• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.203-208
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• 2009

A factorial feeding trial of different levels of three carbohydrate sources (wheat flour, $\alpha$-potato starch, and sodium alginate) was conducted to determine proper sources and levels of dietary carbohydrate for juvenile sea cucumbers. Three replicate groups of juvenile sea cucumbers (770 mg average weight) were fed the experimental diets once a day for 10 weeks. After feeding trial, survival of sea cucumbers was not significantly different between diets. The body weight of sea cucumbers was significantly (P<0.01) affected by both source and level of dietary carbohydrate, tending to decrease as dietary carbohydrate level increased. Body weight of sea cucumbers fed a 25% wheat flour diet was the highest but was not significantly different from that of sea cucumbers fed diet containing 10% wheat flour with 15% sodium alginate (P>0.05). No significant differences were observed in contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash of sea cucumbers among dietary treatments. These results suggest that sea cucumbers utilize wheat flour and sodium alginate more efficiently than they do $\alpha$-potato starch, and that a formulated diet containing 43-60% carbohydrate may be suitable for juvenile sea cucumber culture.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.373-382
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• 1994

This study was observed the effect of n6 and n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids of dietary corn oil and fish oil which was supplemented with similar levels of tocopherol in high fat diet on the levels of tocopherol, malondialdehyde ( MDA) productions of plasma and tissues of rats. Also RBC hemolysis, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH Px) activities In liver were determined. Male Sprague Dawley rats were fed high fat (40%Cal) diet which was different only In fatty acid composition for 6 weeks. Dietary (arts were beef tallow(BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid, corn oil(CO) for n6 linoleic acid (LA) and fish oil(FO) for n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). Plasma and liver tocopherol levels were lowered by n3 PUy4 but there was no difference in malondialdehyde(MDA) level by different dietary PUFA. However, MDA content of RBC and hemolysis were increased by n3 PUFA. MDA content, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities in liver were increased in more unsaturated dietary fat groups. Especially, SOD activity was increased in proportion to the degree of fat unsaturation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.147-155
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• 1987

In order to examine the effect of dietary fish oil on lipid peroxide formation and antiperoxidative efficiency in liver and brain, a group of male and female rats weighing about 70 grams were fed for three months, diet containing mackerel oil(MO) at the level of 10% (w/w). Results were compared, according to sex and source of dietary fat, i.e., in addition to MO, perilla oil(PO), soybean oil(SO), rapeseed oil(RO) or beef tallow(BT). Liver lipid peroxide level was significantly higher and levels of ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ and reduced glutathione(GSH) were lower in MO group than in other groups. This phenomenon was less clear in male than in female. Liver GSH level was lower in male, compared to female, but oxidized glutathione (GSSG) level did not vary, depending on either sex or dietary fat source. Brain lipid peroxide and ${\alpha}-tocopherol$ levels were not different among five experimental groups. Activities of liver and brain glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase were not changed by dietary fat source, but glutathione peroxidase activity was higher in female than in male. The present study shows (a) that there is sex-related difference in antiperoxidatiye activity and (b) that fish oil containing $C_{20-22}({\omega}3)$ fatty acids, increases body lipid peroxide level and consumes more of cellular antioxidant, although it has lower total PUFA content than perilla or soybean oils.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.15.1-15.5
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• 2016

Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADCs) of dry matter, crude protein, crude lipid, nitrogen-free extract, and energy in selected carbohydrate sources including wheat flour (WF), ${\alpha}-potato$ starch (PS), ${\alpha}-corn$ starch (CS), Na alginate (AL), dextrin (DEX), and carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were determined for olive flounder. The olive flounder averaging $150{\pm}8.0g$ were held in 300-L tanks at a density of 30 fish per tank. Chromic oxide was used as the inert marker. Feces were collected from the flounder by a fecal collector attached to a fish rearing tank. Apparent dry matter and energy digestibilities of flounder fed WF, PS, CS, and DEX diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed AL and CMC diets. Apparent crude protein digestibility coefficients of flounder fed PS and CS diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed AL, DEX, and CMC diets. Apparent crude lipid and nitrogen-free extract digestibility coefficients of flounder fed PS and DEX diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed WF, CS, AL, and CMC diets. The present findings indicate that PS and DEX could be effectively used as dietary carbohydrate energy compared to WF, CS, AL, and CMC for olive flounder.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.59-69
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• 1995

