• Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
• /
• v.19 no.3
• /
• pp.51-69
• /
• 2012

Physical strength of the rock is the most important factor of resistance to erosion and has been measured through various way. Bedrock microforms, like potholes and grooves, are the forms sculpted by the erosional processes of flow and the location and morphology are strongly affected by the differential erosion. It also assumed that the physical strength of the rock controls the erosion rate and mode of erosion. The schmidt hammer has been used to measure the rock strength in the field for the geomorphological research. To find the relationship between the rock strength and microforms, Schmidt hammer's R(rebound) were measured in the Baeksuktan, middle reach of Gilancheon, Cheongsong, Gyungsangbuk do. The overall values of rebound of the local sandstone showed over 65 in most cases, so it can be regarded as 'very strong'. It is found that the rebound values of the rock surface decreased towards current water level. It also, however, found that there was no systematic differences in rebound values among the topographically high and lows in the bedrock surface. There was no statistically significant difference in rebound values of the area with well developed microforms and others. The values of R from the exposed faces and inside of the microforms are similar. In the case of conglomerate, the part with the gravel showed higher values that the parts with sands. The rebound values are decreased near of(<1cm) the geological discontinuities(including joint and faults), so this line of weakness could be the point of initiation of active erosion to form microforms. However there is large variations in rebound values within this part. It also should be mentioned that topological relation between the strike of the geologic discontinuities and flow direction looks control the mode of erosional processes.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
• /
• v.33 no.3
• /
• pp.54-71
• /
• 2021

Objectives The purpose of this study was to revise Sasang Digestive Function Inventory (SDFI) and improve its validity and reliability using clinical data. Methods The Sasang type and Cold-Heat pattern differentiation by certified clinical specialist and responses to SDFI items were acquired from 419 hospital patients. The revision of SDFI was performed using item analysis and Explorative Factor Analysis (EFA). Furthermore, the validity and reliability of the revised SDFI (rSDFI) were investigated using Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA), Internal Consistency and Item Response Theory (IRT). And, clinical significance of the rSDFI was examined for the differentiation of Sasang types and Cold-Heat patterns. Results The number of the SDFI items were modified from 21 to 15. And, the validity and reliability of the rSDFI subscale structure were found to be acceptable. The scores of rSDFI-total and rSDFI-E significantly decreased in the order of Tae-Eum (TE), So-Yang (SY), So-Eum (SE) types, and the rSDFI score of SE type was significantly lower than that of TE and SY types. The rSDFI-total score could differentiate Cold-Heat pattern in both SY and SE types. And the difference of digestive function between Cold and Heat pattern of SE type could be explained with the rSDFI-D score. The rSDFI-total score in Cold pattern significantly decreased in the order of TE, SY, and SE types, and the rSDFI-total score of TE type is significantly higher than that of SE type in Heat pattern. Conclusions Current results demonstrated the reliability, validity and clinical usefulness of the rSDFI in clinical patients. Therefore, rSDFI can be utilized as an objective clinical measure supporting the differential diagnosis of Sasang typology.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.684-689
• /
• 2021

In this paper, we develop a cost effective and disposable voltammetric sensing platform involving screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) modified with the nanocomposites composed of multi-walled carbon nanotubes, polyelectrolyte, and tyrosinase for bisphenol A. This is known as an endocrine disruptor which is also related to chronic diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular and female reproductive diseases, precocious puberty, and infertility. A negatively charged oxidized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) wrapped with a positively charged polyelectrolyte, e.g., polydiallyldimethylammonium, was first wrapped with a negatively charged tyrosinae layer via electrostatic interaction and assembled onto oxygen plasma treated SPCE. The nanocomposite modified SPCE was then immersed into different concentrations of bisphenol A for a given time where the tyrosinase reacted with OH group in the bisphenol A to produce the product, 4,4'-isopropylidenebis(1,2-benzoquinone). Cyclic and differential pulse voltammetries at the potential of -0.08 V vs. Ag/AgCl was employed and peak current changes responsible to the reduction of 4,4'-isopropylidenebis(1,2-benzoquinone) were measured which linearly increased with respect to the bisphenol A concentration. In addition, the SPCE based sensor showed excellent selectivity toward an interferent agent, bisphenol S, which has a very similar structure. Finally, the sensor was applied to the analysis of bisphenol A present in an environmental sample solution prepared in our laboratory.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.403-412
• /
• 2019

