• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.61-69
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• 2001

A total of 120 pigs were used to investigate the effects of yucca extracts on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excretion of growing pigs fed different levels of dietary protein. Pigs were allotted into $2{\times}3$ factorial design by the supplementation with yucca extract (YE, 0 and 120 mg/kg) and 3 levels of dietary protein (16, 18, 20%). During the whole experimental period (18 to 52 kg body weight), there were no significant differences in ADG, ADFI or F/G by YE addition or different protein levels among treatments (p>0.05). Overall, although addition of YE to the diet and elevation of protein level showed better ADG, there were no significant differences in growth performance among treatments. Pigs fed diets with YE showed significantly (p<0.05) higher dry matter (DM), crude ash (CA) and crude protein (CP) digestibility than did the others during the growing period. Concerning the levels of dietary protein, only the CP digestibility was significantly higher in pigs fed high protein diet. Pig fed the low protein diet without YE showed a significantly low CP digestibility (p<0.05). No significant differences were found in crude fat (CF), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) digestibilities regardless of YE supplementation or dietary protein levels. Pigs fed YE supplemented diets showed significantly (p<0.05) higher amino acid digestibility. Also, high CP level diets showed a higher amino acid digestibility than low CP diets (p<0.05). DM and N excretion did not show any significant differences among treatments, there was a slightly lower excretion with increase in dietary protein level. Supplementation with YE significantly decreased the DM and N excretion. Interaction (YE$\times$protein) was found in P excretion. Pigs fed a medium protein diet without YE showed the lowest P excretion during the growing period. The NH3-N content in the feces tended to be increased by the increased dietary protein levels and with YE supplementation. During the whole experimental period, the cost for YE supplementation was similar to value of the improvements of performance obtained. The cost of feeding high level protein was significantly higher than that of medium level protein by 10% and low level protein by 9% (p<0.05). It could be concluded that the effects of dietary protein level and yucca extract on growth performance, nutrient digestibility and excretion might play a role to some extent in growing pigs from the aspect of pollution control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.232-236
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• 2008

This experiment was performed to investigate the effects of two energy levels and four lysine:digestible energy (DE) ratios on the apparent digestibility of nutrients in finishing pigs. The experiment was conducted using a $2{\times}4$ randomized complete block (RCB) design with three replicates. Twenty-four cross-bred finishing barrows ((Landrace${\times}$Yorkshire)${\times}$Duroc) with an average body weight of $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ were assigned to one of eight treatments. Each barrow was placed in an individual metabolism crate and dietary treatment and water was provided ad libitum. Diets were designed to contain lysine:ME ratios of 1.5, 1.8, 2.1 and 2.4 g/Mcal at 3.35 and 3.6 Mcal/kg of diet in a $4{\times}2$ factorial arrangement. Dry matter (DM), ash, Ca and P digestibility were not affected by energy density or lysine:DE ratios. Crude fat digestibility increased as the energy density increased from 3.35 to 3.6 Mcal of DE/kg. Increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased crude protein digestibility. There were no interactions between energy density and lysine:DE ratio in terms of nutrient digestibility. Nitrogen excretion via feces was not affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio, while nitrogen excretion via urine was significantly affected by energy density and lysine:DE ratio. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for isoluecine, arginine and aspartic acid as well as average values of essential amino (EAA), non-essential amino acids (NEAA) and total amino acid digestibility (p>0.05) were not affected by energy density. The apparent digestibility of all amino acids except for leucine, proline, alanine and tyrosine, NEAA and total amino acid digestibility were significantly affected by lysine: DE ratio (p<0.05). Interactive effects of energy and lysine:DE ratio also significantly affected amino acid digestibility except for isoleucine, alanine, cystine, leucine, phenylalanine, glutamine and proline (p<0.05). In conclusion, these results suggest that maintaining the appropriate lysine:DE ratio becomes more important as the energy density of the diet increases. Consequently, increasing the lysine:DE ratio can result in increased crude protein digestibility and urinary nitrogen excretion, although apparent protein digestibility and nitrogen excretion were not affected by energy density Furthermore, increasing the lysine:DE ratio also increased the apparent digestibility of essential amino acids, except for leucine, regardless of energy density. The optimum lysine:DE ratio for maximum essential amino acid digestibility of the $64.2{\pm}0.69kg$ pig is approximately 2.4 g of lysine/Mcal of DE.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제49권4호
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• pp.491-500
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• 2007

