased by extrusion (p<0.05). There was an interaction on the SID of arginine, leucine, isoleucine, methionine, phenylalanine, cystine, and tyrosine in growing pigs between type of grain and extrusion treatment (p<0.05). Conclusion: Extrusion increased the ileal digestibility of CP and most AA in cereals, however, the DE and ME of cereals were not affected in growing pigs.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.62 no.3
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• pp.374-384
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• 2020

Two experiments were conducted to determine apparent metabolizable energy (AME), nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn), and ileal digestible amino acid (AA) content of brown rice (BR) and to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of BR on laying performance and egg quality of laying hens. In Exp. 1, 72 Hy-line Brown layers (49-week-old) were allocated to two treatments using a completely randomized block design, and each treatment included six cages per treatment and six hens per cage. A semi-purified diet was formulated to include BR as the sole source of AA and energy and an N-free diet was used to determine basal endogenous loss of AA. The hens were fed a commercial layer diet for adaptation to the experimental environment and diet for 7 days from d 0, and then fed experimental diets for 5 days from d 7. Excreta were collected from d 10 to 11 and ileal digesta were collected on d 12. On a dry matter (DM) basis, the AME and AMEn of BR was determined at 3,773 and 3,729 kcal/kg, respectively. The apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of BR ranged from 32.7% for Thr to 73.7% for Arg. The range of the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) value was between 79.4% for Met and 96.6% for Lys. In Exp. 2, 252 Hy-line Brown layers (44-week-old) were divided into four groups, comprising seven replicates of nine birds each and assigned to four experimental diets containing 0 (Control), 5%, 10%, or 15% BR for 5 weeks. The BR-containing diets were formulated to be equal in the content of AMEn and digestible AA to those of the diet without BR. No significant differences were observed in laying performances. Egg quality and blood profiles were not linearly or quadratically affected by dietary treatments. These results suggest that up to 15% BR can be included into layer feed without any adverse effects on laying performance and egg quality, if its energy and digestible AA values are well evaluated.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.39-45
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• 2000

Two experiments were conducted to determine the ileal digestibility of the amino acids contained in linseed meal using the regression technique and then applying the values obtained, in a growth trial, using growing-finishing pigs. For the digestibility trial, four $20{\pm}0.5kg$ crossbred $(Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing\;Black)$ barrows were fitted with simple T-cannula in the terminal ileum. After recovery, the barrows were fed one of four experimental diets according to a $4{\times}4$ Latin Square design. The pigs were fed corn-soybean meal based diets supplemented with 0, 25, 50 or 75% linseed meal. For the growth trial, 80 crossbred $(Yorkshire{\times}Landrace{\times}Beijing\;Black)$ growing pigs $(20.2{\pm}1.5kg)$ were fed corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0, 5, 10 or 15% linseed meal. Five pens (2 gilts and 2 castrates) were assigned to each treatment. With the exception of leucine, the digestibility coefficients for the indispensible amino acids declined as the level of linseed meal in the diet increased. There was a good agreement between the amino acid digestibilities for lysine, methionine, threonine and tryptophan determined using the regression technique and amino acid digestibilities previously published for linseed meal. During both the growing (20-49 kg) and finishing (49-95 kg) periods, the addition of linseed meal decreased average daily gain and feed conversion in a linear manner (p<0.05). Feed intake was not significantly different among treatments. The overall results suggest that linseed meal can be used at levels of between 5 and 10% in diets fed to growing-finishing pigs provided that the diet has been balanced for digestible amino acids.