There has been a lively debate between self-employed and wage workers on the speed of minimum wage hikes. Minimum wage is a redistributive policy that evokes confrontation and conflict whereby individuals' views on the policy coincide with their material self-interest. With this in mind, the researcher analyzed whether an individual's labor market status was explanatory to his/her view on the speed of minimum wage hike. Moreover, in light of the likelihood that the varying degree to which self-employed can afford minimum wage hike affects their differential preferences for the policy, the researcher attempted to identify whether there was a moderation effect of income class on the relationship. In the actual analysis, the researcher investigated employment policy survey dataset using a multinomial logit model. The results suggest that, among self-employed, 'gradual increase' and 'rapid increase' of minimum wages are less preferred $vis-{\grave{a}}-vis$ 'minimal increase,' which is the reference. As to the moderation effect, when a self-employed has a middle-income class status, his/her negative preference for the policy is likely to be attenuated. One implication of this study is that subsidizing self-employed small business owners, who are most dissatisfied with the current speed at which minimum wages rise, would be an effective prescription on reducing social conflicts.

• The Korean Journal of Archival Studies
• /
• no.17
• /
• pp.115-156
• /
• 2008

Archival objects produced in relation to the activities of public institutions hold the inexpressible symbolism, historical value, and esthetical value as well in that the values of display and reuse of archives materials in the future are high as figures. The revised law of Archives Act in 2007 has provided a foundation for managing the archival objects in every public organization, by also including archival objects into the category of archives produced and registered in relation to their works. Although it could be seen as a reforming will to aim at the differential approach from the past to recognize the archival objects as records and make the managing will documented, it is still in an unprepared state to define the concepts on archival objects and to have methods to systematically manage and preserve them. Thus this paper has researched on the type classification of archival objects and their evaluation, as way of developing the methods for the management system for archival objects. On the premise that it should be preceded by clear definitions of concepts and distinctive understanding of their types first in order to build up the management system for archival objects, definition and type classification of the archival object have been attempted, based on the actual research materials and the current relevant laws. In addition, this study has analyzed the characteristics of selecting archival objects in order to search for which one they should obtain and manage among archival objects produced and reused in relation to the works of public institutions. On the basis of this, the plans for the national selection system and provision of selecting criteria for the subjects of permanent preservation have been suggested in this study.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.52-58
• /
• 2021

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, which causes bacterial canker in kiwifruit, is divided into five biovars (1, 2, 3, 5, 6) on the basis of genetic characteristics and toxin productivity. Among them, biovar 3 is responsible for the current global outbreak, and has been isolated in Korea since 2011. Biovar 3 strains isolated from Korea are subdivided into six genetically different lineages (subgroup I, IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII) based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis. In this work, the subgroup-specific sequence characterized amplified region (SCAR) primers were developed from sequenced differential RAPD bands. Distribution of the subgroups of the biovar 3 strains collected in Korea from 2011-2017 were examined using these subgroup-specific primer sets. Among the 54 strains tested, 35 strains (64.8%) belonged to subgroup V, 9 strains (16.7%) belonged to subgroup IV, 4 strains (7.4%) belonged to subgroup VI, 3 strains (5.6%) belonged to subgroup VII, 2 strains (3.7%) belonged to subgroup VIII, and 1 (1.9%) strain belonged to subgroup I. Strains belonging to subgroups IV, V, and VI were shown to be related to strains isolated from China, New Zealand, and Chile, respectively. The study revealed that the biovar 3 strains in Korea are genetically diverse and are estimated to have been introduced through pollen sourced from foreign countries.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.461-466
• /
• 2021

In this article, a portable and cost-effective voltammetric biosensor with nanoparticles was developed for the measurements of heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein A1 protein (hnRNP A1) biomarker which can potentially be used for lung cancer diagnosis. Gold nanoparticles were first electrodeposited onto screen printed carbon electrode (SPCE) followed by immobilizing a single stranded DNA aptamer specific to hnRNP A1 onto the electrode surface. Ethanolamine was also used when immobilizing DNA aptamer on the surface to prevent signals from non-specific adsorption events. Sequential injection of hnRNP A1 biomarker and anti-hnRNP A1 conjugated with alkaline phosphatase (ALP) onto the aptamer chip surface allows to form the sandwich complex of DNA aptamer/hnRNP A1/ALP-anti-hnRNP A1 on the electrode surface which further reacted with 4-aminophenyl phosphate (APP). The electrocatalytic reaction of the enzyme, ALP, and the substrate, APP, resulting in the oxidative current response changes at -0.05 and -0.17 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) against the hnRNP A1 concentration was measured using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry, respectively. The Au nanoparticles-integrated voltammetric biosensor was applied to analyze human normal serum solutions possibly suggesting potential applicability for lung cancer diagnosis.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.21 no.5
• /
• pp.221-233
• /
• 2021