This study designed to compare the hypolipidemic e(feats of n6 linoleic acid (LA), n3 w-linolenic acid(LL) and n3 eicosapentaenoic acid(EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid(DHA) In rats fed high fat (40% Cal) diet. Male Sprague-Dawley rats fed experimental diets for 6 weeks, which were different only in fatty acid composition. The dietary fats were beef tallow (BT) as a source of saturated fatty acid (SFA), corn oil(CO) for n6 LA, perilla oil (PO) for n3 a-LL and fish oil (FO) for n3 EPA+DHA. Plasma total cholesterol (T-chol) level was increased by n6 LA but decreased by n3 LL and n3 EPA+DHA and most effectively reduced by n3 EPA+DHA. Plasma triglyceride(TG ) level was reduced by n6 LA, but lipogenesis in liver was not affected by n6 LA. However, plasma TG level was lowered by n3 LL and EPA+DHA. Both lipogenic enzyme activity and liver TG level were also decreased by n3 PUFA. PO and FO groups were significantly higher in the relative Proportions of C20:5 and C22:6 of plasma and liver and lower in those of C20:4/C20:5 ratio. Overall, the lipid-lowering effect was in the order of n3 EPA+DHA >n3 LL > n6 LA and fish oil and perilla oil rich in n3 PUFA may have important nutritional applications in the prevention and treatment of hyperlipidemia.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.1609-1616
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• 2005

Ninety advanced Catla catla fingerlings (av. wt. 16 g) were randomly distributed in six treatment groups with three replicates each for an experimental period of 60 days to study the effect of dietary lipid source on growth, enzyme activities and immuno-hematological parameters. Six isoprotein (40.0-41.9%) and isocaloric (4,260 kcal $kg^{-1}$) semi-purified diets were prepared with varying levels of soybean oil (SBO) and cod liver oil (CLO) within a total of 8% lipid viz., $D_1$ (Control), $D_2$ (8% SBO), $D_3$ (6% SBO and 2% CLO), $D_4$ (4% SBO and 4% CLO), $D_5$ (2% SBO and 6% CLO) and $D_6$ (8% CLO). Highest SGR was noted in $D_5$ (0.73${\pm}$0.03) group, which was similar with $D_3$ (0.71${\pm}$0.02) and $D_4$ (0.69${\pm}$0.01) groups. Activity of intestinal lipase, hepatic glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PDH) and aspartate amino transferase (AST) of the lipid treatment groups were significantly higher (p<0.05) than the control group. The respiratory burst activity of the phagocytes (Nitroblue tetrazolium (NBT)) was highest in $D_2$ (1.95${\pm}$0.21) followed by $D_3$ (1.19${\pm}$0.15) group, which were significantly (p<0.05) higher than the other groups. Globulin level was significantly higher in $D_3$ (1.29${\pm}$0.08) than in the other groups expect $D_4$. Hemoglobin content and total erythrocyte count did not show any significant difference. From this study, it is concluded that a diet containing 6% soybean oil and 2% cod liver oil ($D_3$) yields higher growth and immune response in Catla catla fingerlings and would be cost effective.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.296-306
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• 1996

The ultimate aim of this study is to find high-fiber sources among Korean common foods and to develop a high-fiber supplement which can be useful in the therapeutic diet for the diabetic patients. For this purpose the effect of four kinds of seaweeds(mixture of purple laver & sea lettuce : MPS, sea tanle : ST, sea mustard : SM, agar agar : AA) on the glucose and lipid mtabolism were examined. Seven groups of normal and streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats were fed dietary fiber-free control diet or one of experimental diets containing 7% of one of four seaweeds for six weeks. The effects of seaweeds were campared with the effects of fiber-free diet or pectin diet. ST, SM, and AA showed a tendency of improving glucose tolerance improvement by those seaweeds, however, was less than that by pectin. MPS was found to possess a serum cholesterol-lowering effect which is comparable to that of pectin. All the supplementations of seaweeds induced significant increase in fecal steroids excretion. The amounts of fecal cholesterol excretion follwing in feeding of MPS and SM were as high as the level cause by pectin. The excretion of bile acids in the MPS group was much higher than that in the pectin group. Based on its effects of alleviating the diabetic symptoms in the previous study and of improving the glucose tolerance, sea mustard seems to have a benefical effect on glucose metabolism. The serum cholesterol-lowering effect of MPS possibly due to the significant increase in fecal steroids excretion suggests that MPS may be effective in improving abnormalities of lipid metabolism. Therefore, sea tangle and mixture of purple laver & sea lettuce seem to be promising as an effective source of high-fiber supplement for the diabetic patients.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.267-271
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• 2005