세계적으로 축산 폐수로 인한 환경오염 문제는 매우 심각하게 거론되어져 왔으며 특히 네덜란드, 덴마크, 영국 등과 같은 축산 선진 국가에서의 연구는 매우 심도 있게 이루어져 왔다. 우리 나라의 경우도 최근 들어 축산업이 대규모 전업화 혹은 기업화 되면서 가축이 배설하는 분뇨가 심각한 수질 및 토양 오염원이 됨에 따라, 정부는 이들 축산 폐수를 억제하기 위한 일환으로 환경 시행법을 법률화하고 있다. 또한 농림수산부는 시설 개선과 축산 폐수의 처리를 위한 시설 지원에 많은 노력을 기울이고 있다. 특히 환경청이나 환경 관련 단체의 활동이 강화되면서 일반 국민의 수질오염에 대한 관심이 고조되고 있는 가운데 이에 부응하는 축산인들의 자체 노력이 가세하여 축산 폐기물로부터 발생하는 수질오염에 대한 경각심은 초미의 관심사로 대두되고 있다. 동물의 품종의 개량과 함께 생산성을 저해하는 각종 질병의 예방, 치료 약제, 성장 촉진 및 사료 효율을 개선할 수 있는 물질이 사료첨가제로 개발되어 사용되었다. 동물의 성장 능력을 향상시키고 사료 효율을 개선하기 위하여 사용되는 물질로서는 항생제(Thrasher, 1968), 효소제(권 등, 2003), 호르몬제(Chung, 1990) 등이 있으며, 최근에는 축산악취저감 및 사료 효율개선 등을 위한 생균제에 관한 연구(박 등, 2001; 길 등, 2004)가 진행되고 있다. 하지만, 양돈 산업에 있어 생산성 향상뿐만 아니라 환경 친화적인 축산을 위하여 양돈을 하면서 발생하는 오염 물질을 감소시키는 것이 가장 시급한 문제로 대두됨에 따라 질소의 배설량을 줄이기 위해서는 저단백질 사료를 급여하거나 단백질 소화율을 개선시킬 수 있는 소화효소제나 미생물제제, 효모제, 생균제 등을 이용하여 배설량 및 질소의 배출량을 감소시킨다는 연구들이 있었으며(민 등, 1992; Park 등, 1994), Sutton 등(1999)과 Shriver 등(2003)은 사료내 단백질 수준을 낮추고, 합성아미노산을 급여함으로써 질소 배설량을 감소시켰다고 보고하였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 친환경적인 사료 개발은 사료 효율 및 영양소 소화율의 개선, 분뇨내 질소 배출량 및 악취 발생량을 감소시킬 수 있는 저공해 사료 개발에 대하여 연구하고자 하였다. 저공해 사료 개발에 대한 시험에서는 육성돈의 사료에서 대사에너지 함량을 낮추고, α-1, 6-galactosidase와 β-1,4-mannanase를 포함한 복합 효소제를 첨가하여 성장 능력 및 소화율에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 시험을 실시하였다. 사료내 낮은 CP의 함량과 복합 생균제를 첨가 급여 성장능력, 질소배설량 및 악취발생량에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 실시하였다.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제3권2호
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• pp.97-104
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• 1997

