• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.405-413
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• 2016

Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.) is a plant native to the Andean region that has become increasing popular as a food source due to its high nutritional content. This study determined the optimal photoperiod, light intensity, and electrical conductivity (EC) of the nutrient solution for growth and yield of quinoa in a closed-type plant factory system. The photoperiod effects were first analyzed in a growth chamber using three different light cycles, 8/16, 14/10, and 16/8 hours (day/night). Further studies, performed in a closed-type plant factory system, evaluated nutrient solutions with EC (salinity) levels of 1.0, 2.0 or $3.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$. These experiments were assayed with two light intensities (120 and $143{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$) under a 12/12 and 14/10 hours (day/night) photoperiod. The plants grown under the 16/8 hours photoperiod did not flower, suggesting that a long-day photoperiod delays flowering and that quinoa is a short-day plant. Under a 12/12 h photoperiod, the best shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights) was observed at an EC of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and a photosynthetic photon flux density (PPFD) of $120{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. With a 14/10 h photoperiod, the shoot yield (both fresh and dry weights), plant height, leaf area, and light use efficiency were higher when grown with an EC of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and a PPFD of $143{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$. Overall, the optimal conditions for producing quinoa as a leafy vegetable, in a closed-type plant factory system, were a 16/8 h (day/night) photoperiod with an EC of $2.0dS{\cdot}m^{-1}$ and a PPFD of $143{\mu}mol{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}s^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.526-529
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• 2014

A recently developed Chinese cabbage cultivar, Shinhong Ssam, was cultured under different light conditions at a plant factory to evaluate effects of light on the production of functional compounds. The effects of the following combinations of red (R), blue (B), and white (W) LED light were compared to that of fluorescent light: R+B, R+W, and R+B+W. Under R+B light, the Chinese cabbage failed to grow well. In contrast, under R+W, R+B+W, and fluorescent light conditions, cabbages had similar growth rates. Cyanidin, the only anthocyanidin detected, accumulated in cabbages under LED conditions to levels more than 2-fold of that in cabbages grown under fluorescent light. Phenolic acid and flavonol levels varied subtly, whereas caffeic acid was found to be between 70- and 160-fold greater in LED-illuminated cabbages than in those exposed to fluorescent light. The amounts of free amino acids and sugars that affect the taste of vegetables were greater in the cabbages exposed to LED light than in those grown under fluorescent light conditions. In conclusion, R+W LED light produced Shinhong Ssam with greater nutritional value than those grown under R+B+W LED and fluorescent lights.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.125-129
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• 2010

Isoflavone distribution and $\beta$-glucosidase activity in 16 commercially available doenjang samples were determined. Twelve of the samples were home-made doenjang (HMD) with a relatively long fermentation period and 4 of the samples were factory-produced doenjang (FPD) from four different manufactures. Total isoflavones (TI) in the HMD ranged from $370-723\;{\mu}g/g$, while those in FPD ranged from $179-537\;{\mu}g/g$. The isoflavone distribution in HMD was different from those in FPD. Generally, the TI in HMD was higher than those in FPD. The major isoflavone was aglycones, which ranged from 42.98 to 89.96% in HMD and from 35.51 to 93.48% in FPD. Isoflavones in the $\beta$-glucoside forms were not detected in tested FPD samples. Principal components analysis (PCA) of the isoflavone profiles showed that HMD were differentiated from FPD. First principal component (PC1) and second principal component (PC2) expressed 43.6 and 22.9% of the data variability, respectively. $\beta$-Glucosidase activity in doenjang was lower than that in raw soybeans. The results of this study can be used to understand the differences in the isoflavone distribution in traditionally manufactured and factory produced doenjang.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.315-315
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• 1994

Recently, it was reported that Pfaffia paniculata, known as Brazil ginseng, caused occupational asthma. To assess a potential relationship between Korean ginseng and allergic reactions, total IgE in serum, allergologic parameter, was investigated. Serum total IgE were measured in 8 takers of ginseng for more than 5 yr, 4 subjects of weak constitution, 10 workers participated in the washing of fresh ginseng in factory and 7 control subjects, Blood samples were taken before and after the scheduled exposure to Korean ginseng, sera were kept frozen until assay. Total IgE levels after the scheduled exposure to Korean ginseng were not significantly different in each group and total IgE levels were not significantly different in the control subjects compared with those of other groups at the start of experiment and at the end of experiment. These results suggest that the exposure to Korean ginseng dose not affect significantly the IgE immune response in volunteers. No changes of levels of IgE on the exposure of Korean ginseng may represent additional evidence of the lack of antigenic potential of Korean ginseng.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.06a
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• pp.2203-2206
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• 2005

