• 문화기술의 융합
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.769-777
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• 2023

세계화는 경제적, 기술적, 문화적으로 급속한 변화를 가져왔다. 세계 각국이 소통하고, 세계화들을 잘 인식하고 이해하려면, 창의력이나 기획력이 코딩화되는 능력을 발휘할 수 있다. 본 논문에서는 세계 문제를 풀 수 있는 데이터 분석을 제시하고 방증하고자 한다. 글로벌 시장에서 상품이나 서비스의 가치가 연결성에 따라 높아진다. 이러한 연결성이 문화의 가치를 높여주는 요인 중 하나가 되고 있다. 이를 고려한 변화는 문화적 확산과 혁신성장을 촉진하고, 세계 각 지역에서의 생산성과 경쟁력을 증대시켰다. 본 논문에서는 세계화와 반세계화가 문화적 확산과 혁신성장에 미친 영향에 대해 미국 중상층의 소득을 비교해 다루고 있다. 세계화는 K-문화의 다양한 요소들이 상호 교류하고 확산될 수 있도록 환경을 조성했다. 인터넷, 소셜미디어, 국제여행 등을 통해 세계화는 한국의 혁신성장에도 긍정적인 영향을 끼쳤다. 경제 활동, 기술 혁신, 창조적인 산업 등의 분야에서 세계화는 새로운 기술과 접근법을 촉진하며, 이를 통해 기존의 경제 모델을 변화시키고 새로운 중상층 모델로 K-문화수출에 기여하였다. 그러나 문화 산업에서의 세계화는 지역적인 특성과 개성을 잃어버리는 결과를 초래해서 성장이 감소할 수 있으며, 이는 중상층의 문화적인 단일화와 소외(단절)를 가져와 도태될 수 있다. 미국 중상층소득에 대한 K-수출의 실증분석결과, 반세계화에도 문화적 확산과 혁신을 개발해야 한다. 이러한 산업변화로 한류의 소프트파워가치는 주요 수출국의 중상층에 대한 사용가치를 만들 수 있음을 방증한 연구이다.

• 대순사상논총
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• 제22권
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• pp.387-432
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• 2014

In this paper, I want to compare the mantra of Korean Buddhism with the jumun(呪文) of Daesoonjinrihoe in rites and cultivation. Regarding the mantra of Buddhism there are some researches, but there are few studies with regard to the jumun of Daesoonjinrihoe. The mantra of Buddhism and jumun of Daesoonjinrihoe look similar in pronouncing Hangul characters, but the religious and historical context around these seems to be different. The mantra of Korean Buddhism is associated with the introduction and diffusion process of esoteric Buddhism. In the early period of Buddhism some mantras were allowed by Buddha and the mantras were certified as a educational teaching in the period of Early Buddhist schools. In Mahayana school, the dharani that was abstracted from the vast Mahayana scriptures was developed. As Mahayana Buddhism develops, esoteric Buddhism was born in India. Esoteric Buddhism was introduced into China and was imported into Korea in Silla dynasty. In Koryo dynasty various rituals of esoteric Buddhism flourished and Jineunjong(眞言宗) and Chongjijong(總持宗) school were formed. In Chosun dynasty Buddhism was suppressed by government and the esoteric school was discontinued. But in rituals and cultivation the mantra and dharani were flourished in the latter part of Chosun dynasty. In modern period several esoteric schools were formed and developed. In present context the mantra was recited by many people in Korea. Main mantras are 'Om mani padme hum', 'Dharani of Avalokitesvara(神妙章句大陀羅尼)', 'neungumju(楞嚴呪)', 'Gwangmyung mantra(光明眞言) etc. The jumun of Daesoonjinrihoe was started by Kang Jeungsan(姜甑山) who was believed to be a God by Daesoonjinrihoe believers. Jeungsan used several existed mantras in creating new heaven and earth and made new jumuns by himself and taught them to his followers. Cho Jungsan(趙鼎山) who succeeded to the doctrines has received the jumuns by Jeungsan. He selected the jumuns to recite and determined the method how to spell these. Park Hankyung(朴漢慶) who opened Daesoonjinrihoe succeeded the rituals and doctrines. Every day ritual of Daesoonjinrihoe is chanting the jumun and the cultivation and gongbu(工夫) is practiced through jumun. Important jumuns of Daesoonjinrihoe are Taeulju(太乙呪) and Kidoju(祈禱呪). In the aspects of ritual, the mantra of Buddhism and the jumun of Daesoonjinrihoe perform a similar function. The mantra of Buddhism has the context of the doctrines of Buddhism and the method of Buddhistic practicing but the jumun of Daesoonjinrihoe is related to Jeungsan's teaching and the doctrines of Daesoonjinrihoe. But it is same that the mantra and jumun are used in communicating or uniting with ultimate reality. So the mantra and jumun are important vehicles for homo religius to meet the sacred and unite with the sacred and is regarded as the sacred word by the faithful which has a lot of symbols and meanings.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.559-567
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• 2021

