• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.209-221
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• 1988

The ore deposit of the Ohtani mine is one of repesentatives of plutonic tungsten-tin veins related genetically to acidic magmatism of Late Cretaceous in the Inner zone of Southwest Japan. Based on macrostructures of vein filling on the order of ore body, three major mineralization stages, called stage I, stage II, and stage ill from earliest to latest, are distinguished by major tectonic breaks. The alteration zories are characterized by specific mineral associations in pseudomorphs after biotite. The alteration zones can be divided into two parts, i. e. a chlorite zone and a muscovite zone, each repesenting mineralogical and chemical changes produced by the hydrothermal alteration. The chloritic alteration took place at the beginning of mineralization, and muscovite alteration in additions to chloritic alteration took place at stage II and ill. The alteration zones are considered to be formed by either of two alteration mechanism. 1) The zones are formed by reaction of the rock with successive flows of solution of different composition and different stage. 2) The zones are formed contemporaneously as the solution move outward. Reaction between the solution and the wall-rock results in a continuous change in solution chemistry. The migration of the successive replacement of the fresh zone$\rightarrow$the chlorite zone$\rightarrow$the muscovite zone may have transgressed slowly veinward, leaving metasomatic borders between the different zones.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.61-73
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• 1996

The objective of this paper is to estimate the PCE(Passenger Car Equivalents) of various vehicle types on expressway work zones. Headway samples of 5,359 vehicles were collected in 6 work zones in the Kyungbu Expressway between September and November of 1995. Average headways of 8 vehicle types based on the vehicle classification method of the Department of Construction and Transportation were calculated. A statistical test of effects of the types of the preceding vehicles were performed for the average headways between a vehicle type preceded by other vehicle types. The results show that the effects of the type of preceding vehicles are significant (exceeded 5% and 10% significance levels) and the PCEs of heavy vehicles on expressway work zones are higher than that of basic expressway section. Therefore, different adjustment factors should be applied for heavy vehicles in estimating saturation flow rates of expressway work zones. The study also derives an equation to determine PCEs of these vehicle types.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.1692-1711
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• 2016

Energy is a scarce resource in wireless sensor networks (WSNs). A variety of clustering protocols for WSNs, such as the zone-based stable election protocol-enhanced (ZSEP-E), have been developed for energy optimization. The ZSEP-E is a heterogeneous zone-based clustering protocol that focuses on unbalanced energy consumption with parallel formation of clusters in zones and election of cluster heads (CHs). Most ZSEP-E research has assumed probabilistic election of CHs in the zones by considering the maximum residual energy of nodes. However, studies of the diverse CH election parameters are lacking. We investigated the performance of the ZSEP-E in such scenarios using a fuzzy logic approach based on three descriptors, i.e., energy, density, and the distance from the node to the base station. We proposed an efficient ZSEP-E scheme to adapt and elect CHs in zones using fuzzy variables and evaluated its performance for different energy levels in the zones.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Educational Facilities
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.37-43
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• 2003

This study investigates the physical characteristics of indoor rest zones using the Space Syntax Method. A conceptual framework is based on analysis of design works presented in competitions(544 rest zones of 24 buildings on 7 campuses). The analysis on the unit type of rest zones showed that they were mostly available as open type, followed by semi-open type and outdoor rest places. On the other hand, by classifying the shape of whole building into traffic lines and nodal points, it was found that the buildings with 3 or more traffic lines have lower availability than others, because the buildings required more nodal points along a little higher complexity and zoning formed at increased nodal points between building masses. The analysis on the location of rest zones on traffic lines showed that hall type was most excellent in the level of availability. Finally, the analysis on the floor height showed that hall-like open rest places and outdoor places like rooftop garden functioned as a factor to enhance the integration of different spaces. In conclusion, this research will help the follow-up studies make spatial creation planning that may enhance the spatial efficiency and availability of Indoor rest zones on the campus.

• The Korean Journal of Malacology
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.71-90
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• 1997

A soudy on the distrobution and seasonal changes of the benthic macrovertebrates community was performed on the 5 intertidal rocky shores of Chujado in the Cheju-Channel during four seasons from March 1996 to February 1997.The macroinvertebrates identified in Chujado totally composed of 9 phyla, 18 classes, 38 orers, 147 species. The macroinvertebrates idetified according to the stations were 9 phyla, 138 species in Sinyangri(ST. 1); 8 phyla, 134 species in Younghungri(ST. 4);and 8 phyla, 131 species in Daeseori(ST. 5); The species diversities of the lower intertidal zones were higher than those of middle and upper intertidal zones, however, the seasonal appearance in number of species was not different among the stations. The vertically distributed dominant species in intertidal zone were; Nodifittorina exigua and Nerita japponica in the supralittoral zones; Monodonta labio labil and Buccinulum ferrea in the upper zones; Septifer keenae and Lunella coronata corensis in the middle zones; Purpura clavigara, S. keenae and Pomatoleios krausii in the submiddle zones; and Actinia mesembryanthemum, Tetracliata squamosa japonica and N. schrenckii in the lower zones. The intertidal community structures between Chujado and Cheju coast showed that Chujado composed of fewer number of species and lower value of species diversity and richness indices than Cheju coast.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.217-230
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• 2023