A load flow and short circuit fault simulation of AC electrified railway distribution systems is presented with DIgSILENT PowerFactory software. Load flow of electrified railways distribution system with concerning multi train lines and dynamic characteristics of train load is studied for different time laps. The dynamic characteristics of train load in starting and braking conditions with different starting and stopping times and its moving positions makes the load flow complicated so there is a great need in studying the effects of electrified railways on load flow. Short circuit fault transients is also studied and simulated for both power system or traction distribution system and their effects on the operation of the train sets is investigated.

• 제어로봇시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2001.10a
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• pp.68.4-68
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• 2001

In the area of factory automation (FA), a lot of researches are being executed about intelligent system using network. Conventional industry controllers are implemented the connection with other controllers by using asynchronous serial communications. These methods of communication have an advantage of easy implementation but have disadvantages of lack of real-time characteristics needed in motion control, slow baud rate too low to exchange required data sufficiently and low integrity because of different communication protocol. Serial real-time communication system (SERCOS) provides international standard communication specifications (IEC 61491) for interfacing between control units and drives from different manufacturers, has real-time ...

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 1992.10a
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• pp.243-248
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• 1992

Computer Integrated Manufacturing(CIM) is a growing technology as a solution for the total automation of a manufacturing system. However, the implementation in the shop floor is extremely difficult due to many reasons. Flexible Manufacturing System (FMS) is usually considered as a solution for the shop floor automation. One of the difficulties in FMS is the communications problem. Since various machinaries with different communications protocols are included, applying a unified scheme is almost impossible. Therefore, a systematic approach is a key point to solve the communication problem. A cell is defined as an automation unit where closely related for a job reside together. A cell is a messenger between upper level computers and lower level machine equipment. In this research, the functions of the cell are defined to have more capabilities than conventional cell since a cell can be often a total manufacturing system in a small to medium sized factory. The cell conducts communications with different machines through the communications schemes established here. A set of software system has been developed according to the defined communications. The software has been tested for a simulation and real experiments for proof.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.12 no.4
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• pp.88-99
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• 1995

The demand for automatic manufacturing systems is increasing. Flexible Manufacturing System(FMS) is usually considered as a soluting for the shop floor automation. One of the difficulties in FMS is the communications problem. Since various machineries with different communications protocoles are included, applying a unified scheme is almost impossible. Therefore, a systematic approach is a key point to solve the communication problem. A cell is difined as an automation unit where closely related for a job reside together. A cell is a messenger between upper level computers and lower level machine equipment. In this research, the fonctions of the cell are defined to have more capabilities than conventional cells since a cell can be often a total manufacturing system is a small to medium sized factory. The cell conducts communications with different machines through the communications schemes established here. A set of software system has been developed according to the defined communication. The software has been tested for a simulation and real experiments for proof.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.29 no.4 s.55
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• pp.747-764
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• 1996