A feeding trial was carried out to investigate the effect of various fish meals as dietary protein source on growth, feed utilization and body composition of Juvenile flounder. Ten experimental diets were prepared to contain different fish meals: 4 kinds of white fish meal (WM-1, 2, 3, 4), 3 kinds of herring meal (HM-1, 2, 3), mackerel meal (MM), WM mixture and HM+MM mixture. Dietary energy and protein levels were designed to be isocaloric ($3.8 kcal g^{-1}diet$) and isonitrogenous ($46\%$) by adjusting the levels of fish meal, wheat flour and squid liver oil. Three replicate groups of fish (initial mean weight: 11.1 g) were hand-fed to visual satiety two times daily for 7 weeks. Survival was not significantly different among all groups. Weight gain of fish fed the HM-1 and HM-3 diets was the highest, but not significantly different from that of fish fed the either WM-2 or HM+MM diets. The lowest weight gain was found in fish fed the W-1 and WM-3 diets. Feed efficiency and protein efficiency ratio of fish fed the WM-2, HM-1, HH-3, MM and HM+MM diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed other diets. Daily feed intake of fish fed the WM-3 diet was highest, but not significantly different from that oi fish fed the either WM-4 or WMM diet. Significant differences were found in contents of moisture, crude protein, crude lipid and ash of whole body of fish. The results of this study indicated that growth of flounder can be affected by dietary fish meal source and quality, and WM-2, HM-1, HM-3 and HM+MM mixture are considered as useful dietary fish meal sources under these experimental conditions.

• Journal of Dairy Science and Biotechnology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2018

The objective of this research was to determine the grain oil most suitable for the production of omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) in China, in order to supply dietary omega-3 FAs. This study focused on the nutritional significance of omega-3 FAs and the wide search of sources of dietary omega-3 FA from oil grains produced in China. Five oil grains produced in the Yanbian region, namely sesame, flax, peanut, soybean, and corn, were selected and analyzed for their fat content and FA composition. Results showed that the lipid content in sesame, flax, and peanut, which was more than 30%, was higher than that in soybean and corn. The polyunsaturated FA content was found to be directly proportional to omega-3 FA content. Flax showed a considerably higher omega-3 FA content (53.43%) than other samples, suggesting its potential as a source of dietary omega-3 FA. The optimal daily intake of flax for males and females was determined to be 2.99 g (over one table spoon) and 2.06 g (nearly one table spoon), respectively. Flax showed the lowest ratio of omega-6 and omega-3 FA (0.32%), which can help reduce this ratio in the human body; the intake of equal amounts of flax and corn could achieve an optimum ratio of 1:1. These results can prove to be valuable in the preparation of various functional dairy foods in the future.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.140-146
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• 2006

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of dietary oxidized oil and ${\alpha}$-tocopherol level on growth and body composition of juvenile flounder. To prepare oxidized diets, squid liver oil was oxidized by aeration at $25^{\circ}C$ for 30 days. The six diets were prepared to contain 6% fresh or oxidized squid liver oil as the lipid sources in combination with three levels of ${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate at 0, 80 and 800 mg/kg diet. Triplicate groups of fish ($3.9{\pm}0.1$) were fed to apparent satiation twice a day for 8 weeks. Survival was not significantly different among treatments. Weight gain, feed efficiency, daily feed intake, protein efficiency ratio and condition factor of fish fed the fresh oil diets were significantly higher than those of fish fed the oxidized oil diets (P<0.05). The increase of the vitamin E level in diets did not result in any significant improvement on growth performance of fish fed both oil diets. The vitamin E content of the liver and dorsal muscle increased with increasing dietary vitamin E level at both oil diet groups. A decreasing trend in vitamin E content of the tissues was observed in fish fed the oxidized oil diets at the same dietary vitamin E level. Significantly higher moisture content and lower crude lipid content were observed in the whole body of fish fed the oxidized oil diets than fish fed the fresh oil diets (P<0.05). Dietary lipid source affected the fatty acid content of the whole body; higher contents of saturated and monoenoic fatty acids, and lower n-3 HUFA contents such as 20:5n-3 and 22:6n-3 were observed in fish fed the oxidized oil diets than those of fish fed fresh oil diets. The results of this study suggest that the dietary oxidized oil may impair the growth performance, and an increase in ${\alpha}$-tocopheryl acetate supplementation have no beneficial effect on growth and feed efficiency of juvenile flounder.