• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.853-860
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• 2010

We quantitated the major chemical components of ramie leaves (Boehmeria nivea L.) powder. The proximate compositions (all w/w) was 5.42% moisture, 28.15% crude protein, 6.95% crude fat, 15.27% crude ash, and 54.79% carbohydrate, respectively. The total, insoluble, and soluble dietary fiber contents were $39.66{\pm}1.84g/100g$, $20.32{\pm}2.02g/100g$, and $19.34{\pm}2.84g/100g$, respectively. The major free sugars were glucose, galactose and lactose. Seventeen amino acids were isolated. Essential amino acids constituted 44.65% of the total. When free amino acid levels were evaluated, 25 kinds of components were detected, of which 18.15% were essential. Only caproic acid methyl ester and pentadecanoic acid were detected when fatty acid examined. The contents of vitamin A, vitamin E and vitamin C were 0.0194 mg%, 0.0184 mg%, and 0.1833 mg%, respectively. The mineral contents of were in order of Cu

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.24 no.12
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• pp.1718-1728
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• 2011

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the in vitro ability of keratinase to hydrolyze soybean glycinin and ${\beta}$-conglycinin and to evaluate the in vivo effects of keratinase when included in corn-soybean diets with different levels of crude protein and fed to nursery pigs. In experiment 1, a saturated keratinase solution (1 ml) was added to two blank controls of either glycinin or ${\beta}$-conglycinin resulting in the hydrolysis of 94.74% glycinin and 88.89% ${\beta}$-conglycinin. In experiment 2, 190 pigs (8.3${\pm}$0.63 kg BW) were allotted to one of four treatments in a 2${\times}$2 factorial arrangement on the basis of body weight, and sex was balanced among the pens. The effects of crude protein (19 vs. 22%) and keratinase (0 vs. 0.05%) were studied. Each treatment was applied to six pens with seven (two pens) or eight pigs per pen. Pigs were fed the experimental diets for 21 d. Weight gain and feed conversion ratio were improved (p<0.05) with keratinase supplementation while feed intake was reduced (p<0.05). Keratinase supplementation increased (p<0.05) the apparent total tract digestibility of dry matter, energy, crude protein and phosphorus. Keratinase supplementation also increased n-butyric acid in the cecum and colon, lactobacilli and total anaerobe counts in the colon as well as the ratio of villus height to crypt depth in the ileum. Additionally, fecal score, ammonia nitrogen and branch chain volatile fatty acids in the colon, E. coli and total aerobe counts in the colon, crypt depth in the jejunum and ileum as well as serum interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 concentrations were also decreased (p<0.05) by keratinase supplementation. A reduction in dietary crude protein decreased (p<0.05) colon ammonia nitrogen concentration and cecal propionic acid and branch chain volatile fatty acid concentrations. In addition, cecal E. coli counts, colon total anaerobe counts, ileal crypt depth, and serum interleukin-1 and interleukin-6 concentrations were also decreased (p<0.05) with the reduction of dietary crude protein. With the exception of fecal scores, there were no significant interactions between crude protein and keratinase. This study provides evidence that dietary keratinase supplementation improved nursery pig performance by improving intestinal morphology and ecology, thus improving nutrient digestibility and alleviating the inflammatory response.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.305-311
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• 1988

To study effects of dietary heated oil on lipid metabolism in rat liver, three groups of rats were fed fresh corn oil(control) and corn oils heated for 11 hours (HA) and 24 hours(HB) at $180^{\circ}C$. Acid values of HA and HB were 2.10 and 4.02 respectively. Each gram of three kinds of experimental oils was administered to rats by intubation daily for 3 and 6 weeks. After each feeding period, body and liver weights were measured as well as the contents of liver triglyceride, cholesterol, phospholipid and fatty acid compositions of total lipid, triglyceride and phospholipid. Growth of rats were not significantly different among groups, but liver weight of HB group was higher than HA group. The contents of liver triglyceride and cholesterol were higher in HA and HB groups than in control group. The content of phospholipid was increased slightily in HB group only after 6 weeks. Linoleic acid content of dietary oil was decreased progressively by heating ; 48.27% in fresh corn oil, 42.28% in HA and 36.13% in HB. The contents of linoleic acid and other polyunsaturated fatty acids were also reduced in total lipid, triglyceride and phospholipid fractions of liver of rats fed heated oils.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.351-355
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• 2005

This study was performed to investigate the influences of resistant starch (HM: HI-MAIZE) and HM-D (HI-MAIZE DIET) fortified with D-factor (consisted of Psyliium husk, polydextrose and hydrocitric acid) on the glucose and bile acid absorption and production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA). HM-D absorbed more glucose and bile acid than did HM. The glucose transport of HM and HM-D against dialysis membrane showed 77% and 68% for 4h, respectively. After 24h, bile acid transport of HM and HM -D showed 65% and 62.3%, respectively. The HM and HM-D produced 217.8 mM and 264.0mM of SCFA, respectively. The production of butyric acid in HM-D (32.7mM) showed higher than that of HM (26.9mM). The addition of D-factor to HM increased the physiological function of dietary fiber through the glucose and bile acid absorption and production of SCFA.

• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.290-297
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• 2012

The nutritional composition of thawed Hanwoo beef fed no mugwort (T0) and thawed Hanwoo beef fed mugwort (T1) were analyzed after freezing at $-20^{\circ}C$ for 12 months. Also the effect of feeding mugwort was investigated by comparing physicochemical and palatability changes by chilling the beef after thawing. There were no significant differences in general components of T0 and T1 Hanwoo beef. Among the minerals, there were no significant differences in the contents of Ca, P, K, Mg and Zn, however Na content in T0 and Fe content in T1 were significantly higher. The total amino acid did not show a significant difference but leucine was found to be higher in T0 than T1, and glycine, cysteine, histidine and arginine were higher in T1 than T0. Regarding fatty acids, stearic acid was higher in T0, while palmitoleic acid, oleic acid and total unsaturated fatty acid was significantly higher in T1. The hardness value became lower by chilling after thawing regardless mugwort consumption, and therefore the tenderness improved. The freshness, fat rancidity and antioxidant activity of thawed Hanwoo beef changed more slowly for T1 than T0, which indicates that feeding mugwort had a positive effect. There were no significant differences in taste, juiciness, tenderness or and palatability of the cooked beef between T0 and T1 for both 0 days and 3 days after thawing. However, the aroma of cooked T1 beef was significantly superior.

• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1452-1462
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• 2024

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of dietary supplementation with Agaricus blazei polysaccharide (ABP) at varying concentrations on the performance, egg quality, blood biochemistry, intestinal morphology, and microflora of quail. Methods: The study involved a total of 2,700 Korean quails, which were randomly divided into three groups. The measured variables encompassed productive performance, egg parameters, carcass parameters, serum metabolites, immune response parameters, antioxidative properties, and gut microbiome. Results: The addition of ABP did not have a significant effect on average daily feed intake. However, it was found to increase the average daily egg weight and egg production rate, reduce the feed-egg ratio. There were no significant impacts on egg quality measures such as egg shape index, egg yolk index and color, egg yolk and protein content. However, ABP supplementation significantly increased the Hough unit (p<0.01) and decreased the rate of unqualified eggs (p<0.01). Regarding serum parameters, the inclusion led to an increase in total protein concentration (p<0.05) and a reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (p<0.05). There were no significant effects observed on immune indicators such as immunoglobulin A (IgA) and IgM. ABP supplementation increased the levels of serum antioxidant indicators, including glutathione peroxidase, total superoxide dismutase (p<0.05), and total antioxidant capacity colorimeter (p<0.05). Furthermore, ABP supplementation significantly elevated the intramuscular fatty acid content in quail meat. Additionally, ABP supplementation demonstrated a significant improvement in the diversity of gut microbiota and induced alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota. Conclusion: The findings of this study indicate that dietary supplementation of ABP enhanced production performance and antioxidant capacity while increasing the levels of polyunsaturated fatty acids in quail muscle.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1989

The present study was designed to examine the effect of dietary fish oil on blood pressure and lipid status of serum. Weanling SHRs and normotensive Wistars were fed a diet containing 5%(w/w) mackerel oil(MO), soybean oil(SO) or beef tallow(BT) for 8 weeks. Growth rate was not significantly different among three dietary groups, but that of SHRs was silightly lower than that of Wistars. SHRs showed higher systolic blood pressure than Wistar rats from the beginning and become hypertensive (over 150mmHg) after 6 week s of feeding period. The MO group of SHRs showed the lowest blood pressure at the 8th week of feeding period but that of Wistars showed similar values with other groups. Tissue weights of liver, heart and kidney were not different amongdietary aroups in Wistars and SHRs. However, heart and kidney weights of SHRs were significantly higher than those of Wistars. Microscopic examination revealed that endomysium of heart tissue and urinary space of kidney were narrowed in SHRs. Serum total and HDL-cholesterol showed similar values among three different dietary fat groups but triglyceride levels were significantly low in MO groups. HDL-cholesterol levels of SHRs were lower than those of Wistars, as well as the fractions of total HDL, the sum of HDL and $HDL_{2+3}$, while VLDL fractions were higher in SHRs. MO groups had the lower values of $HDL_1,\;HDL_{2+3}$ratio than SO and BT groups. Major dietary fatty acids were more or less incorporated into serum phospholipid and triglyceride, resulting in the characteristic fatty acid profile of each dietary group. Incorporation of $C_{18:2}({\omega}_6)$ in SO groups were pronounced, but the degree of incorporation was lower in SHRs. In Mo groups, $C_{22:6}({\omega}_3)$ levels were inreased in triglyceride. It is suggested that these changes in serum lipid fatty acid composition are related to the different patterns of serum lipid by alteration of dietary fats.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.70-76
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• 2005