Objective: To evaluate the impact of multiparametric magnetic resonance imaging (mpMRI) before confirmatory prostate biopsy in patients under active surveillance (AS). Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 170 patients with Gleason grade 6 prostate cancer initially enrolled in an AS program between 2011 and 2019. Prostate mpMRI was performed using a 1.5 tesla (T) magnetic resonance imaging system with a 16-channel phased-array body coil. The protocol included T1-weighted, T2-weighted, diffusion-weighted, and dynamic contrast-enhanced imaging sequences. Uroradiology reports generated by a specialist were based on prostate imaging-reporting and data system (PI-RADS) version 2. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed based on regression models. Results: The reclassification rate at confirmatory biopsy was higher in patients with suspicious lesions on mpMRI (PI-RADS score ≥ 3) (n = 47) than in patients with non-suspicious mpMRIs (n = 61) and who did not undergo mpMRIs (n = 62) (66%, 26.2%, and 24.2%, respectively; p < 0.001). On multivariate analysis, presence of a suspicious mpMRI finding (PI-RADS score ≥ 3) was associated (adjusted odds ratio: 4.72) with the risk of reclassification at confirmatory biopsy after adjusting for the main variables (age, prostate-specific antigen density, number of positive cores, number of previous biopsies, and clinical stage). Presence of a suspicious mpMRI finding (adjusted hazard ratio: 2.62) was also associated with the risk of progression to active treatment during the follow-up. Conclusion: Inclusion of mpMRI before the confirmatory biopsy is useful to stratify the risk of reclassification during the biopsy as well as to evaluate the risk of progression to active treatment during follow-up.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.351-362
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• 2024

Objective: To measure inter-reader agreement and identify associated factors in interpreting complete response (CR) on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) following chemoradiotherapy (CRT) for rectal cancer. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study involved 10 readers from seven hospitals with experience of 80-10210 cases, and 149 patients who underwent surgery after CRT for rectal cancer. Using MRI-based tumor regression grading (mrTRG) and methods employed in daily practice, the readers independently assessed mrTRG, CR on T2-weighted images (T2WI) denoted as mrCR_T2W, and CR on all images including diffusion-weighted images (DWI) denoted as mrCR_overall. The readers described their interpretation patterns and how they utilized DWI. Inter-reader agreement was measured using multi-rater kappa, and associated factors were analyzed using multivariable regression. Correlation between sensitivity and specificity of each reader was analyzed using Spearman coefficient. Results: The mrCR_T2W and mrCR_overall rates varied widely among the readers, ranging 18.8%-40.3% and 18.1%-34.9%, respectively. Nine readers used DWI as a supplement sequence, which modified interpretations on T2WI in 2.7% of cases (36/1341 [149 patients × 9 readers]) and mostly (33/36) changed mrCR_T2W to non-mrCR_overall. The kappa values for mrTRG, mrCR_T2W, and mrCR_overall were 0.56 (95% confidence interval: 0.49, 0.62), 0.55 (0.52, 0.57), and 0.54 (0.51, 0.57), respectively. No use of rectal gel, larger initial tumor size, and higher initial cT stage exhibited significant association with a higher interreader agreement for assessing mrCR_overall (P ≤ 0.042). Strong negative correlations were observed between the sensitivity and specificity of individual readers (coefficient, -0.718 to -0.963; P ≤ 0.019). Conclusion: Inter-reader agreement was moderate for assessing CR on post-CRT MRI. Readers' varying standards on MRI interpretation (i.e., threshold effect), along with the use of rectal gel, initial tumor size, and initial cT stage, were significant factors associated with inter-reader agreement.

• 대한영상의학회지
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• 제82권5호
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• pp.1218-1230
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• 2021

목적 고위험 환자에서 초기 간암 선별 검사로써 단축 자기공명영상 검사의 환자별 진단능을 기존의 고식적 간 자기공명영상검사와 비교하고자 한다. 대상과 방법 간암 고위험군에서 간 자기공명영상 검사를 시행 받은 총 201명의 환자에 대해 연구를 시행하였다. 단축 자기공명영상 검사 군의 프로토콜은 T2 강조영상, 담도기 T1 강조영상, 확산강조영상 등으로 구성되며, 두 명의 영상의학과 의사가 각각의 환자에 대해 후향적으로 단축 자기공명영상검사 군 및 고식적 자기공명영상검사 군, 두 군의 영상을 독립적으로 평가하였다. 두 연구자 간 일관성은 Cohen's kappa 값을 이용하여 비교하였다. 복합적인 참조표준을 이용하여 두 군에서 각각 진단능을 평가하여 비교하였다. 결과 79 명의 환자에서 총 93개의 간암이 발견되었다. 두 연구자 간 일관성은 두 군에서 모두 매우 양호하였다(κ = 0.839, 0.948). 단축 자기공명영상검사 군에서 민감도 및 음성예측도는 각각 94.9% 및 96.4%였으며, 이는 고식적 자기공명영상검사 군과 큰 차이를 보이지 않았다(96.2%, 97.5%). 결론 단축 자기공명영상검사는 고식적 자기공명영상검사에 비교하여 임상적으로 허용 가능한 민감도와 음성예측도를 갖는다. 따라서 간암 고위험군 환자에서 간암 선별검사로써 새로운 대안이 될 수 있을 것이다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권3호
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• pp.235-246
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• 2023

