• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.256-261
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• 1996

Carotenoids are abundant int he Korean food supply. The intake of foods rich in carotenoids appears to be associated with optimal health, and a reduction in the risk of cancer, cardiovascular disease, macular degeneration and cataract formation. Specific dietary carotenoids may be responsible for these specific protective effects. Hydrocarbon carotenoids such as $\alpha$-,$\beta$-carotenes and lycopene may reduce the risk of cancer and heart disease, whereas oxygenated carotenoids, such as lutein and zeaxanthin, may be important in protection of the eye. Dietary carotenoids, such as lutein, cryptoxanthin, $\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene and lycopene can be readily obtained from the diet, Green leafy vegetables, such as spinach and broccoli, contain both oxygenated and hydrocarbon carotenoids ; yellow or orange vegetables, such as carrots, have high levels of $\alpha$-carotene and $\beta$-carotene ; and tomatoes contain high amounts of lycopene. Besides being important vitamin A sources, provitamin A carotenoids such as $\alpha$-carotene, $\beta$-carotene and cryptoxanthin, participate in the cell defense systems that are associated with radical quenching. Non-provitamin A carotenoids, such as lutein and lycopene, major carotenoids in human plasma, have also been reported to possess strong antioxidant capability. The alteration of dietary sources of carotenoids can modify their levels in the circulation and target tissues, and thus prevent or delay the onset of these chronic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.47 no.6
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• pp.790-795
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• 2014

A feeding trial was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary carotenoids sources on growth and skin color of red- and white-colored fancy carp Cyprinus carpio var. koi. Nine experimental diets (designated as Con, CP, PA, SP, OP, MB, TO, BE and PO) were formulated to contain Carophyll Pink, red paprika, Spirulina, Opuntia, mandarin bark, tomato, beet and Porphyra, respectively. Each experimental diet was fed to two replicate groups of fish (22.9 g/fish) to visual satiation three times a day for 8 weeks. Weight gain and feed efficiency of fish fed the diets containing Spirulina or Opuntia were higher than those of fish fed the control diet (P<0.05). The values of $a^*$, $L^*$ and $b^*$ of fish skin were significantly changed by dietary carotenoids sources (P<0.05). The $a^*$ values of fish fed the diets containing Carophyll Pink, red paprika and Spirulina were higher than those of fish fed other diets (P<0.05). The skin total carotenoids of fish fed the diets containing Spirulina and Opuntia were higher than those of others (P>0.05). Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that dietary inclusion of red paprika and Spirulina pacifica could increase the skin redness of red- and white-colored fancy carp.

• Proceedings of the Korean Aquaculture Society Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.71-71
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• 2003

This study was conducted to investigate effects of dietary pigment sources on shell color of juvenile abalone, Haliotis discus hannai. Three replicate groups of the abalone, average weight 173 mg, were fed the diets containing various pigment sources such as Porphyra powder, Spirulina, yeast astaxanthin and paprika extract for 16 weeks. Survival and weight gain were not affected by dietary pigment sources (P>0.05). Shell color of abalone fed diets containing Porphyra powder and Spirulina was approached to yellow-red and orange which are similar to shell color of wild abalone. However, shell color of abalone fed the diets containing yeast astaxanthin and paprika extract were similar to that of control diet showing bright green. Porphyra powder and Spirulina contain not only fat-soluble pigment such as chlorophyll and carotenoids but also water-soluble pigment such as phycoerythrin and phycocyanin. These results would be useful information to change shell color of abalone in aquaculture.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.16 no.9
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• pp.1348-1354
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• 2003