Approximate composition and physicochemical properties of 7 cultivars of persimmon peel, by product of dried-persimmon, were examined. The content of crude fiber were different according to cultivars. Glucose, fructose and sucrose were isolated by HPLC; also, myristic, palmitic, palmitoleic, oleic and linolenic acid were the major fatty acids in persimmon peel. Total and free amino acid were 241.32-371.45 mg/100 g and 3.69-28.31 mg/100 g, respectively; also, aspartic and glutamic acid were the predominant amino acids, reaching a level between 19.6 and 24.8% of total amino acids. Insoluble dietary fiber content(34.89-50.76 g/100 g) was remarkably higher than soluble dietary fiber (2.44-7.09 g/100 g). Total carotenoids were in the range of 179.4-340.6 mg/100 g, and total phenolic compounds ranged from 44.07-196.98 mg/100 g, showing differences between cultivars.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.5
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• pp.783-798
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• 2004

This experiment were conducted to determine the formation of fatty acid soaps, digestibility and ruminal characteristics when vegetable oils were added. Three Corriedale${\times}$ 3 Latin square design. Sheep were fed one of three diets consisting of alfalfa hay and concentrates in a ratio of 70:30. Dietary treatments were 1) no oil, 2) 7% soybean oil and 3) 7% corn oil. At the end of each experimental period, rumen contents from each sheep were collected before feeding and at 1, 3, 6 and 9h after feeding. pH decreased up to the 3 hour after feeding and increased until the end of the collection(p<0.0001). Whereas the concentration of $NH_3$-N showed inverse changes to pH(p<0.0001). Type of oil did not affect the molar concentration of total VFA, acetate, propionate and butyrate. Acetic/propionic acid (A/P) ratio decreased with increasing time(P<0.0001), but the ratio at the end of the experiment became similar to the initial value. No effects were found in the digestibility of dry matter, total-N, crude fiber, ash, NFE, NDF and ADF. The formation of fatty acid soaps(FAS) increased after feeding than 1 hour before feeding(P<0.05) and increased in 7% oils than no oil addition(P<0.05). Long chain fatty acids formed mainly FAS. ince the formation of FAS might decrease negative effects on ruminal haracteristics and total tract digestibility.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.45 no.5
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• pp.777-786
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• 2003

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of supplementary Blended essential oil(CRINA$^{\circledR}$) on the performance, nutrient availability, fatty acid composition of leg muscle, small intestinal microflora and blood parameters in broiler chickens. One thousand unsexed day-old broiler chickens were assigned to five treatments : control(T1), 5ppm avilamycin(starter diet) & 5ppm flavomycin(grower diet) T2, 5ppm avilamycin(starter diet) & 50ppm CRINA$^{\circledR}$(grower diet) T3, 50ppm CRINA$^{\circledR}$(starter & grower diet) T4, 50ppm CRINA$^{\circledR}$+ 500ppm lactic acid$^{\circledR}$ (starter & grower diet) T5. Each treatment had four replications of 50 birds each. Growth performance was significantly improved by dietary supplements(T2-T5). There were no significant differences among treatment T2, T3, T4 and T5. Feed intake was not significantly different among treatments. Dietary supplementation of CRINA$^{\circledR}$(T3, T4, T5) resulted in significant(p〈0.05) improvement in feed/gain(F/G) during finishing period (4-5weeks). The birds fed CRINA$^{\circledR}$ supplemented diet(T4) showed significantly(p〈0.05) higher availability of crude fat, methionine and methionine + cystine than those fed antibiotics supplemented diet(T2). Mortality was not significantly affected by treatments. The colony forming unit(CFU) of E.coli in small intestinal content was significantly lower in antibiotics & CRINA$^{\circledR}$(T3) compared to CRINA$^{\circledR}$ treatment(T4)(P〈0.05). CFU of Cl. perfringens was low in CRINA$^{\circledR}$(T4) but not different significantly with other treatments. Serum triglyceride level of birds fed CRINA$^{\circledR}$ + lactic acid diet(T5) was significantly lower(p〈0.05) than those fed antibiotics supplemented diet(T2). Cholesterol level of the birds fed antibiotics(T2) or CRINA$^{\circledR}$ + lactic acid supplemented diet(T5) was significantly higher(p〈0.05) than other treatments. HDL level of birds fed control diet was significantly lower(p〈0.05) than that of others. The levels of serum IgG were not significantly different among treatments. Major fatty acids composition of leg muscle fat was significantly influenced by treatments. Control group showed significantly higher palmitic acid(C$_{16:0}$) and steraric acid(C$_{18:0}$) content than other treatments(p〈0.05). Content of oleic acid(C$_{18:1}$), however, was significantly lower in the control than others treatments. Content of linolenic acid(C$_{18:3}$) was significantly higher in CRINA$^{\circledR}$+ lactic acid(T5) than antibiotics & CRINA$^{\circledR}$(T3) treatments. Total saturated fatty acids content was higher and total unsaturated fatty acids were lower in the leg muscle fat of the control than that of other treatments. It is concluded that CRINA$^{\circledR}$ supplementation improved growth rate and F/G ratio in broilers. The combination of CRINA$^{\circledR}$ with either antibiotics or lactic acid did not show any additive or synergistic effects in broiler chickens .