This study intended to obtain an useful information for health management of lead exposed workers and determine biological monitoring interval in early period of exposure by measuring the lead exposure indices and work duration in all male workers (n=433 persons) exposed less than 1 year in 6 storage battery industries and in 49 males who are not exposed to lead as control. The examined variables were blood lead concentration (PBB), Zinc-protoporphyrin concentration (ZPP), Hemoglobin (HB) and personal history; also measured lead concentration in air (PBA) in the workplace. According to the geometric mean of lead concentration in the air, the factories were grouped into three categories: A; When it is below $0.05mg/m^3$, B; When it is between 0.05 and $0.10mg/m^3$, and C; When it is above $0.10mg/m^3$. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The means of blood lead concentration (PBB), ZPP concentration and hemoglobin(HB) in all male workers exposed to lead less than 1 year in storage battery industries were $29.5{\pm}12.4{\mu}g/100ml,\;52.9{\pm}30.0{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;15.2{\pm}1.1\;gm/100ml$. 2. The means of blood lead concentration (PBB), ZPP concentration and hemoglobin(HB) in control group were $5.8{\pm}1.6{\mu}g/100ml,\;30.8{\pm}12.7{\mu}g/100ml\;and\;15.7{\pm}1.6{\mu}g/100ml$, being much lower than that of study group exposed to lead. 3. The means of blood lead concentration and ZPP concentration among group A were $21.9{\pm}7.6{\mu}g/100,\;41.4{\pm}12.6{\mu}g/100ml$ ; those of group B were $29.8{\pm}11.6{\mu}g/100,\;52.6{\pm}27.9{\mu}g/100ml$ ; those of group C were $37.2{\pm}13.5{\mu}g/100,\;66.3{\pm}40.7{\mu}g/100ml$. Significant differences were found among three factory group(P<0.01) that was classified by the geometric mean of lead concentration in the air, group A being the lowest. 4. The mean of blood lead concentration of workers who have different work duration (month) was as follows ; When the work duration was $1\sim2$ month, it was $24.1{\pm}12.4{\mu}g/100ml$, ; When the work duration was $3\sim4$ month, it was $29.2{\pm}13.4{\mu}g/100ml$ ; and it was $28.9\sim34.5{\mu}g/100ml$ for the workers who had longer work duration than other. Significant differences were found among work duration group(P<0.05). 5. The mean of ZPP concentration of workers who have different work duration (month) was as follows ; When the work duration was $1\sim2$ month, it was $40.6{\pm}18.0{\mu}g/100ml$, ; When the work duration was $3\sim4$ month, it was $53.4{\pm}38.4{\mu}g/100ml$ ; and it was $51.5\sim60.4{\mu}g/100ml$ for the workers who had longer work duration than other. Significant differences were found among work duration group(P<0.05). 6. Among total workers(433 person), 18.2% had PBB concentration higher than $40{\mu}g/100ml$ and 7.1% had ZPP concentration higher than $100{\mu}g/100ml$ ; In workers of factory group A, those were 0.9% and 0.0% ; In workers of factory group B, those were 17.1% and 6.9% ; In workers of factory group C, those were 39.4% and 15.4%. 7. The proportions of total workers(433 person) with blood lead concentration lower than $25{\mu}g/100ml$ and ZPP concentration lower than $50{\mu}g/100ml$ were 39.7% and 61.9%, respectively ; In workers of factory group A, those were 65.5% and 82.3% : In workers of factory group B, those were 36.1% and 60.2% ; In workers of factory group C, those were 19.2% and 43.3%. 8. Blood lead concentration (r=0.177, P<0.01), ZPP concentration (r=0.135, P<0.01), log ZPP (r=0.170, P<0.01) and hemoglobin (r=0.096, P<0.05) showed statistically significant correlation with work duration (month). ZPP concentration (r=0.612, P<0.01) and log ZPP (r=0.614, P<0.01) showed statistically significant correlation with blood lead concentration 9. The slopes of simple linear regression between work duration(month, independent variable) and blood lead concentration (dependent variable) in workplace with low air concentration of lead was less steeper than that of poor working condition with high geometric mean air concentration of lead. The study result indicates that new employees should be provided with biological monitoring including blood lead concentration test and education about personal hygiene and work place management within $3\sim4$ month.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.302-308
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• 1992

Seven genera and 15 species of fungi were isolated from 50 samples of then different steps of dried onion (5 samples of each step) collected from an onion factory in Sohag Governorate, Egypt, and grown on glucose-Czapek's agar (7 genera and 15 species) and 10% NaCl glucose-Czapek's (2 genera and 6 species). The average total counts of fungi were gradually decreased throughout the different steps of drying from 2090 to zero and 152 to zero colonies/g on glucose-Czapek's agar and 10% NaCl glucose-Czapek's agar media, respectively. Aspergillus was the most common genus on the two types of media used. The dominant species were Aspergillus niger, A. flavus, A. terreus, Penicillium chrysogenum and Fusarium of oxysporum on glucose-Czapek's agar and A. terreus and A. niger on 10% NaCl glucose-Czapek's agar. The chloroform extracts of different samples were tested for the presence of mycotoxins using thin layer chromatographic analysis. The results indicated that aflatoxin was present at concentrations decreased throughout the different steps of the drying from step No. 1, onion bulbs, $120\;{\mu}g/kg$; to step No. 8, standard A, $20\;{\mu}g/kg$ while step Nos. 9 & 10 (completely dry powdered onion) were free from aflatoxin. Citrinin was also present in the first three steps at concentrations gradually decreased from 30 to 10 mg/kg.