The feeding value of high-oil corn fed to Taiwan Country (TC) chicken was examined by measuring apparent metabolizable energy (AME), growth performance, sexual maturity, carcass characteristics, and plasma pigmentation. In a completely randomized design, 870 sex-intermingled one-wk-old chicks were assigned to one of 30 floor pens, 29 birds per pen, and each pen randomly assigned to one of five dietary treatments. The experiment was ended when birds were 16 wk of age. The five dietary treatments varied in main fat sources, which were corn oil (CO), high-oil corn (HOC), lard (LRD), whole soybean (WSB) and yellow corn (YC), respectively. All the diets were formulated isonitrogenously, isocalorically, and of equal lysine and methionine contents except YC, in which equal amounts of YC replaced HOC. The results indicated that feed conversion in HOC was 8% higher (p<0.05) than YC whereas the calculated AME of HOC was only 3.5% to 4.0% higher than that of YC. No significant differences were observed in body weight, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio and ME efficiency for body weight gain among CO, HOC, LRD, and WSB. No significant differences existed in both skin and muscle pigmentation of breast among the five dietary treatments. No significance differences existed in plasma carotenoid content measured at various ages among the five dietary treatments except that birds fed with HOC had less (p<0.05) plasma carotenoids at 16 wk-old. The results indicate that if the price of high-oil corn is no more than 1.05 times that of yellow corn, the dietary cost per kg of body weight gain for TC chickens fed diets containing high-oil corn will be less, although their body weight may be lighter compared to chickens fed diets formulated with other fat sources.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.213-217
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• 2008

This study investigated the effect of supplement of the pigment source in diets on body color for round tailed paradise fish Macropodus chinensis and the pale chub Zacco platypus. Fish (the round tailed paradise fish: 1.6 g/ fish, pale chub: 2.4 g/fish) were fed diets containing various pigment sources (Porphyra powder, Spirulina powder. yeast astaxanthin and paprika extract) twice a day for 6 weeks. Survival of all treatments was above 80%. Weight gain and total carotenoid contents of round tailed paradise fish fed the diet containing Porphyra powder was higher than that of fish fed the other diets. The apparent redness of skin and fin in round tailed paradise fish fed the diets containing paprika extract and yeast astaxanthin was better than that of fish fed the diets containing Porphyra powder, Spirulina powder and the control diet. Weight gain and total carotenoid contents of pale chub fed the diet containing paprika extract were higher than that of fish fed the containing Porphyra powder, yeast astaxanthin, Spirulina powder and the control diet. The apparent redness of skin and fin in pale chub fed the diets containing parika extract and yeast astaxanthin was better than that of fish fed the diets containing Porphyra powder, Spirulina and the control diet. The results of this study suggest that dietary supplementation with paprika extract and yeast astaxanthin can improve redness of skin and fin of round tailed paradise fish and pale chub.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.43 no.6
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• pp.628-637
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• 2010