This research was carried out to determine the effect of dietary calcium(Ca) levels(low : 0.29, medium : 0.65 and high : 1.07%) on the digestibility, excretion and retention of nitrogen(N) phosphorus (P) in pigs fed diets supplemented with phytase(750U/kg). Twelve growing-finishing pigs(average body weight: 35kg) were divided into 3 groups and these pigs were reared in metabolism cage. After 10 days adaptation period, N and P balance experiments were carried out for 4 days. The results were summarized as follows ; 1. The High-Ca group was lower than the others in digestibility of P(Low-Ca and Medium-Ca group). 2. The amount of daily excretion of urinary N were 19.6g in Low-Ca group and 16.7g in high-Ca group. The High-Ca group was the lowest(22.71%/d) in the total N excretion. 3. The High-Ca group was the highest and the Low-Ca group the lowest in fecal P excretion. The urinary P excretions per day were 1.90g in Low-Ca group and 0.04g in High-Ca group. The medium-Ca group showed the lowest total P excretion(4.57g/d). 4. The N retention of the High-Ca group(20.50g) was greater than that of the Low-Ca group and Medium-Ca(5.02)g was the highest and the Low-Ca groups(3.92g) was the lowest in the P retention. These results indicate that dietary Ca level was an important factor influencing N and P utilization in pigs.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.711-717
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• 1994

This study was conducted to obtain accurate data on intake, apparent digestibility and nitrogen balance of dietary protein which the korean take in habitually. Subjects were 8 male college students, aged from 20 to 26, and maintained their menu and life pattern as usual during a 4-week study. The same amount of diet that the subjects had consumped, and feces and urine were collected and measured to extract their nitrogen content data by Kjeldahl method. From above data, the apparent digestibility and the body nitrogen balance were estimated by determining daily protein intake and excretion. The daily protein intake measured by Jjeldahil method was 88.3$\pm$ 0.9g(1.45/kg of body weight /day) which marked 8.3% higher than that estimatd by food analysis table. The proportional of animal protein against total protein intake was 50.4$\pm$ 2.3%. Daily fecal protein loss was 14.3$\pm$0.6g and the apparent digestibility was 83.8$\pm$ 0.7%. The urinary nitrogen excretion was 10.30$\pm$0.19g. The nitrogen balance considering nitrogen excretion from feces indicated positive balance of 1.06$\pm$0.20g.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.523-529
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• 1997

This study was conducted to obtain accurate data on the intake, digestibility and nitrogen balance of protein in Korean college women. Subjects were 8 female college students, aged from 21 to 23, and maintained their menu and life patterns regular during a 4- week study. The same amount of diet that the subjects had consumed, and feces and urine were collected and measured to extract their nitrogen content by Kjeldahl method. From this data, apparent digestibility and the body nitrogen balance were estimated by determing daily protein intake and excretion. The daily protein intake was 56.9$\pm$1.4g and daily fecal protein loss was 6.3$\pm$0.2g. The apparent digestibility of protein was 89.6$\pm$0.7$\%$. The daily nitrogen intake measured by Kjeldahl method was 9.43$\pm$0.2g. The urinary nitrogen excretion was 7.64$\pm$0.23g and fecal nitrogen excretion was 1.02$\pm$0.03g. The nitrogen balance indicated a positive balance of 0.45$\pm$0.18g. (Korean J Community Nutrition 2(4) : 523-529, 1997)

• 한국가금학회지
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.133-138
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• 1994

A study of concurrent bioassay for protein quality and energy level in protein sources was rnade by determining urinary nitrogenous compounds in excreta. The carry over effect of previous feeding was eliminated by 48 h of feeding the experimental diets prior to the determination of for protein digestibility and utilizability, and energy digestibility and metabolizability at 24 h interval during 3 days. Then, protein qualities and energy levels for soybean meal, rapeseed meal and fish meal were calculated by a substitution method. Apparent protein utilization (NB/NI) was affected by the increased fecal nitrogen excretion in soybean meal and by the increased urinary nitrogen excretion in rapeseed meal and fish meal. The apparent metabolizability of energy (ME/GE) was affected by the fecal energy excretion in soybean meal and rapeseed meal and by urinary energy excretion in fishmeal. The results indicated that the concurrent bioassay of protein quality and energy levels in ingredients appears to be applicable to chickens of other age, sex, breeds and environmental conditions.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제24권4호
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• pp.542-549
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• 1995

