• 한국정보디스플레이학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2006.08a
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• pp.1299-1301
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• 2006

A visual display is formed by picture elements, which are optically coupled to optical pathways through which light is supplied from light sources. Light sources, controlled by control hardware, transmit light to the optical pathways by scanning light from the light sources to different optical pathways. The light sources and the optical pathways are mutually oriented so that light from the light sources can be canned to different optical pathways to form the displayed image. Light sources can be mounted to a rotating mounting that rotates past static pathways that transmit coupled light to the waveguide screen.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.83-103
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• 2004

The methodological framework of the Level 2 PSA appears to be currently standardized in a formalized fashion, but there have been different opinions on the way the sources of uncertainty are characterized and treated. This is primarily because the Level 2 PSA deals with complex phenomenological processes that are deterministic in nature rather than random processes, and there are no probabilistic models characterizing them clearly. As a result, the probabilistic quantification of the Level 2 PSA CET / APET is often subjected to two sources of uncertainty: (a) incomplete modeling of accident pathways or different predictions for the behavior of phenomenological events and (b) expert-to-expert variation in estimating the occurrence probability of phenomenological events. While a clear definition of the two sources of uncertainty involved in the Level 2 PSA makes it possible to treat an uncertainty in a consistent manner, careless application of these different sources of uncertainty may produce different conclusions in the decision-making process. The primary purpose of this paper is to characterize typical sources of uncertainty that would often be addressed in the Level 2 PSA and to provide a formal guidance for quantifying their impacts on the PSA Level 2 risk results. An additional purpose of this paper is to give a formal approach on how to combine random uncertainties addressed in the Level 1 PSA with subjectivistic uncertainties addressed in the Level 2 PSA.

• Journal of The Korean Astronomical Society
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• v.45 no.6
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• pp.139-146
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• 2012

We investigate the properties of OH, SiO, and $H_2O$ maser emission in O-rich AGB stars. We use a sample of 3373 objects, which is an updated version of the list of O-rich AGB stars presented in Suh & Kwon (2011). We divide the 3373 O-rich AGB stars into four different groups based on the maser emission: OH maser sources (1533), SiO sources (1627), $H_2O$ sources (452), and sources with no maser (610). To understand the nature of the maser sources, we present various infrared two-color diagrams (2CDs) using IRAS, 2MASS, and AKARI data. For each group, we compare the positions on various infrared 2CDs with theoretical models. We find that the OH maser sources generally show larger color indices and larger dust optical depths than SiO or $H_2O$ sources. We suggest that the differences of the color indices for different maser sources are due to different mass-loss rates and dust formation processes.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.191-198
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• 2022

BACKGROUND: Plants can be grown using a culture medium without soil using a hydroponic system. Crop production by the hydroponic system is likely to increase as a means of solving various problems in the agricultural sector such as aging of rural population and climate change. Different water sources can be used to prepare the culture medium used in the hydroponic system. Therefore, it is necessary to study the effect of different water sources on crop production by the hydroponic system in order to explore the applicability of various water resources. METHODS AND RESULTS: Lettuce was cultivated by the hydroponic system and three different water sources [tap water (TW), bottled water (BW), and groundwater (GW)] were used to compare the effect of water sources on lettuce growth. The three kinds of waters with a nutrient solution (TW-M, BW-M, GW-M) were also used as the media. After the six-week growth period, the lettuce length and weight, the number of leaves, and the contents of chlorophylls and polyphenols were compared among the different media used. The lettuces did not grow in the waters without the nutrient solution. In the media, the lettuce growth and the contents of chlorophylls were affected by the different water sources used to prepare the media, while the contents of polyphenols were not affected. The absorbed amounts of ions by lettuces, especially Ca and Zn ions, and the dry weight of the harvested lettuces showed a strong positive correlation. CONCLUSION(S): Overall, this study shows that different water sources used for growing lettuce in a hydroponic system can affect lettuce growth. Further studies on the enhancement of crop qualities using different water sources may be required in future studies.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1608-1615
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• 2016

This study was conducted to determine the solubility of copper (Cu) in two sources of copper(II) sulfate ($CuSO_4$) including monohydrate and pentahydrate and three sources of dicopper chloride trihydroxide (dCCTH) including ${\alpha}$-form (dCCTH-${\alpha}$), ${\beta}$-form (dCCTH-${\beta}$), and a mixture of ${\alpha}$- and ${\beta}$-form (dCCTH-${\alpha}{\beta}$) at different pH and a 3-step in vitro digestion assay for pigs. In Exp. 1, Cu sources were incubated in water-based buffers at pH 2.0, 3.0, 4.8, and 6.8 for 4 h using a shaking incubator at $39^{\circ}C$. The $CuSO_4$ sources were completely dissolved within 15 min except at pH 6.8. The solubility of Cu in dCCTH-${\alpha}$ was greater (p<0.05) than dCCTH-${\beta}$ but was not different from dCCTH-${\alpha}{\beta}$ during 3-h incubation at pH 2.0 and during 2-h incubation at pH 3.0. At pH 4.8, there were no significant differences in solubility of Cu in dCCTH sources. Copper in dCCTH sources were non-soluble at pH 6.8. In Exp. 2, the solubility of Cu was determined during the 3-step in vitro digestion assay for pigs. All sources of Cu were completely dissolved in step 1 which simulated digestion in the stomach. In Exp. 3, the solubility of Cu in experimental diets including a control diet and diets containing 250 mg/kg of additional Cu from five Cu sources was determined during the in vitro digestion assay. The solubility of Cu in diets containing additional Cu sources were greater (p<0.05) than the control diet in step 1. In conclusion, the solubility of Cu was influenced by pH of digesta but was not different among sources based on the in vitro digestion assay.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.187-189
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• 2003