To determine vitamin A and E intakes and their food sources, dietary intakes were collected by three consecutive 24-hour recalls from 192 adults living in Seoul and Gyeonggi Province, Korea. The mean vitamin A, retinol and ${\beta}$-carotene intakes were $1240.1{\pm}1101.1\;{\mu}g$ retinol equivalent/day ($693.3{\pm}563.2\;{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalent/day), $182.6{\pm}149.5\;{\mu}g$/day and $5443.3{\pm}6365.5\;{\mu}g$/day, respectively. Only 9.4% of the subjects consumed less than the Korean Estimated Average Requirement for vitamin A. The mean vitamin E intake was $6.03{\pm}2.54\;mg$ ${\alpha}$-tocopherol equivalent/day. The ${\alpha}$-tocopherol and ${\gamma}$-tocopherol intakes were $4.83{\pm}2.03$ and $5.57{\pm}3.41\;mg$/day, respectively. Most of the subjects (93.8%) consumed less than the Korean Adequate Intake for vitamin E. The major food sources of vitamin A were sweet potato, carrot, red pepper powder, spinach, and citrus fruit, and the top 30 foods provided 91.5% of total Plant foods provided 81.0% and animalderived foods 10.5% of the vitamin A intake from the top 30 foods. The major food sources of vitamin E were soybean oil, red pepper powder, Ramyeon (cup noodles), spinach, and egg. The top 30 foods provided 78.0% of total vitamin E intake. Plant foods provided 61.3% and animal-derived foods 15.9% of the vitamin E intake from the top 30 foods. In conclusion, the vitamin A intake of the Korean adults in this study was ge-nerally adequate, but the vitamin E intake of many subjects was inadequate. Therefore, nutritional education may be of benefit to Korean adults to increase their vitamin E intake.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.261-266
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of dietary supplementation of paprika and spirulina as carotenoid sources with three different levels on survival and skin color development of swiri. Fish (initial mean weight 4.4 g) were fed the diets containing different levels of paprika (2, 5 and 10%), spirulina (5, 10 and 20%) and mixture of 5% paprika and 10% spirulina and without supplementation (con) for 9 weeks. Survival of fish fed diets containing the various levels of spirulina was 100% and higher than that of fish fed the other diets. Total carotenoid contents of the skin and fin in fish fed the diets containing the various levels of paprika and spirulina were higher than those in fish fed the control diet. Total carotenoid contents of skin and fin in fish fed the diets containing 5% and 10% paprika tended to be higher than that in fish fed the diet containing 2% paprika. Total carotenoid contents of fish fed the diets containing 10% and 20% spirulina tended to be higher than that of fed the diet containing 5% spirulina. The apparent color definition of skin and fin in fish fed the diets containing paprika and spirulina was better than fish fed the control diet. The results of this study suggest that dietary supplementation with paprika and spirulina can improve skin coloration of swiri.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.14-25
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to estimate the daily intake of vitamin A in Korean female university students. Vitamin A intake was estimated using an inconsecutive 3-day dietary intake survey from 481 young women. Vitamin A intake values were calculated based on the data in USDA database. Average age, height, and weight of the subjects were 20.05 years, 162.13 cm and 54.38 kg, respectively. The subject's average intake of energy was 1645.67 kcal. The mean vitamin A, retinol and ${\beta}$ carotene intakes were $908.35{\pm}863.18$ ug retinol equivalent/day, $199.19{\pm}166.00$ ug/day and $3872.59{\pm}4972.17$ ug/day, respectively. The 21.83% of the subjects consumed less than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) for vitamin A. And subjects consumed 141.69% of the Recommended Nutrient Intake (RNI) for vitamin A. Food groups consumed with high vitamin A content in our subjects included vegetables (423.96 ug RE/day), potato and starches (213.64 ug RE/day), cereals (62.60 ug RE/day), eggs (55.17 ug RE/day) and milks (53.45 ug RE/day). The major food sources of vitamin A were sweet potato, carrot, spinach, egg, and cereal, and the top 30 foods provided 89.57% of total vitamin A. Also animal-derived food provided 9.65% of the vitamin A intake from the top 30 foods. In conclusion, judging from RNI, the vitamin A intake of the Korean female university students in this study was generally adequate. The result of our study may be used as a basis for follow-up studies of vitamin A intake like assessment of vitamin A nutritional status or evaluation of carotenoid food sources in Korean young women.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.258-268
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to estimate dietary vitamin A intake and examine major food sources of vitamin A in Korean adults. Methods: Using data from the 2007~2012 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a total of 33,069 subjects over 19-years-old were included in this study. We estimated individual daily intakes of retinol, carotenoids such as ${\alpha}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-carotene, ${\beta}$-cryptoxanthin, lutein/zeaxanthin, and lycopene, and vitamin A by linking food consumption data with the vitamin A database of commonly consumed foods. We compared individual vitamin A intakes with the reference value of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans. Results: Average dietary vitamin A intakes of study subjects were $864.3{\mu}g$ retinol equivalent/day ($495.7{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalent/day) in men and $715.0{\mu}g$ retinol equivalent/day ($403.6{\mu}g$ retinol activity equivalent/day) in women. Exactly 42.9% and 70.6% of total subjects consumed less vitamin A than the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR) based on retinol equivalent and retinol activity equivalent, respectively. The major food sources of vitamin A were Korean radish leaves, carrot, red pepper, and laver, and the top 20 foods provided about 80% of total vitamin A intake. Conclusion: This study provides basic data for estimation of vitamin A intake in Korean adults. Further research will be needed to analyze the association of insufficient or excess intakes of vitamin A and health problems in the Korean population.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.232-239
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• 1994

In order to determine the utilization of ascidian tunic, which has been blamed for problems of costal environmental pollution when discharged into the sea after being used as a natural dietary pigment sources for rainbow trout(Oncorhynchus mykiss), fingerlings were fed on experimental diets containing acetone-extracts for 6 weeks. The amounts of acetone-extracts were 11,000mg/Kg and contained 50mg/100g wet tissues of carotenoid and $6\%$ of carotenoids were astaxanthin. From the results of feeding experiments, the growth rate in the extract group was a little higher than that of the control and pink groups after 6 weeks. The redness and yellowness of the fish skin and muscle in the extract group were similar to the pink group. Therefore, acetone-extracts of ascidian tunic were judged to be a natural dietary pigment source suitable as a substitute synthetic pigment for aquaculture use.