• PNF and Movement
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.37-46
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• 2010

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to investigate the performance level of functional independence of the stroke patient. Methods : In order to find out the functional independence of stroke patient, 160 peoples, 80 peoples in a large city and 80 peoples in small-to-medium sized city, were questioned. Result : The results of this study were as follows: 1. Functional independence level due to social factor; The comparison of functional independence level between two groups showed significant difference in educational level, religion, family member, vocation, and medical fees(P<.05). However, the two groups did not show significant difference in spouse. 2. Functional independence level due to environment factor; The comparison of functional independence level between two groups showed significant difference in place of residence and residental environment(P<.05). However, each group did not show significant difference. Conclusion : These results suggest that realization of stable housing, educational level, various physical activities, and diversified family members is essential. Also, stable environment and social satisfaction are needed to maintain and improve the health of patient.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.39-51
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• 2010

In this paper we consider the uniform central limit theorem for a martingale-difference array of a function-indexed stochastic process under the uniformly integrable entropy condition. We prove a maximal inequality for martingale-difference arrays of process indexed by a class of measurable functions by a method as Ziegler [19] did for triangular arrays of row wise independent process. The main tools are the Freedman inequality for the martingale-difference and a sub-Gaussian inequality based on the restricted chaining. The results of present paper generalizes those of Ziegler [19] and other results of independent problems. The results also generalizes those of Bae and Choi [3] to martingale-difference array of a function-indexed stochastic process. Finally, an application to classes of functions changing with n is given.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.28 no.6
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• pp.1045-1055
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to investigate the eating habits and nutritional knowledge of elementary school students in regards to seafood in school meals. More than 80.6% of elementary school students reported an 'average' preference for seafood. While 'taste' and 'healthy food' were common reasons to prefer marine products, 'unpleasant taste and smell' was a common reason not to prefer seafood. Students in general stated 'eating if possible' as their attitude towards seafood in school meals, 38.1% responded 'eating all' as their intake level. There was a significant difference between preference for seafood by gender [boys, 3.44; girls, 3.64 (P<0.01)]. Also, students significantly difference preferred some types of seafood over others. The students who enjoyed eating seafood had more regular and balanced diets and a better attitude toward dietary life and health than did the counterparts who did not prefer seafood. A significant difference (P<0.05) in knowledge existed according to gender; girls had a higher level of knowledge than did boys.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.263-293
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• 2011

There have been many studies on the relationship between welfare states and the poverty. Yet, only a few studies have been addressed the poverty alleviation effect of public pension using difference in difference(DID). This study aims to analyze poverty alleviation effect for the old aged of public pension in 10 OECD countries using DID considering welfare states regimes. The empirical analyses are based on panel data of individuals aged 50 and over from two sources: SHARE in Europe(wave I~II) and HRS in USA(2004~2006). As a result of simple DID, this study provides evidence that the poverty rate of the old aged who has not been received the pension is increased, while the poverty rate of pensioner is sharply decreased. The anti-poverty effect of public pension using DID is 45.6% which is bigger than that of pre/post approach. The policy impact used by pre/post approach in conservative welfare regime is underestimated while those in liberal and socialist regime are overestimated. In last, GDP growth rate has not significant while public pension contributes to poverty alleviation effects of the old aged. Poverty alleviation effects of public pension are also varied with welfare state regimes. The poverty alleviation effects of public pension in conservative welfare and social democratic welfare state regime are significantly bigger than that in liberal welfare state regime.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.239-250
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• 2024

This study aims to investigate the factors influencing donation intention when the option to donate is presented during a purchase decision. Through an experimental design, we examined how price differences and reference group effects impact donation intention. We created stimuli with three price difference conditions (high, low, and control) and two levels of referent power (high and low), and involved 480 Korean consumer panels in the experiments. After controlling for psychological reactance levels, a two-way MANCOVA confirmed the main effects of price difference and referent power but found no interaction effect between these variables. Notably, consumers were less likely to feel guilty for not selecting the donation option when its price was slightly higher than that of the non-donation option, compared to the scenario where the prices were the same. Additionally, consumers exposed to high referent power experienced greater irritation, guilt, and shame if they did not choose the donation option compared to the low referent power group. Multiple regression results showed that guilt significantly influenced the intention to purchase a donation option, whereas irritation and shame did not. These findings suggest that understanding situational factors such as price differences and referent power can help develop effective marketing strategies and encourage voluntary participation in donations.