This study analyzed the contents of changes in educational policy from the perspective of policy learning, based on the awareness of the lack of academic efforts to identify such phenomena despite repeated policy failures in educational policy. To this end, it has been more than 20 years since the policy was established, but it was analyzed using the policy analysis case of the teacher incentive policy, which still had severe conflicts between the government and teacher unions. As a result of the analysis, first, there were 11 changes in the policy content from the Kim Dae-jung administration to the Moon Jae-in administration. Whenever the government was newly launched, not only the contents of the policy for teacher incentives changed, but also the policy changes continued during the same government period. Second, when analyzing what kind of policy learning took place at the stage of change in each government's policy content, most of them were 'political policy learning' or 'instrumental policy learning'. Rather than a fundamental discussion about the goal of the policy, it has only repeated policy learning that adjusts only the ratio of differential payments to defend the teacher incentive policy. In order to recover from this current situation, this study suggests that it is necessary to present an alternative policy that can change the rigid society of teachers through 'social policy learning', which examines the basic values and strategies of teacher incentive policies.

• Journal of the Korean Geotechnical Society
• /
• v.38 no.12
• /
• pp.67-78
• /
• 2022

In this study, the measurement results of the coastal deep soft ground buried in the upper part of the dredged clay were analyzed and compared with the current specification standards. Based on the results, a suitable proposal was suggested for the selection, installation, data arrangement, and analysis of each instrument used in the deep soft ground improvement construction. The pore water pressure meter has a range of 1.5 times or more of the expected measurement range, considering the field conditions of the soft ground. The groundwater level meter installed in the horizontal drainage layer checks the change in the groundwater level during the embanking as well as the performance of the catchment well and the horizontal drainage layer. Therefore, it is important to manage so that the groundwater level exists inside the horizontal drainage layer during embanking. It is enough to install the inclinometer in the gravel layer below the soft ground or weathered rock with an N value of 40 or more for the deep soft ground. It seems desirable to install a screw type for differential settlement meter. However, the screw type should not settle due to its own weight. Considering that it is a dredged landfill where subsidence occurs significantly, it is sufficient to manage the tolerance of leveling at about 10 mm (L is the one-way distance (km)).

• Asia Marketing Journal
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.51-60
• /
• 2014

Previous research on loyalty program has verified the factors that influence redemption behavior and the understanding of the mechanism of redemption behavior with academic and practical implications. However, these research has not proven boundary conditions in which the phenomena can be strengthened or weakened- that is, the moderating effect remains unclear. The inclusion of moderating variables can provide a more extensive understanding of the mechanism of this behavior from academic and managerial perspectives alike. Therefore, this current research proposes regulatory focus as a moderating variable, which has received scarce attention in the study of loyalty program behavior, especially individual characteristic variables that, in turn, affect the consumers' purchasing behavior in various ways. Previous research on consumer decision making investigates the differential role of regulatory focus as a series of stages. Regulatory focus theory posits that people depend on the two types of regulatory focus when pursuing goals: promotion focus vs. prevention focus. The former induces tendencies to recognize a goal as a hope and ideal, as something that satisfies the need for accomplishment, and to be sensitive to the presence of a positive outcome of the match and to match the pursuit of goals. On the other hand, the latter tends to regard a goal as the responsibility or obligation to achieve the goal, has a tendency to avoid failure to meet a target, and is sensitive to the presence of the negative consequences that do not reach the target. The following propositions are suggested: 1) The effect of higher accumulation effort level on delaying point redemption speed will be relatively more pronounced for customers with prevention focus. 2) The effect of higher accumulation effort level on large redemption unit size will be relatively more pronounced for customers with prevention focus. 3) The effect of higher accumulation effort level on hedonic redemption ratio will be relatively more pronounced for customers with promotion focus. Therefore, this research provides a moderating variable that has the potential to be used as a reference for market segmentation and affects the relationship between point accumulation effort and three sides of point redemption behavior. On this basis, the direction for the future research on this issue is recommended. Future research could verify these propositions conducting a survey of customers' propensity of regulatory focus in conjunction with the history of the loyalty program of data. This would provide a more realistic effect on the usage behavior of loyalty program consumers by providing useful implications for both marketing practitioners and researchers.