Objective: It is difficult to predict the treatment response of tissue after stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) because radiation necrosis (RN) and tumor recurrence can coexist. Our study aimed to predict tumor recurrence, including the recurrence site, after SRS of brain metastasis by performing a longitudinal tumor habitat analysis. Materials and Methods: Two consecutive multiparametric MRI examinations were performed for 83 adults (mean age, 59.0 years; range, 27-82 years; 44 male and 39 female) with 103 SRS-treated brain metastases. Tumor habitats based on contrast-enhanced T1- and T2-weighted images (structural habitats) and those based on the apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) and cerebral blood volume (CBV) images (physiological habitats) were defined using k-means voxel-wise clustering. The reference standard was based on the pathology or Response Assessment in Neuro-Oncologycriteria for brain metastases (RANO-BM). The association between parameters of single-time or longitudinal tumor habitat and the time to recurrence and the site of recurrence were evaluated using the Cox proportional hazards regression analysis and Dice similarity coefficient, respectively. Results: The mean interval between the two MRI examinations was 99 days. The longitudinal analysis showed that an increase in the hypovascular cellular habitat (low ADC and low CBV) was associated with the risk of recurrence (hazard ratio [HR], 2.68; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.46-4.91; P = 0.001). During the single-time analysis, a solid low-enhancing habitat (low T2 and low contrast-enhanced T1 signal) was associated with the risk of recurrence (HR, 1.54; 95% CI, 1.01-2.35; P = 0.045). A hypovascular cellular habitat was indicative of the future recurrence site (Dice similarity coefficient = 0.423). Conclusion: After SRS of brain metastases, an increased hypovascular cellular habitat observed using a longitudinal MRI analysis was associated with the risk of recurrence (i.e., treatment resistance) and was indicative of recurrence site. A tumor habitat analysis may help guide future treatments for patients with brain metastases.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.133-144
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• 2023

Objective: Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CDKN)2A/B homozygous deletion is a key molecular marker of isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-mutant astrocytomas in the 2021 World Health Organization. We aimed to investigate whether qualitative and quantitative MRI parameters can predict CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion status in IDH-mutant astrocytomas. Materials and Methods: Preoperative MRI data of 88 patients (mean age ± standard deviation, 42.0 ± 11.9 years; 40 females and 48 males) with IDH-mutant astrocytomas (76 without and 12 with CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion) from two institutions were included. A qualitative imaging assessment was performed. Mean apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC), 5th percentile of ADC, mean normalized cerebral blood volume (nCBV), and 95th percentile of nCBV were assessed via automatic tumor segmentation. Logistic regression was performed to determine the factors associated with CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion in all 88 patients and a subgroup of 47 patients with histological grades 3 and 4. The discrimination performance of the logistic regression models was evaluated using the area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC). Results: In multivariable analysis of all patients, infiltrative pattern (odds ratio [OR] = 4.25, p = 0.034), maximal diameter (OR = 1.07, p = 0.013), and 95th percentile of nCBV (OR = 1.34, p = 0.049) were independent predictors of CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion. The AUC, accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the corresponding model were 0.83 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.72-0.91), 90.4%, 83.3%, and 75.0%, respectively. On multivariable analysis of the subgroup with histological grades 3 and 4, infiltrative pattern (OR = 10.39, p = 0.012) and 95th percentile of nCBV (OR = 1.24, p = 0.047) were independent predictors of CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion, with an AUC accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of the corresponding model of 0.76 (95% CI, 0.60-0.88), 87.8%, 80.0%, and 58.1%, respectively. Conclusion: The presence of an infiltrative pattern, larger maximal diameter, and higher 95th percentile of the nCBV may be useful MRI biomarkers for CDKN2A/B homozygous deletion in IDH-mutant astrocytomas.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제51권4호
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• pp.500-506
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• 2023