• Journal of Korean Clinical Health Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.1386-1397
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• 2020

Purpose: To examine the effectiveness of various treatments; bifocal spectacles, orthokeratology, atropine, and time spent in outdoors; in slowing down the myopia progression for Asian adolescents (6-18age). Methods: The research focused on examining the most effective treatment in controlling myopia based on the literature sources that have been published. Through meta-analysis of various research papers that already has been done in this field, a lot of data was collected. For each treatment, the difference in axial length and spherical equivalent over time was measured and recorded. To quantitatively record the difference, both axial length and spherical equivalent was determined by value of control group value of treatment group. The paper compared the effectiveness of each treatment based on the data that was measured. Results: Adolescents who chose to spend time outdoors in order to slow down myopia progression had axial length difference of 0.03 mm and spherical equivalent difference of 0.17 D. Adolescents that used atropine had axial length difference of 0.36 mm and spherical equivalent difference of 0.92 D. Bifocal spectacle resulted in axial length difference of 0.21 mm and spherical equivalent difference of 0.59 D, and for orthokeratology 0.23 mm and 0.04 D, respectively. Axial length wise, myopia was most controlled by the atropine since there was a greatest difference between the group that got the treatment and the group that did not have the treatment. According to the spherical equivalent difference data, myopia was most controlled by atropine. Conclusion: Atropine showed the most effective result in controlling myopia among the four treatment. Again, compared to other three treatment, using atropine appeared to have greatest ability in slowing down myopia progression since adolescents who were treated with atropine had greatest difference from adolescents in the control group that had the same condition but didn't get the treatment. However, every treatment was only used for 2 or 3 years which is quite short time period to measure the long term effect of the four treatments. Also, since atropine is a pharmaceutical method to control myopia, it may harm adolescents' eyes compared to optical or environmental treatment.

• KSBB Journal
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.189-194
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• 1991

The effect of wtlitc light on unaeraten growth of Baker's yeast and the accompanying ethanol production has been studied in a batch process at 27$^{\circ}C$. Over the 80-hour period of the Champagne yeast process without pH control, the cull growth was inhibited by the fluorescent light. Another observed difference between the runs is that the drop and subsequent rise in redox potential occurred much sooner in the fermentation with light than in the fermentation without light. This preliminary study indicated that ethanol production could be enhanced by light as the cell concentration is repressed. The possible pathway, shift of the sugar substrate toward ethanol and away from cells was manifested by another difference as well. As observed under the microscope, many of the yeast cells grown under light budded without dividing by the normal fission process as they did in the dark. Furthermore, the undivided and branched (light grown) cell did not agglutinate at the end of the fermentation process as did the distinct spherical (dark grown) cells.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.301-310
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• 1998