본 연구는 한국인의 아연 섭취량, 배설량, 소화흡수율 및 체내 아연평형을 관찰하기 위하여 15~16세의 여자고등학생 7명을 대상으로 실시되었다. 실험기간 4주 동안 평상시와 같은 생활양식과 적정 체중을 유지 시키면서 각 대상자들이 섭취한 모든 식이와 배설한 대변과 소변을 수거하여 아연 함량을 분석하였다. 이로 부터 아연의 소화흡수율과 평형상태를 관찰한 바 1일 1인당 평균 아연 섭취량은 $9.26{\pm}2.30mg$, 대변을 통한 아연의 배설량은 $3.31{\pm}2.15mg$으로, 평균 소화흡수율은 $62.9{\pm}3.22%$이었다. 소변을 통한 아연 배설량은 $3.23{ \pm}1.03mg으로\;2.61{\pm}2.91mg$의 양의 평형상태를 보였다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권8호
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• pp.1150-1157
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• 2004

This experiment was conducted to investigate effects of phase feeding and sugar beet pulp (SBP) on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen excretion, blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration and carcass characteristics in finishing pigs. A total of 128 pigs were allotted at 53.9 kg BW to 8 replicates in a 2$\times$2 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block (RCB) design. The first factor was phase feeding (2 or 3 phase feeding) and SBP (SBP: 0% or 10%) was the second factor. Ten percent SBP supplement groups showed lower average daily feed intake (ADFI) than 0% SBP supplement groups (p<0.05). However, there were no significant difference in average daily gain (ADG) and feed:gain ratio among treatments during overall experimental period. Nutrient digestibility was not affected by phase feeding or SBP supplementation. Urinary nitrogen excretion in 10% SBP supplement group was lower than that in 0% SBP supplement group (p<0.05) and total nitrogen excretion was lower in SBP supplement group than in the group without SBP. Urinary and total nitrogen were numerically decreased in three phase feeding compared to two phase feeding. The BUN concentration in three phase feeding groups was lower than two phase feeding groups at 47 and 63 day (p<0.05). Consequently, results of this experiment demonstrated that three phase feeding was more acceptable than two phase feeding for finishing pigs. And sugar beet pulp could be supplemented in finishing pig diet for decreasing urinary nitrogen excretion without retardation in growth performance of pigs.

• 한국유기농업학회지
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• 제9권1호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2001

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the effects of adding phytase on nutrient digestibility in growing pigs. Three barrow pigs averaging 28.5$\pm$3.1kg of body weight were allotted to three treatments by 3$\times$3 latin square. Treatments included 1) com-soybean meal based-control diet and 2) and 3) control diet with phytase 500 and 1,000 unit. There were no effects of treatments on dry matter and nitrogen digestibility (P〉0.05). Ash, Ca and P digestibility in pigs fed diet with phytase were greater than those in pigs fed control diet(P〈0.05). An increased phosphorus intake was observed from pigs fed diet with treatments compared to that from pigs fed control diet. Pigs fed diet with adding phytase had improved P absorption compared to pigs fed control diet(P〈0.05). There was no significantly effect on fecal and urine excretion(P〈0.05). Ca intake was increased for pigs fed adding phytase compared to pigs fed control diet. No evident effect was observed on Ca fecal excretion among dietary treatments, however, urine excretion of pigs fed diet with treatments was decreased compared to pigs fed control diet. Cystine, isoleucine, tyrosine and phenylalanine digestibility of amino acid were greater for pigs fed diet with treatments than those for pigs fed control diet(P〈0.05). Asparagine, threonine, serine, methionine and leucine digestibility were improved for pigs fed with phytase 500 unit compared to pigs fed control diet. Lysine, histidine, arginine and other animo acids digestibility were higher for pigs fed diet with phytase than control diet, but there were no significant effects by the treatments(P〉0.05). In conclusion, the results of the experiments suggest that phytase supplementation in the diets could be a very beneficial strategy in environmental aspects.