Carbapenem 내성 Klebsiella pneumoniae (Carbapenem-resistant K. pneumonia, CRKP)는 전 세계적인 공중 보건 문제로 대두되고 있다. 최근 Klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-2 (KPC-2) 생성 sequence type (ST)307은 CRKP의 주요 클론으로 확인되었으며, 국내에서 ST307의 확산이 보고되었다. 본 연구에서는 2020년 3월부터 2021년 12월까지 대전지역의 3차 병원에서 분리된 CRKP 50균주를 대상으로, 분자 특성과 항균제 내성 양상을 조사하였다. 역학적 관계는 multilocus sequence typing (MLST)를 통해 분석하였고, 항균제 감수성 검사는 디스크 확산법을 통해 확인하였다. PCR과 DNA 염기서열분석은 carbapenemase 유전자 확인을 위해 수행하였다. CRKP감염은 남성과 60세 이상의 환자에서 훨씬 더 빈번하게 확인되었다. CRKP 50균주 중 46균주(92.0%)는 다제내성(MDR)을 보였고, 44균주(88.0%)는 carbapenemase-producing K. pneumoniae (CPKP)로 확인되었다. 주요 carbapenemase 유형은 KPC-2 (36균주, 72.0%)였으며, New Delhi metallo-enzyme-1 (NDM-1)과 NDM-5는 각각 7균주(14.0%)와 1균주(2.0%)에서 확인되었다. 특히, KPC-2 생성 K. pneumoniae의 88.9% (32/36)가 ST307에 속한 반면, NDM-1,-5 생성 K. pneumoniae의 87.5% (7/8)가 non-ST307에 속한 것을 확인하였다. 이러한 결과는 ST307의 확산 뿐만 아니라 non-ST307의 발달을 예방하기 위한 적절한 감염관리와 효과적인 감시체계가 필요하다고 사료된다.

• Korean Journal of Radiology
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• 제21권7호
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• pp.812-828
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• 2020

Objective: To provide an evidence-based guide for the MRI interpretation of complete tumor response after neoadjuvant chemoradiation therapy (CRT) for rectal cancer using visual assessment on T2-weighted imaging (T2) and diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI). Materials and Methods: PubMed MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library were searched on November 28, 2019 to identify articles on the following issues: 1) sensitivity and specificity of T2 or DWI for diagnosing pathologic complete response (pCR) and the criteria for MRI diagnosis; 2) MRI alone vs. MRI combined with other test(s) in sensitivity and specificity for pCR; and 3) tests to select patients for the watch-and-wait management. Eligible articles were selected according to meticulous criteria and were synthesized. Results: Of 1615 article candidates, 55 eligible articles (for all three issues combined) were identified. Combined T2 and DWI performed better than T2 alone, with a meta-analytic summary sensitivity of 0.62 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.43-0.77; I² = 80.60) and summary specificity of 0.89 (95% CI, 0.80-0.94; I² = 92.61) for diagnosing pCR. The criteria for the complete response on T2 in most studies had the commonality of remarkable tumor decrease to the absence of mass-like or nodular intermediate signal, although somewhat varied, as follows: (near) normalization of the wall; regular, thin, hypointense scar in the luminal side with (near) normal-appearance or homogeneous intermediate signal in the underlying wall; and hypointense thickening of the wall. The criteria on DWI were the absence of a hyperintense signal at high b-value (≥ 800 sec/mm²) in most studies. The specific algorithm to combine T2 and DWI was obscure in half of the studies. MRI combined with endoscopy was the most utilized means to select patients for the watch-and-wait management despite a lack of strong evidence to guide and support a multi-test approach. Conclusion: This systematic review and meta-analysis provide an evidence-based practical guide for MRI assessment of complete tumor response after CRT for rectal cancer.

• 접착 및 계면
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.69-74
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• 2024

소프트 액추에이터는 구성 재료 자체가 가지는 유연성과 부드러운 움직임으로 인해 의료 산업과 제조업 등 다양한 분야에서의 응용이 기대되고 있다. 자극감응성 하이드로젤은 유연하며 다양한 주위 자극에 의해 큰 부피 변화를 보일 수 있는 물질로서 소프트 액추에이터 재료로서 적합하다. 하지만, 자극감응성 하이드로젤의 부피 변화는 온도 변화의 속도 및 용매의 확산 속도에 기인하여 대부분의 작동 조건에서 느린 속도로 진행되며 이는 액추에이터의 반응속도를 제한한다. 본 연구에서는 온도감응성 하이드로젤인 polydiethylacrylamide에 광열효과를 가지는 공액고분자를 도입하여 빛에 의해 구동되는 소프트 액추에이터를 구현하였고, 공액고분자의 광열효과에 의한 반응속도의 개선효과를 조사하였다. 공액고분자의 도입에 의해 반응시간이 41% 개선됨을 확인하였고 이는 열전달 효율의 개선에 의한 것으로 짐작할 수 있다. 최종적으로 이러한 개선된 반응속도의 하이드로젤이 적용된 소프트 그리퍼를 제작하였고 반응속도를 조사하였다.