Infrared thermographic imaging visualizes noninvasively various abnormal condition by detecting the skin temperature. As the imaging represents the objective condition by the changes in blood flow under the control of autonomic nervous system, it is used to diagnosis and monitor the lumboscral radiculopathy. And asymmetry is important in the diagnosis of disc herniation. The most common type of disc herniation occurs psoterolaterally. This frequently causes nerve root compression leading to a radiculopathy in the distribution of the involved nerve root, most of which also provoke the asymmetric changes in thermography. Central disc herniation, which accounts for 5% to 35% of disc herniation, is typically associated with low back pain. But radiculopathy is usually abscent unless central disc heriniaton is large enough to cause compression of the cauda equina. To evalute the diagnostic value of the thermographic imaging in the diagnosis of central disc herniation, the imaging of 15 normal subjects and 48 patients with central disc herniation documented by CT scan were analyzed. The patients had either bilateral radiculophathy or no radiculopathy. The imaging of patient group with non rediculopathy did not show any significant thermal difference to control. While bilateral radiculopathy group reveled hypothermic pattern compared twith control. Thermal difference between left and right side did not present any significance in non radiculopathy group but hypothermia in bilateral radiculopathy group. Large herniation group demonstrated hyperthemic pattern while the others showed no significant change. Cranial caudal thermal difference did not show any difference between experiment groups. These results shows that infrared thermographic imaging can be used central disc herniation with bilateral radiculopathy, while it seems to little useful on the diagnosis of non radiculopathic disc herniation.

• The Journal of the Korean life insurance medical association
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.101-115
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• 1985

In Med Dept. Daehan Education Insurance, Total 690 cases(male 376 cases, female 314 cases) were inspected to study the change of serum lipid value. The objects of investigation were total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid and total lipid value. The results are as follows: 1) In the normal subjects, with the relation of serum lipid value and the age. triglyceride, phospholipid and total lipid value showed the increasing tendency by 70 age, but total cholesterol value and HDL cholesterol value showed the increasing tendency by 59 age and the decreasing tendency after 59 age. 2) In the normal subject the difference of serum lipid value between sexes did not make the significant difference of level statistically in all items which can be inspected. 3) The weight change and serum lipid value are very significantly related. Total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and total lipid value are high in female if the weight is light. But they are high in male the weight is heavy phospholipid value is opposite to the above result. Triglyceride value is high in male regardless the weight, but the significant difference happened in the high weight group. 4) As serum lipid value of hypertension patients is compared with that of the normal subjects, HDL cholesterol, triglyceride, phospholipid and total lipid value are significantly high. 5) The doubtful group of the fatty infittration of liver among the hypertension pafients have very significant difference in serum lipid value compared with not only the value of the normal subject but also that of the obesity group. 6) The doubtless group of the fatty infitration of liver among the hypertension patients have the significant difference in all serum lipid value compared with that of the normal subject, but compared with the obesity group males had the significant difference of HDL cholesterol value and both sexes had the significant difference in total lipid value, but had no significant difference in total cholesterol, triglyceride and phosprolipid value. 7) The ratio of total cholesterol per HDL cholesterol had the significant difference in the doubtful hypertension patients of the fatty infittration of liver and the relative weight, but it had no significant difference compared with the normal subject in the doubtless hypertension patients.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Culture
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.342-347
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• 2014

This survey was conducted to investigate consumer preferences for branded and imported pork, including favorite cooking styles. Data were collected from a total of 252 consumers and analyzed. The results are summarized as follows. Consumers of branded pork showed a moderate preference "moderate" (54%). There was no significant difference in consumer preference for branded pork according to educational level or living area. However, there was a significant difference according to yearly income (p<0.05). Consumers in the high-income group preferred branded pork more than those in the low-income group. Most consumers did not like imported pork (64.6%). There was no significant difference in consumer preference for imported pork according to educational level or living area, whereas there was in the yearly income group (p<0.05). Whereas low-income consumers did not like imported pork, high-income consumers did. The royalty for purchasing of branded pork was shown "3.65" out of 5 points. Whereas there was no significant difference according to educational level, there was for living area and yearly income (p<0.05). Consumers living in large cities or having low income showed high royalty of purchase for branded pork. The royalty for purchase of imported pork was "2.08" out of 5 points. Significant differences for purchase royalty of imported pork were observed according to educational level, living area, and yearly income group (p<0.05). Consumers responded that they liked roasted pork (47.6%). Secondly, consumers liked stew (16.7%). There were no significant differences among various cooking styles in any of the groups.