Methods for designing the post-tensioned anchorage zones at ultimate limit state has been specified in current design codes based on strut-and-tie models (STM). However, it is still not clear how to estimate the serviceability behavior of the anchorage zones. The serviceability is just indirectly taken into account by means of the reasonable reinforcement detailing. To address this issue, this paper is devoted to developing a modified strut-and-tie model (MSTM) to predict the behavior of concentric anchorage zones throughout the loading process. The principle of stationary complementary energy is introduced into STM at each load step to satisfy the compatibility condition and generate the unique MSTM. The structural behavior of anchorage zones can be achieved based on MSTM from loading to failure. Simplified formulas have been proposed to estimate the first cracking load, bearing capacity and maximum crack width with the consideration of the details of reinforcement bursting bars. The proposed model provides a definite method to control the bursting crack width in concentric anchorage zones. Four specimens with different bearing plate ratios have been designed and tested to validate the proposed method.

• Journal of the Korean association of regional geographers
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.288-310
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• 2017

This paper aims to provide a conceptual framework to see the special zones in East Asia in relation to the territorialities of the state. For this, it will introduce Aihwa Ong's notion of 'spaces of exception', and provide some critical discussions on it. Unlike Ong, I do not see the spaces of exception as an outcome of neoliberal changes of the state. Instead, I propose to see the special zones in terms of the internal limitations of the modern state territoriality. In particular, I try to theorize the special zones in relation to the dialectics of the contradictory relations between mobility and fixity inherent in the territoriality of the modern nation state. In addition, it will be suggested to see special zones as an essential part of the spatiality of the East Asian developmental states, given the spatio-temporal contexts of the East Asian capitalist development. On the basis of these theoretical discussions, this paper will divide the special zones that have been developed in East Asia since the 1960s into 3 different types, including 1) developmentalist special zones, 2) neo-liberal special zones, and 3) special zones for transition, and discuss their characteristics.

• International Journal of Safety
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.26-29
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is the measurement of whole-body vibration for different road surfaces. Experimental measurements were taken on asphalt, cement, and off-road surfaces as defined by ISO 2631-1. Each experiment was conducted under the same set of conditions (measurement duration, times, speed, vehicle type). Measurement duration was 10 minutes and 3 separate measurements were taken on each road surface. Vehicle speed was 60km/h. In accordance with ISO 2631-1, an acceleration sensor is set up between the driver's seat and the human body. For evaluation, RMS(root-mean-square) values were taken as suggested by ISO 2631-1. The results suggest "health guidance caution zones", and the evaluation was based on obtaining the vector sum with "health guidance caution zones".

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.288-294
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• 2014

The study on the migration of carbon in T23/T91 dissimilar metal welds for the boiler was conducted at $600^{\circ}C$ with an increase of aging time from 1 to 100 hrs. Following results were obtained. The heavily etched dark band tended to increase from a molten boundary owing to an increase of aging time, which leads to form hard (T91) and soft (T23) zones with different hardness. It was found that carbon was migrated from T23 area to T91 area due to different carbon activities. In addition, soft and hard zones were formed in regional area mainly resulted from carbide dissolutions and precipitates.

• International Journal of High-Rise Buildings
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• v.1 no.4
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• pp.301-310
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• 2012

Buildings, energy and the environment are key issues that the building professions and energy policy makers have to address, especially in the context of sustainable development. With more tall buildings constructed in China, the impact on energy consumption and carbon emission would be great from buildings (2% increase of carbon dioxide annually between 1971 and 2004). The imperative was to investigate the building energy performance of high-rise in different climate zones and identify the key design parameters that impose significantly influence on energy performance in sustainable building design. Design implications on glazing performance, sizing of the ventilation fans, renewable energy application on high-rise building design are addressed. Combination of effective sustainable building design strategies (e.g., building envelope improvement, daylight harvesting, advanced lighting design, displacement ventilation, chilled ceiling etc.) could contribute more than 25% of the total building energy consumption compared to the international building energy code.