To test the effect of different carbohydrate sources, wheat flour, used as the carbohydrate source in the control diet, was replaced with 30% glucose, 30% maltose, 30% cellulose or 30% $\alpha$-starch. After feeding trial for 8 weeks, no significant differences were found in growth and proximate composition of edible fraction of the snail fed diets containing different carbohydrate sources. All the tested carbohydrates are shown as good dietary carbohydrate source.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.5
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• pp.103-122
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• 2000

In recent years many companies have faced with significant environmental changes. To cope with these changes, companies have shown considerable interest and commitment to innovation, In their quest for superior performance, these companies have explored different types and sources of innovation. This study examines how competitive strategy influences companies' emphasis on different innovation types (product, administrative. and process) and sources (incubative, acquisitive and imitative). This study suggests that different strategies are associated with distinct patterns of innovation types and sources. Further, the fit between competitive strategies and innovation types and sources is associated with superior company performance. Based on this concept this study suggests several hypotheses. These hypotheses, if supported by empirical study, will be very useful to the company to improve financial performance.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1992

Nitrate reductase activity(nra) were analysed in roots, stems and leaves plants in relation to different nitrogen sources and plastochron ages. Nra in roors and stems of soybean observed no differences in influence the nitrogen sources and plastochron ages, and the values showed to be only 5% of NRA in leaves. On the other hand,NRA in the leaves showed different result to nitrgen sources and plastochron ages. When the plants were less than PI6.0, NRA in leaves had being proportional to the concentration of nitrate and distingush decreased with an increasing plastochron age. At the later stage, upper than PI 8.0, the actvity had not effect to nitrate and plastochron ages. These results indicated that nitrate reduction in soybean was in early leaves.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1426-1435
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• 2014

Saponins have been considered as promising natural substances for mitigating methane emissions from ruminants. However, studies reported that addition of saponin-rich sources often arrived at contrasting results, i.e. either it decreased methane or it did not. The aim of the present study was to assess ruminal methane emissions through a meta-analytical approach of integrating related studies from published papers which described various levels of different saponin-rich sources being added to ruminant feed. A database was constructed from published literature reporting the addition of saponin-rich sources at various levels and then monitoring ruminal methane emissions in vitro. Accordingly, levels of saponin-rich source additions as well as different saponin sources were specified in the database. Apart from methane, other related rumen fermentation parameters were also included in the database, i.e. organic matter digestibility, gas production, pH, ammonia concentration, short-chain fatty acid profiles and protozoal count. A total of 23 studies comprised of 89 data points met the inclusion criteria. The data obtained were subsequently subjected to a statistical meta-analysis based on mixed model methodology. Accordingly, different studies were treated as random effects whereas levels of saponin-rich source additions or different saponin sources were considered as fixed effects. Model statistics used were p-value and root mean square error. Results showed that an addition of increasing levels of a saponin-rich source decreased methane emission per unit of substrate incubated as well as per unit of total gas produced (p<0.05). There was a decrease in acetate proportion (linear pattern; p<0.001) and an increase in propionate proportion (linear pattern; p<0.001) with increasing levels of saponin. Log protozoal count decreased (p<0.05) at higher saponin levels. Comparing between different saponin-rich sources, all saponin sources, i.e. quillaja, tea and yucca saponins produced less methane per unit of total gas than that of control (p<0.05). Although numerically the order of effectiveness of saponin-rich sources in mitigating methane was yucca>tea>quillaja, statistically they did not differ each other. It can be concluded that methane mitigating properties of saponins in the rumen are level- and source-dependent.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 1999

The objective of this study was to optimize the selection of sperm sources, optimal culture systems and vitrification method depends on sperm sources. The oocytes were inseminated with either KPN 105, 114, 191, SNU 101, 102, 103 or epididymis and then embryos inseminated were cultured in oviductal cell co-culture or HECM-6 as defined me dium. The blastocysts produced were pooled according to sperm sources as KPN, SNU or epididymis and then vitrified by OPP vitrification method. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The cleavage(86.2 or 84.7%) and development rates to blastocyst (30.6 or 32.0%) were not significantly different between oviductal cell co-culture or HECM-6 culture systems(P<0.05). 2. To determine the optimal sperm sources for using IVF in this system, cleavage rates in KPN 191 and SNU 101 (74.2, 55.8%) were significantly lower rather than those in KPN 105, 114, SNU 102, 103 or epididymis (86.7, 85.1, 89.8, 85.5 or 81.2%), but development rates to blastocyst in KPN 114, SNU 103 or epididymis sperm (30.0, 33.0 or 28.6%) were significantly higher rater than those in KPN 105, 191, SNU 101, 102(21.4, 15.4, 14.9 or 25.4%), respectively (P<0.05). 3. The blastocysts produced were pooled according to sperm sources as KPN, SNU or epididymis and then vitrified by OPP vitrification method. The survival rates were not significantly different among sperm sources (89.6%: 43/48 ; 90.1%: 46/51 ; 83.3% : 20/24). These results obtained indicate that the defined medium, HECM-6, could be use to produce of IVP bovine embryos. Since the frozen semen must be required to maintain of unvariation data in IVP embryo production system, KPN 114 and SNU 103 produced in our laboratory were useful for this purpose. The blastocysts produced by different sperm sources as KPN, SNU or epididymis were vitrified by OPP vitrification method and survived very high rates. The OPP vitrification method could be susceptibility to use of IVP bovine blastocyst embryos.